VII. Aquatic Conservation Links

Complete Bibliography for
Stream Ecology
by: J. David Allan

A | B | C | D | E | F | G

H | I | J | K | L | M | N

O | P | Q | R | S | T | U

V | W | X | Y | Z

O | Back to top

O'Connell, T.R. and R.S. Campbell. 1953. The benthos of the Black River and Clearwater Lake, Missouri. Univ. of Mo. Stud. 26(2):25-41.

O'Keeffe, J.H. and F.C. De Moor. 1988. Changes in the physico- chemistry and benthic invertebrates of the Great Fish River, South Africa, following an interbasin transfer of water. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 2:39-55.

Odum, H.T. 1956. Primary production in flowing waters. Limnology and Oceanography 1:102-117.

Odum, H.T. 1957. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs. Ecol. Monographs 27:55-112.

Odum, W.E., P.W. Kirk and J.C. Zieman. 1979. Non-protein nitrogen compounds associated with particles of vascular plant detritus. Oikos 32:363-367.

Oemke, M.P. and T.M. Burton. 1986. Diatom colonization dynamics in a lotic ecosystem. Hydrobiologia 139:153-166.

kland, J. 1983. Factors regulating the distribution of fresh- water snails (Gastropoda) in Norway. Malacologia 24:277-288.

kland, J. and K.A. kland. 1986. The effects of acid deposition on benthic animals in lakes and streams. Experientia 42:471-486.

Omernik, J.M. 1977. Nonpoint source-stream nutrient level relationships: A nationwide study. EPA-600/3-77-105.

Omernik, J.M., A.R. Abernathy and L.M. Male. 1981. Stream nutrient levels and proximity of agricultural and forest land to streams: some relationships. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 36:227-231.

Omerod, S.J. 1985. The diet of breeding Dippers Cinclus cinclus and their nestlings in the catchment of the River Wye, mid-Wales: a preliminary study by faecal analysis. Ibis 127: 316-331.

Omerod, S.J., P. Boole, C.P. McCahon, N.S. Weatherly, D. Pascoe and R.W. Edwards. 1987. Short-term experimental acidification of a Welsh stream: comparing the biological effects of hydrogen ions and aluminium. Freshwater Biology 17:341-356.

Orth, D.J. 1987. Ecological considerations in the development and application of instream flow - habitat models. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 1:171-181.

Orth, D.J. and P.M. Leonard. 1990. Comparison of discharge methods and habitat optimization for recommending instream flows to protect fish habitat. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 5:129-138.

Osborne, L.L. and D.A. Kovacic. 1993. Riparian vegetated buffer strips in water-quality restoration and stream management. Freshwater Biology 29:243-258.

Osborne, L.L. and M.J. Wiley. 1988. Empirical relationships between land use/cover and stream water quality in an agricultural watershed. Journal of Environmental Management 26:9-27.

Osborne, L.L., M.J. Wiley and R.W. Larrimore. 1988. Assessment of the water surface profile model: Accuracy of predicted instream fish habitat conditions in low gradient, warmwater streams. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 2:619-631.

Osterkamp, W.R., L.J. Lane and G.R. Foster. 1983. An analytical treatment of channel-morphology relations. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1288, 21 p.

Ostrofsky, M. 1993. Effect of tannins on leaf processing and conditioning rates in aquatic ecosystems: an empirical approach. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:1176-1180.

Oswood, M.W., A.M. Milner and J.G. Irons III. 1992. Climate change and Alaskan rivers and streams. pp 192-210 In: P. Firth and S.G. Fisher (eds.) Global Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Otto, C. 1971. Growth and population movements of Potamophylax cingulatus (Trichoptera) larvae in a south Swedish stream. Oikos 22:292-301.

Otto, C. 1993. Long-term risk sensitive foraging in Rhyachophila nubila (Trichoptera) larvae from two streams. Oikos 68:67-74.

Otto, C. and P. Sj”str”m. 1983. Cerci as antipredatory attributes in stonefly nymphs. Oikos 41:200-204.

Otto, C. and B. Svensson. 1980. The significance of case material selection for the survival of caddis larvae. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:855-865.

Otto, C. and B. Svensson. 1981. How do macrophytes growing in or close to water reduce their consumption by aquatic herbivores? Hydrobiologia 78:107-112.

Otto, C. and B.W. Svensson. 1976. Consequences of removal of pupae for a population of Potamophylax cingulatus (Trichoptera) in a south Swedish stream. Oikos 27:40-43.

Owens, M. 1965. Some factors involved in the use of dissolved- oxygen distributions in streams to determine productivity. Mem. Int. Ital. Idrobiol. 18 Suppl., 209-224.

P | Back to top
Pace, M. L., S.F. Findlay, and D. L. Lints. 1988. Variability in Hudson River zooplankton: Similarities and differences with open water. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 69:1136

Pace, M. L., S.F. Findlay, and D. L. Lints. 1992. Zooplankton in advective environments: the Hudson River community and a comparative analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:1060-1069.

Page, L.M. and D.W. Schemske. 1978. The effect of interspecific competition on the distribution and size of darters of the subgenus Catonotus (Percidae:Etheostoma). Copeia 178:406-412.

Palmer, M.A. 1990. Temporal and spatial dynamics of meiofauna within the hyporheic zone of Goose Creek, Virginia. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 9:17-25.

Palmer, M.A. 1992. Incorporating lotic meiofauna into our understanding of faunal transport processes. Limnology and Oceaography 37:329-341.

Pandian, T.J. and M.P. Marian. 1986. An indirect procedure for the estimation of assimilation efficiency of aquatic insects. Freshwater Biology 16:93-98.

Parker, B.C., G.L. Samsel, Jr. and G.W. Prescott. 1973. Comparison of microhabitats of macroscopic subsalpine stream algae. American Midland Naturalist 90:143-153.

Patrick, R. 1948. Factors affecting the distribution of diatoms. The Botanical Review 14:473-524.

Patrick, R. 1961. A study of the numbers and kinds of species found in rivers in eastern United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 113:215-258.

