|
It was only fairly recently (2021) that I realized that I should document the sources of some of the terms that I define or explain in the Glossary. I realized that especially when I was reading Irwin (2017) and was adding terms from there that I might later want to go back to. From then on, I've done my best to include my sources unless they came from a website that I was linking the term itself to.
Since then I have also made some efforts -- so far very incomplete -- to look back at terms that I had included in the Glossary previously. Where possible, if I can find a source for at least part of what I've written for the term, I've included that here as well. This typically is for terms that I would not have been familiar with myself. |
| 17+1 | Stuart Lau, "Lithuania pulls out of China's '17+1' bloc in Eastern Europe," Politico, May 21, 2021. Link |
| Aadhaar |
"Benefits of Aadhaar Card," BankBazaar. Link
"Hindi Word of the Year is… aadhaar!" Oxford University Press, January 30, 2018. Link |
| Abnormal Importations Act | Irwin (2017 p. 489) |
| Acquis communautaire | "Acquis communautaire," euABC Link |
| Act East | K. V. Kesavan, "India's 'Act East' policy and regional cooperation," Observer Research Foundation, February 14, 2020. Link |
| Active labor market policy | Krueger (2020 p. 276) |
| Agência de Promoção às Exportações | Shaffer (2021 p. 287) |
| Agency security |
James Chen, "Agency Security," Investopedia, October 31, 2021. Link
Eichengreen (2011 p. 114) |
| Agglomeration economy | "Can Silicon Valley still dominate