Patrick, R. 1964. A discussion of the result of the Catherwood Expedition to the Peruvian headwaters of the Amazon. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 15:1084-1090.

Pattee, E., C. Lascombe and R. Delolme. 1973. Effects of temperature on the distribution of turbellarian triclads. pp 201-208 In: W. Weiser (ed.) Effects of temperature on ectothermic organisms, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Paulson, L.J. and J.R. Baker. 1981. Nutrient interactions among reservoirs on the Colorado River. pp 1647-1656 In: H.G. Stefan (ed.), Proceedings of the Symposium on Surface Water Impoundments. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Payne, R. 1959. The Canal Builders; the story of canal engineers through the ages. MacMillan, New York.

Peckarsky, B.L. 1980. Predator-prey interactions between stoneflies and mayflies: behavior observations. Ecology 61:932- 943.

Peckarsky, B.L. 1982. Aquatic insect predator-prey relations. Bioscience 32:261-266.

Peckarsky, B.L. 1983. Biotic interactions or abiotic limitations? A model of lotic community structure. pp. 303-323 In: T.D. Fontaine III and S.M. Bartell (eds.), Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor MI.

Peckarsky, B.L. 1984. Predator-prey interactions among aquatic insects. pp. 196-254 In: V.H. Resh and D.M. Rosenberg (eds.), The ecology of aquatic insects. Praeger Scientific, NY

Peckarsky, B.L. 1985. Do predaceous stoneflies and siltation affect the structure of stream insect communities colonizing enclosures? Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:1519-1530.

Peckarsky, B.L. 1987. Mayfly cerci as defense against stonefly predation: deflection and detection. Oikos 48:161-170.

Peckarsky, B.L., C.A. Cowan,, M.A. Penton and C. Anderson. 1993. Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies on mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74:1836-1846.

Peckarsky, B.L. and S.I. Dodson. 1980a. An experimental analysis of biological factors contributing to stream community structure. Ecology 61:1283-1290.

Peckarsky, B.L. and S.I. Dodson. 1980b. Do stonefly predators influence benthic distributions in streams? Ecology 61:1275- 1282.

Peckarsky, B.L. and M.A. Penton. 1989. Mechanisms of prey selection by stream-dwelling stoneflies. Ecology 70:1203-1218.

Peierls, B.L., N.F. Caraco, M.L. Pace and J.J. Cole. 1991. Human influence on river nitrogen. Nature 350:386-387.

Pennak, R.W. 1985. The fresh-water invertebrate fauna: Problems and solutions for evolutionary success. American Zoologist 25:671-687.

Perrin, C.J., M.L. Bothwell and P.A. Slaney. 1987. Experimental enrichment of a coastal stream in British Columbia: effects of organic and inorganic additions on autotrophic periphyton production. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44: 1247-1256.

Perry, M.C. and F.M. Uhler. 1982. Food habits of diving ducks in the Carolinas. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 36:492-504.

Peters, G.T., E.F. Benfield and J.R. Wenster. 1989. Chemical composition and microbial activity of seston in a southern Appalachian headwater stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8:74-84.

Petersen, B.J. and B. Frey. 1987. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 18:293-320.

Peterson, B.J., J.E. Hobbie and T.L. Corliss. 1983. A continuous-flow periphyton bioassay: tests of nutrient limitation in a tundra stream. Limnology and Oceanography 28:583-591.

Peterson, B.J., J.E. Hobbie, A.E. Hershey, M.A. Lock, T.E. Ford, J.R. Vestal, V.L. McKinley, M.A.J. Hullar, M.C. Miller, R.M. Ventullo and G.S. Volk. 1985. Transformation of a tundra river from heterotrophy to autotrophy by addition of phosphorus. Scie nce 229:1383-1386.

Petersen, R.C., Jr. 1992. The RCE: a riparian, channel and environmental inventory for small streams in the agricultural landscape. Freshwater Biology 27:295-306.

Petersen, R.C. and K.W. Cummins. 1974. Leaf processing in a woodland stream. Freshwater Biology 4:343-368.

Petersen, R.C., Jr., B.L. Madsen, M.A. Wilzbach, C.H.D. Magadza, A. Paarlberg, A. Kullberg and K.W. Cummins. 1987. Stream management: Emerging global similarities. Ambio 16: 166-179.

Petersen, R.C., Jr. and L.B.M. Petersen. 1992. A building block model for stream restoration. pp 293-290 In: P. Boon, G. Petts and P. Calow (eds.), River Conservation and Management. Wiley, London.

Petranka, J.W. 1984. Ontogeny of diet and feeding behavior of Eurycea bislineata larvae. Journal of Herpetology 18:48-55.

Petrere, M. Jr. 1989. River fisheries in Brazil: A review. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 4:1-16.

Petts, G.E. 1984. Impounded rivers. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Petts, G.E. 1989. Perspectives for ecological management of regulated rivers. pp 3-24 In: J.A. Gore and G.E. Petts (eds.), Alternatives in Regulated River Management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Philipson, G.N. 1978. The undulatory behaviour of larvae of Hydropsyche pellucidula Curtis and Hydrosyphe siltalai D”hler. pp 241-247 In: M.I. Crichton (ed.) Proc. Second Internat. Symp. Trichoptera. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.

Pielou, E.C. 1975. Ecological diversity. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Pinder, L.V.C. 1985. Studies on Chironomidae in experimental recirculating stream systems. I. Orthocladius (Euorthcladius) calvus sp. nov. Freshwater Biology 15:235-41.

Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA/444/4-89-011, Washington D.C.

Platts, W.S., W.F. Megahan and G.W. Minshall. 1983. Methods for evaluating stream, riparian and biotic conditions. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-138. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

Ploskey, G.R. and A.V. Brown. 1980. Downstream drift of the mayfly Baetis flavistriga as a passive phenomenon. American Midland Naturalist 104:405-409.

Poff, N.L. and J.V. Ward. 1989. Implications of streamflow variability and predictability for lotic community structure: a regional analysis of streamflow patterns. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46:1805-1818.

Poff, N.L., J.D. Allan and J.D. Yount. 1994. Hydrologic correlates of fish assemblage structure in upper midwestern streams. ms

Polunin, N.V.C. 1982. Processes contributing to the decay of reed (Phragmites australis) litter in freshwater. Archiv fr Hydrobiologie 94:155-162.

Polunin, N.V.C. 1984. The decomposition of emergent macrophytes in fresh water. pp 115-166 In: A. Macfadyen and E.D. Ford (eds.) Advances in Ecological Research, Volume 14, Academic Press, New York.

Pomeroy, L.R. and W.J. Weibe. 1988. Energetics of microbial food webs. Hydrobiologia 159:7-18.

Porter, K.G. 1977. Enhancement of algal growth and productivity by grazing zooplamkton. Science 192:1332-1334.

Postel, Sandra. 1992. Last Oasis, Facing Water Scarcity. W.W. Norton, New York.

Power, M.E. 1983. Grazing responses of tropical freshwater fishes to different scales of variation in their food. Environmental Biology of Fishes 9:103-115.

Power, M.E. 1984a. Habitat quality and the distribution of algae-grazing catfish in a Panamanian stream. Journal of Animal Ecology 53:357-374.

Power, M.E. 1984b. Depth distributions of armored catfish: predator-induced resource avoidance? Ecology 65:523-528.

Power, M.E. 1987. Predator avoidance by grazing fishes in temperate and tropical streams: Importance of stream depth and prey size. pp 333-352 In: W.C. Kerfoot and A. Sih (eds.), Predation: Direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. Univers ity Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire.

Power, M.E. 1990. Effects of fish in river food webs. Science 250:811-814.

Power, M.E. 1992. Habitat heterogeneity and the functional significance of fish in river food webs. Ecology 73:1675-1688.

Power, M.E. and W.J. Matthews. 1983. Algae-grazing minnows (Campostoma anomalum), piscivorous bass (Micropterus spp) and the distribution of attached algae in a small prairie-margin stream. Oecologia 60:328-332.

Power, M.E. and A.J. Stewart. 1987. Disturbance and recovery of an algal assemblage following flooding in an Oklahoma stream. American Midland Naturalist 117:333-345.

Prato, T., H-Q Shi, R. Rhew and M. Brusven. 1989. Soil erosion and nonpoint-source pollution control in an Idaho watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44:323-328.

Pringle, C.M. 1990. Nutrient spatial heterogeneity: effects on community structure, physiognomy, and diversity of stream algae. Ecology 71:905-920.

Pringle, C., G. Vellidis, F. Heliotis, D. Bandacu and S. Cristofor. 1993. Environmental problems of the Danube delta. Anerican Scientist 81:350-361.

Pringle, C.M. and J.A. Bowers. 1984. An in situ substratum fertilization technique: diatom colonization on nutrient- enriched, sand substrata. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41:1247-1251.

Pritchard, G. 1966. On the morphology of the compound eyes of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) with special reference to their role in prey capture. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 41:1-8.

Prophet, C.W. and J.D. Ransom. 1974. Summer stream metabolism values for Cedar Creek, Kansas. Southwestern Naturalist 19:305-308.

Prowse, G.A. and J.F. Talling. 1958. The seasonal growth and succession of plankton algae in the White Nile. Limnology & Oceanography 3: 222-238.

Q | Back to top
Quinn, F. 1987. Interbasin water diversions: A Canadian perspective. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 42:389-393.

R | Back to top
Rabeni, C.F. and G.W. Minshall. 1977. Factors affecting micro- distribution of stream benthos insects. Oikos 29:33-43.

Rau, G.H. and N.H. Anderson. 1981. Use of 13C/12C to trace dissolved and particulate organic matter utilization by populations of an aquatic invertebrate. Oecologia 48:19-21.

Rebsdorf, A., N. Thyssen and M. Erlandsen. 1991. Regional and temporal variation in pH, alkalinity and carbon dioxide in Danish streams, related to soil type and land use. Freshwater Biology 25:419-435.

Redfield, A.C. 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. American Scientist 46:205-221.

Redfield, A.C., B.H. Ketchum and F.A. Richards. 1963. The influence of organisms on the composition of sea water. pp 26-77 In: M.N. Hill (ed.) The Sea, Volume 2, Interscience, New York.

Regier, H.A. and J.D. Meisner. 1990. Anticipated efects of climate change on freshwater fishes and their habitat. Fisheries 15:10-15.

Reice, S.R. 1980. The role of substratum in benthic macroinvertebrate microdistribution and litter decomposition in a woodland stream. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 20:1396-1400

Reice, S.R. 1983. Predation and substratum: factors in lotic community structure. pp. 325-345 In: T.D. Fontaine III and S.M. Bartell (eds.), Dynamics of lotic ecosystems, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI.

Reice, S.R. and R.L. Edwards. 1986. The effects of vertebrate predation on macrobenthic communities with and without indigenous fish populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64:1930-1936.

Reid, L.M. and T. Dunne. 1984. Sediment production from forest road surfaces. Water Resources Research 20:1753-1761.

Reif, C.B. 1939. The effect of stream condition on lake plankton. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 58:398-403.

Reynolds, J.D. 1988. Crayfish extinctions and crayfish plague in central Ireland. Biol. Conserv. 45:279-285.

Reynoldson, T. B. and L.S. Bellamy. 1971. The establishment of interspecific competition in field populations, with an example of competition in action between Polycelis nigra (Mill.) and P. tenuis (Ijima) (Turbellaria, Tricladida). Proc. Adv. Stud. In st. Dyn. Numbers Pop. 1970:282-297.

Rice, D.L. 1982. The detritus nitrogen problem: new observations and perspectives from organic geochemistry. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 9:153-162.

Richards, C. and G.W. Minshall. 1988. The influence of periphyton abundance on Baetis bicaudatus distribution and colonization in a small stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 7:77-86.

Richards, K. 1982. Rivers. Form and process in alluvial channels. Methuen, London.

Richey, J.E., M.A. Perkins and C.R. Goldman. 1975. Effects of kokanee salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka) decomposition on the ecology of a subalpine stream. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:817-820.

Richey, J.S., W.H. McDowell and G.E. Likens. 1985. Nitrogen transformations in a small mountain stream. Hydrobiologia 124:129-139.

Ricker, W.E. 1979. Growth rates and models. pp 677-743 In: W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall and J.R. Brett (eds.) Fish Physiology, Volume 8. Academic Press, New York.

Ricker, W.E. 1972. Hereditary and environmental factors affecting certain salmonid populations. pp 19-160 In: R.C. Simon and P.A. Larkin (eds.), The stock concept in Pacific salmon. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Ricklefs, R.E. 1987. Community diversity: Relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235:167-171.

Riley, G.A. 1970. Particulate organic matter in sea water. Advances in Marine Biology 8:1-118.

Ringleberg, J. 1964. The positively phototactic reaction of Daphnia magna Straus. Neth. J. Sea Res. 2:319-406.

Ringler, N.H. 1979a. Prey selection by drift-feeding brown trout (Salmo trutta). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36:392-403.

Ringler, N.H. 1979b. Prey selection by benthic feeders. pp. 219-229 In: R. Stroud and H. Clepper (eds.), Predator-prey systems in fisheries management. Sports Fishing Institute, Washington D.C.

Ringler, N.H. 1983. Variation in foraging tactics of fishes. pp. 159-171 In: D.L.G. Noakes et al. (eds.), Predators and prey in fishes, Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.

Roback, S.S. 1968. Notes on the food of Tanypodinae larvae. Entomologist News 80:13-18.

Roberts, T.R. 1972. Ecology of fishes in the Amazon and Congo basins. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. 143:117-147.

Robinson, C.T. and S.R. Rushforth. 1987. Effects of physical disturbance and canopy cover on attached diatom community structure in an Idaho stream. Hydrobiologia 154:149-159.

Robinson, F.W. and J.C. Tash. 1979. Feeding by Arizona trout (Salmo apache) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) at different light intensities. Environmental Biology of Fishes 4:363-368.

Rodgers, J.H., Jr., M.E. McKevitt, D.O. Hammerlund, K.L. Dickson and J. Cairns, Jr. 1983. Primary production and decomposition of submergent and emergent aquatic plants of two Appalachian rivers. pp. 283-301 In: T. Fontaine and S. Bartell (eds.), Dyna mics of Lotic Ecosystems, Ann Arbor Science, Michigan.

Rooke, J.B. 1984. The invertebrate fauna of four macrophytes in a lotic system. Freshwater Biology 14:507-513.

Roos, T. 1957. Studies on upstream migration in adult stream-dwelling insects. I. Report of the Institute of Freshwater Research of Drottningholm 38:167-93.

Rosemond, A.D., P.J. Mulholland and J.W. Elwood. 1993. Top-down and bottom-up control of stream periphyton: effects of nutrients and herbivores. Ecology 74:1264-1280.

Rosenberg, D.M. and R.A. Bodaly. 1993. Environmental and social impacts of large-scale hydroelectric development: who is listening? manusscript.

Ross, H.H. 1967. The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera. Annual Reviews of Entomology 12:169-206.

Ross, S.T. 1986. Resource partitioning in fish assemblages: A review of field studies. Copeia 1986:352-388.

Ross, S.T. 1991. Mechanisms structuring stream fish assemblages: are there lessons from introduced species? Environ. Biol. Fishes 30:359-368.

Ross, S.T., W.J. Matthews, A.A. Echelle. 1985. Persistance of stream fish assemblages: Effects of environmental change. American Naturalist 122:583-601.

Roth, N.E. and J.D. Allan. 1994. Biotic integrity of stream fish assemblages within an agricultural watershed: effects of land use. ms.

Rottman, R. 1977. Management of weedy lakes and ponds with grass carp. Fisheries 2:8-14.

Round, F.E. 1964. The ecology of benthic algae. pp. 138-84 In: D.F. Jackson (ed.), Algae and man. Plenum Press, New York.

Round, F.E. 1981. The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Rounick, J.S. and M.J. Winterbourn. 1983. The formation, structure and utilization of stone surface organic layers in two New Zealand streams. Freshwater Biology 13:57-72.

Rounick, J.S. and M.J. Winterbourn. 1986. Stable carbon isotopes and carbon flow in ecosystems. Bioscience 36:171-177.

Rubenstein, D.I. and M.A. Koehl. 1977. The mechanisms of filter-feeding: some theoretical considerations. American Naturalist 111:981-994.

Rundle, S.D. and S.J. Omerod. 1991. The influence of chemistry and habitat factors on the microcrustacea of some upland Welsh streams. Freshwater Biology 26:439-452.

Russell-Hunter, W.D. 1970. Aquatic Productivity. Macmillan, London.

Russell-Hunter, W.D., M.L. Appley, A.J. Burky and R.T. Meadows. 1967. Interpopulational variations in calcium metabolism in the stream limpet, Ferrissia rivularis (Say). Science 155:338-340.

Ruttner, F. 1926. Bermerkungen ber den Sauerstoffgehalt der Gewasser und dessen respiratorischen Wert. Naturwissecschaften 14:1237-39.

Rząska, J., A.J. Brooks and G.A. Prowse. 1952. Seasonal plankton development in the White and Blue Nile near Khartoum. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 12:327-334.

Rząska, J., A.J. Brooks and G.A. Prowse. 1952. Seasonal plankton development in the White and Blue Nile near Khartoum. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 12:327-334.

S | Back to top
Sain, P., J.B. Robinson, W.N. Stammers, N.K. Kaushik and H.R. Whitely. 1977. A laboratory study on the role of stream sediment in nitrogen loss from water. Journal of Environmental Quality 6:274-278.

Sale, P.F. 1977. Maintenance of high diversity in coral reef fish communities. American Naturalist 111:337-359.

Sanchez-Sierra, G. 1993. Outlook for hydropower in Latin America and the Caribbean. Hydro Review (February 1993):16-24.

Sattler, W. 1963. šber den K”rperbau und Ethologie der Larve und Puppe von Macronema Pict. (Hydropsychidae), ein uls Larve sich von 'Mikro-Drift' ern„hrendes Tricopter aus dem Amazongebiet. Arch. Hydrobiol. 59:26-60.

Saunders, J.F. and W.E. Lewis. 1988. Zooplankton abundance and transport in a tropical white-water river. Hydrobiologia 162:147-155.

Sazima, I. 1983. Scale eating in characoids and other fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 9:87-101.

Scheich, H., G. Langner, C. Tidemann, R.B. Coles and A. Guppy. 1986. Electroreception and electrolocation in platypus. Nature 319:401-402.

Schindler, D.W., S.E.M. Kasian and R.H. Hesslein. 1989. Biological impoverishment in lakes of the Midwestern and North- eastern United States from acid rain. Environmental Science and Technology 23:573-580.

Schlesinger, W.H. and J.M. Melack. 1981. Transport of organic carbon in the world's rivers. Tellus 33:172-187.

Schlosser, I.J. 1982. Fish community structure and function along two habitat gradients in a headwater stream. Ecological Monographs 52:395-414.

Schlosser, I.J. and L.A. Toth. 1984. Niche relationships and population ecology of rainbow (Etheostoma caeruleum) and fantail (E. flabellare) darters in a temporally variable environment. Oikos 42:229-238.

Schoener, T.W. 1974. Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science 185:27-39.

Schwarz, P. 1970. Autokologische Untersuchungen zum Lebenszyklus von Setipalpia-Arten (Plecoptera). Archives fr Hydrobiologie 67:103-140.

Scott, D. and C.S. Shirvell. 1987. A critique of the instream flow incremental methodology and observations on flow determination in New Zealand. pp. 27-43 In: J.F. Craig and J.B. Kemper (eds.) Regulated Streams: Advances in Ecology. Plenum Press, New York.

Scrivener, J.C. and M.J. Brownlee. 1989. Effects of forest harvesting on spawning gravel and incubation survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) in Carnation Creek, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sci ences 46:681-696.

Sedell, J.R. and J.L. Froggatt. 1984. Importance of streamside forests to large rivers: The isolation of the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A., from its floodplain by snagging and streamside forest removal. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 22:1828-1834.

Sedell, J.R., R.J. Naiman, K.W. Cummins, G.W. Minshall and R.L. Vannote. 1978. Transport of particulate organic material in streams as a function of physical processes. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnol ogie 20:1366-1375.

Sedell, J.R., G.H. Reeves, F.R. Hauer, J.A. Stanford and C.P. Hawkins. 1990. Role of refugia in recovery from disturbances: modern fragmented and disconnected river systems. Environmental Mangement 14:711-724.

Seegrist, D.W. and R. Gard. 1972. Effects of floods on trout in Sagehen Creek, California. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 101:478-482.

Sepkoski, J.J., Jr. and M.A. Rex. 1974. Distribution of freshwater mussels: coastal rivers as biogeographic islands. Systematic Zoology 23:165-188.

Sharma, B.R., M.M. Martin and J.A. Shafer. 1984. Alkaline proteases from the gut-fluids of detritus-feeding larvae of the crane fly, Tipula abdominalis (Say) (Diptera, Tipulidae). Insect Biochemistry 14:37-44.

Shearer, C.A. and L.D. Lane. 1983. Comparison of three techniques for study of aquatic hyphomycete communities. Mycologia 75:498-508.

Sheath, R.G. and K.M. Cole. 1992. Biogeography of stream macroalgae in North America. Journal of Phycology 28:448-460.

Sheldon, A.L. 1972. Comparative ecology of Arcynopterx and Diura (Plecoptera) in a California stream. Archives fr Hydrobiologie 69:521-546.

Shelford, V.E. 1918. Conditions of coexistence. pp 21-60 In: H.B. Ward and G.C. Whipple (eds.), Freshwater Biology. John Wiley, New York.

Shepard, B.G., G.F. Hartman and W.J. Wilson. 1986. Relationships between stream and intragravel temperatures in coastal drainages, and some implications for fisheries workers. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:1818-1822.

Shepard, B.S. and G.W. Minshall. 1981. Nutritional value of lotic insect feces compared with allochthonous materials. Archiv fr Hydrobiologie 90:467-488.

Sherman, B.J. and H.K. Phinney. 1971. Benthic algal communities of the Metolius River. Journal of Phycology 7:269-273.

Shireman, J.V. 1984. Control of aquatic weeds with exotic fishes. pp 302-312 In: W.R. Courtenay and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.), Distribution, Biology, and Management of Exotic Fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Shireman, J.V. and C.R. Smith. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes 1844). FAO Fish Synopsis 135, Rome: FAO.

Short, R.A., S.P. Canton and J.V. Ward. 1980. Detrital processing and associated macroinvertebrates in a Colorado mountain stream. Ecology 61:727-732.

Short, R.A. and P.E. Maslin. 1977. Processing of leaf litter by a stream detritivore: effect on nutrient availability to collectors. Ecology 58:935-938.

Shortreed, K.R.S. and J.G. Stockner. 1983. Periphyton biomass and species composition in a coastal rainforest stream in British Columbia: effects of environmental changes caused by logging. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:1887-18 95.

Shreve, R.L. 1966. Statistical law of stream numbers. J. Geol. 74:17-37.

Siegfried, C.A. and A.W. Knight. 1976. Prey selection by a setipalpian stonefly nymph, Acroneuria (Calineuria) californica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Ecology 57:603-608.

Sih, A. 1980. Optimal behavior: Can animals balance two conflicting demands? Science 210:1041-1043.

Sih, A. 1982a. Optimal patch use: Variation in selective pressure for efficient foraging. American Naturalist 120:666- 685.

Sih, A. 1982b. Foraging strategies and the avoidance of predation by an aquatic insect, Notonecta hoffmanni. Ecology 63:786-796.

Sih, A. 1987. Predators and prey lifestyles: An evolutionary and ecological overview. pp. 203-224 In: W.C. Kerfoot and A. Sih (eds). Predation: Direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, Hanover.

Silvester, N.R. and M.A. Sleigh. 1985. The forces on microorganisms at surfaces in flowing water. Freshwater Biology 15:433-448.

Sinsabaugh, R.L., A.E. Linkins and E.F. Benfield. 1985. Cellulose digestion and assimilation by three leaf-shredding aquatic insects. Ecology 66:1464-1471.

Sinsabaugh, R.L., D. Repert, T. Weiland, S.W. Golladay and A.E. Linkins. 1991. Exoenzyme accumulation in epilithic biofilms. Hydrobiologia 222:29-37.

Sioli, H. 1964. General features of the limnology of Amazonia. Verhandlungen der internationalen Vereinigung fr theoretische und angewandte Limnologie 15:1053-58.

Sioli, H. 1984. The Amazon: Limnology and Landscape Ecology of a Mighty Tropical River and its Basin. W. Junk, Dordrecht, 763 pp.

Sj”str”m, P. 1985. Hunting behavior of the perlid stonefly nymph Dinocras cephalotes (Plecoptera) under different light conditions. Animal Behavior 33:534-540.

Skinner, W.D. 1985. Night-day drift patterns and the size of larvae of two aquatic insects. Hydrobiologia 124:283-285.

Smith, J.R. 1975. Turbulence in lakes and rivers. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication 29, Ambleside, U.K.

Smith, G.R., R.F. Stearley and C.E. Badgley. 1988. Taphonomic bias in fish diversity from Cenozoic floodplain environments. Palaeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 63:263-273.

Smith, S.D., A.B. Wellington, J.L. Nachlinger and C.A. Fox. 1991. Functional responses of riparian vegetation to streamflow diversion in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Ecological Applications 1:89-97.

Smock, L.A., G.M. Metzler and J.E. Gladden. 1989. Role of debris dams in the structure and functioning of low-gradient headwater streams. Ecology 70:764-775.

S balle, D.M. and B.L. Kimmel. 1987. A large-scale comparison of factors influencing phytoplankton abundance in rivers, lakes, and impoundments. Ecology 68:1943-1954.

S”derstr”m, O. 1987. Upstream movements of invertebrates in running waters. Archives fr Hydrobiologie 111:197-208.

Sollins, P., C.A. Glassman and C.N. Dahm. 1985. Composition and possible origin of detrital material in streams. Ecology 66:297- 299.

Solon, B.M. and K.W. Stewart. 1972. Dispersal of algae and protozoa via the alimentary tracts of selected aquatic insects. Environmental Entomology 1:309-314.

Soluk, D.A. 1985. Macroinvertebrate abundance and production of Psammophilous Chironomidae in shifting sand areas of a lowland river. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42(7):1296-1302.

Stallard, R.F. and J.M. Edmond. 1983. Geochemistry of the Amazon 2: The influence of the geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load. J. Geophys Res. 88:9671-9688.

Stanford, J.A. and J.V. Ward. 1979. Stream regulation in North America. pp 215-236 In: J.V. Ward and J.A. Stanford (eds.), The ecology of regulated rivers. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.

Stanford, J.A. and J.V. Ward. 1986. The Colorado River system. pp 353-374 In: B.R. Davies and K.F. Walker (eds.), The ecology of river systems. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Stanford, J.A. and J.V. Ward. 1989. Serial discontinuities of a Rocky Mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of Plecoptera. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 3:169- 175.

Starnes, L.B. and W.C. Starnes. 1981. Biology of the blackside dace Phoxinus cumberlandensis. American Midland Naturalist 106:360-371.

Starnes, W.C. and D.A. Etnier. 1986. Drainage evolution and fish biogeography of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers drainage realm, pp. 325-61. In: Zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes. C.H. Hocutt and E.O. Wiley (eds.). Wiley Interscien ce, New York.

Stout, R.J. and J.H. Vandermeer. 1975. Comparison of species richness for stream-inhabiting insects in tropical and mid-latitude streams. American Naturalist 109:263-280.

Statzner, B. 1981. The relation between "hydraulic stress" and microdistribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in a lowland running water system, the Schierenseebrooks (North Germany). Archiv fr Hydrobiologie 91:192-218.

Statzner, B. 1988. Growth and Reynolds number of lotic invertebrates: a problem for adaptation of shape to drag. Oikos 51:84-87.

Statzner, B., J.A. Gore and V.H. Resh. 1988. Hydraulic stream ecology: observed patterns and potential applications. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 7:307-360.

Statzner, B. and B. Higler 1985. Questions and comments on the river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42:1038-44.

Statzner, B. and T.F. Holm. 1982. Morphological adaptations of benthic invertebrates to stream flow -- an old question studied by means of a new technique (Laser Doppler Anenometry). Oecologia 53:290-292.

Statzner, B., and R. Mogel. 1985. An example showing that drift net catches of stream mayflies (Baetis spp., Ephemeroptera, Insecta) do not increase during periods of higher substrate surface densities of the larvae. Verhandlungen der Internationalen V ereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 22:3238-3243.

Statzner, B. and R. Mller. 1989. Standard hemispheres as indicators of flow characteristics in lotic benthic research. Freshwater Biology 21:445-459.

Steedman, R.J. 1988. Modification and assessment of an index of biotic integrity to quantify stream quality in Southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:492-501.

Steedman, R.J. and N.H. Anderson. 1985. Life history and ecological role of the xylophagous aquatic beetle, Lara avara LeConte (Dryopoidea: Elmidae) Freshwater Biology 15:535-546.

Stein, R.A. 1979. Behavioral response of prey to fish predators. pp. 343-353 In: H. Clepper (Ed.) Predator-prey systems in fisheries management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington D.C.

Stein, R.A. and J.J. Magnuson. 1976. Behavioral response of crayfish to a fish predator. Ecology 58:571-581.

Steinman, A.D. 1992. Does an increase in irradiance influence periphyton in a heavily-grazed woodland stream? Oecologia 91:163-170.

Steinman, A.D. and H.L. Boston. 1993. The ecological role of aquatic macrophytes in a woodland stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 12:17-26.

Steinman, A.D. and C.D. McIntire. 1986. Effects of current velocity and light energy on the structure of periphyton asemblages in laboratory streams. Journal of Phycology 22:352- 361.

Steinman, A.D. and C.D. McIntire. 1987. Effects of irradiance on the community structure and biomass of algal assemblages in laboratory streams. Candian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1640-1648.

Steinman, A.D., C.D. McIntire, S.V. Gregory, G.A. Lamberti and L.R. Ashkenas. 1987a. Effects of herbivore type and density on taxonomic structure and physiognomy of algal assemblages in laboratory streams. Journal of the North American Benthological So ciety 6:175-188.

Steinman, A.D., C.D. McIntire and R.R. Lowry. 1987b. Effects of herbivore type and density on chemical composition of algal assemblages in laboratory streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 6:189-197.

Steinmann, P. 1908. Die Tierelt der Gebirgb„che. Archiv fr Hydrobiologie 3:266-273.

Stevenson, R.J. 1990. Benthic algal community dynamics in a stream during and after a spate. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 9:277-288.

Stockner, J.G. and K.R.S. Shortreed. 1976. Autotrophic production in Carnation Creek, a coastal rainforest stream on Vancouver island, British Columbia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33:1553-1563.

Stockner, J.G. and K.R.S. Shortreed. 1978. Enhancement of autotrophic production by nutrient addition in a coastal rainforest stream on Vancouver Island. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:28-34.

Stone, L.J. 1974. Effects of geology and nutrients on water- quality development. Journal of American Water Works Association 66:489-494.

Stout, R.J. 1989. Effects of condensed tannins on leaf processing in mid-latitude and tropical streams: a theoretical approach. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46:1097-1106.

Strahler, A.N. 1952. Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 63:1117-1142.

Strahler, A.N. 1964. Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks; section 4-2 in Handbook of applied hydrology, Ven te Chow (ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York.

Straskraba, M. 1965. The effects of fish on the number of invertebrates in ponds and streams. Mitteilungen Internationale Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 13:106-127

Strayer, D.L. 1991. Projected distribution of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in North America. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:1389-95.

Stream Solute Workshop. 1990. Concepts and methods for assessing solute dynamics in stream ecosystems. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 9:95-119.

Strong, D.R., Jr. 1973. Amphipod amplexus, the significance of ecotypic variation. Ecology 54:1383-1388.

Strong, D.R., D. Simberloff, L.G. Abele and A.B. Thistle (eds.). 1984. Ecological communities, conceptual issues and the evidence. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton, NJ.

Stumm, W. and J.J. Morgan. 1981. Aquatic Chemistry. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Suberkropp, K. and T.L. Arsuffi. 1984. Degradation, growth, and changes in palatability of leaves colonized by six aquatic hyphomycete species. Mycologia 76:398-407.

Suberkropp, K.F., G.L. Godshalk and M.J. Klug. 1976. Changes in the chemical composition of leaves during processing in a woodland stream. Ecology 57:720-727.

Suberkropp, K. and M.J. Klug. 1976. Fungi and bacteria associated with leaves during processing in a woodland stream. Ecology 57:707-719.

Suberkropp, K. and M.J. Klug. 1980. The maceration of deciduous leaf litter by aquatic hyphomycetes. Canadian Journal of Botany 58:1025-1031.

Sumner, W.T. and S.G. Fisher. 1979. Periphyton production in Fort River, Massachussetts. Freshwater Biology 9:205-212.

Sumner, W.T. and C.D. McIntire. 1982. Grazer-periphyton interactions in laboratory streams. Archives fr Hydrobiologie 93:135-157.

Sutcliffe, D.W. and T.R. Carrick. 1973. Studies on mountain streams in the English Lake District. I. pH, calcium and the distribution of invertebrates in the River Duddon. Freshwater Biology 3:437-462.

Sutcliffe, D.W. and T.R. Carrick. 1983. Relationships bewteen chloride and major cations in precipitation and streamwaters in the Windermere catchment (English Lake District). Freshwater Biology 13:415-441.

Sutcliffe, D.W. and T.R. Carrick. 1988. Alkalinity and pH of tarns and streams in the English Lake District (Cumbria). Freshwater Biology 19:179-189.

Sutcliffe, D.W., T.R. Carrick and L.G. Willoughby. 1981. Effects of diet, body size, age and temperature on growth rates in the amphipod Gammarus pulex. Freshwater Biology 11:183-214.

Svensson, B.W. 1974. Population movements of adult Trichoptera at a South Swedish stream. Oikos 25:157-175.

Swank, W.T. and W.H. Caskey. 1982. Nitrate depletion in a second-order mountain stream. Journal of Environmental Quality 11:581-584.

Swanson, C.O. and R.W. Bachman. 1976. A model of algal exports in some Iowa streams. Ecology 57:1076-1080.

Swanson, F.J., L.E. Benda, S.H. Duncan, G.E. Grant, W.F. Megahan, L.M. Reid and R.R. Ziemer. 1987. Mass failures and other processes of sediment production in Pacific Northwest forest landscapes. pp 9-38 In: E.O. Salo and T.W. Cundy (eds.) Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. Contribution 57, Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington USA.

Sweeney, B.W. 1984. Factors influencing life-history patterns of aquatic insects. pp 56-100 In: V.H. Resh and D.M. Rosenberg (eds.) The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. Praeger, New York.

Sweeney, B.W., J.K. Jackson, J.D. Newbold and D.H. Funk. 1992. Climate change and the life histories and biogeography of aquatic insects in eastern North America. pp 143-176 In: P. Firth and S.G. Fisher (eds.) Global Climate Change and Freshwater Eco systems. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Sweeney, B.W. and R.L. Vannote. 1981. Ephemerella mayflies of White Clay Creek: Bioenergetic and ecological relationships among six coexisting species. Ecology 62:1353-1369.

Sze, P. 1981. A culture model for phytoplankton succession in the Potomac River near Washington D.C. (U.S.A.). Phycologia 20:285-291.

T | Back to top
Tachet, H. 1977. Vibrations and predatory behaviour of Plectrocnemia conspersa larvae (Trichoptera). Zeit. Tierpsych. 45:61-74.

Taghon, G.L. and P.A. Jumars. 1984. Variable ingestion rate and its role in optimal foraging behavior of marine deposit feeders. Ecology 65:549-558.

Talling, J.F. and J. Rząska. 1967. The development of plankton in relation to hydrological regime in the Blue Nile. Journal of Ecology 55:637-662.

Tanaka, H. 1960. On the daily change of the drifting animals in stream, especially on the types of daily change observed in taxonomic groups of insects. (Japanese, English summary). Bulletin Freshwater Fishery Research Laboratory 9:13-24.

Tate, C.M. and J.L. Meyer. 1983. The influence of hydrologic conditions and successional state on dissolved organic carbon export from forested watersheds. Ecology 64:25-32.

Taylor, J.N., W.R. Courtenay, Jr., and J.A. McCann. 1984. Known impacts of exotic fishes in the continetal United States. pp. 322-373 In: Courtenay, W.R. and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.) Distribution, Biology, and Management of Exotic Fishes. The Johns H opkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Teague, S.A., A.W. Knight and B.N. Teague. 1985. Stream microhabitat selectivity, resource partitioning, and niche shifts in grazing caddisfly larvae. Hydrobiologia 128:3-12.

Tennant, D.L. 1976. Instream flow regimens for fish, wildlife, recreation and related environmental resources. Fisheries 1(4):6-10.

Tett, P., C. Gallegos, M.G. Kelly, G.M. Hornberger and B.J. Cosby. 1978. Relationships among substrate, flow, and benthic microalgal pigment density in the Mechums River, Virginia. Limnology and Oceanography 23:785-797.

Theinemann, A. 1954. Ein drittes biozonotisches Grundprinzip. Archives fr Hydrobioloie 49:421-422.

Thomas, N.A. and R.L. O'Connell. 1966. A method for measuring primary production by stream benthos. Limnology and oceanography 11:386-392.

Thomas, G.W. and J.D. Crutchfield. 1974. Nitrate-nitrogen and phosphorus contents of streams draining small agricultural watersheds in Kentucky. Journal of Environmental Quality 3:46- 49.

Thompson, B.H. 1987. The use of algae as food by larval Simuliidae (Diptera) of Newfoundland streams. III. Growth of larvae reared on different algae and other foods. Archives fr Hydrobiologie/Supplement 76(4):459-466.

Thorp, J.H. 1986. Two distinct roles for predators in freshwater assemblages. Oikos 47:75-82.

Thurman, E.M. 1985. Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 497 pp.

Tippits, W.E. and P.B. Moyle. 1978. Epibenthic feeding by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the McCloud River, California. Journal of Animal Ecology 47:549-559.

Tokeshi, M. 1986. Resource utilization, overlap and temporal community dynamics: a null model analysis of an epiphytic chironomid community. Journal of Animal Ecology 55:491-506.

Tokeshi, M. and L.C.V. Pinder. 1985. Microhabitats of stream invertebrates on two submersed macrophytes with contrasting leaf morphology. Holarctic Ecology 8:313-319.

Towns, D.R. 1981. Effects of artificial shading on periphyton and invertebrates in a New Zealand stream. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 15:185-192.

Towns, D.R. 1983. Life history patterns of six sympatric species of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) in a New Zealand stream and the role of interspecific competition in their evolution. Hydrobiologia 99:37-50.

Townsend, C.R. and T.A. Crowl. 1991. Fragmented population structure in a native New Zealand fish: an effect of introduced brown trout? Oikos 61:347-354.

Townsend, C.R. and A.G. Hildrew. 1976. Field experiments on the drifting, colonization and continuous redistribution of stream benthos. Journal of Animal Ecology 45:759-772.

Townsend, C.R. and A.G. Hildrew. 1978. Predation strategy and resource utilization by Plectrocnemia conspersa (Curtis) (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). pp. 283-291 In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Symposium on Trichoptera, Junk, The Hague, Holla nd.

Townsend, C.R. and A.G. Hildrew. 1979. Resource partitioning by two freshwater invertebrate predators with contrasting foraging strategies. Journal of Animal Ecology 48:909-920.

Townsend, C.R., A.G. Hildrew and J. Francis. 1983. Community structure in some southern English streams: the influence of physicochemical factors. Freshwater Biology 13:521-544.

Townsend, C.R. and T.K. McCarthy. 1980. On the defensive strategy of Physa fontinalis (L.), a freshwater pulmonate snail. Oecologia 46:75-79.

Trautman, M.B. 1981. The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, OH.

Triska, F.J., V.C. Kennedy, R.J. Avanzino and B.N. Reilly. 1983. Effect of simulated canopy cover on regulation of nitrate uptake and primary production by natural periphyton assemblages. pp 129-159 In: T. Fontaine and S. Bartell (eds.), Dynamics of L otic Ecosystems, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Michigan.

Triska, F.J. and R.S. Oremland. 1981. Denitrification associated with periphyton communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42:745-748.

Triska, F.J., J.R. Sedell, K. Cromack, Jr., S.V. Gregory and F.M. McCorison. 1984. Nitrogen budget for a small coniferous mountain stream. Ecological Monographs 54:119-140.

Tsui, Ph.T.P. and M.D. Hubbard. 1979. Feeding habits of the predaceous nymphs of Dolania americana in northwestern Florida (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae). Hydrobiologia 67:119-124.

Turcotte, P. and P.P. Harper. 1982. Drift patterns in a high Andean stream. Hydrobiologia 89:141-151.

Turner, R.E. and N.N. Rabalais. 1991. Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century. Bioscience 41:140-147.

U | Back to top
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1981. Interim regional policy for New England stream flow recommendations. Memorandum from H.N. Larsen, Director, Region 5, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, Massachussetts.

Ulfstrand, S. 1968. Benthic animal communities in Lapland streams. Oikos Supplement 10, pp 1-120.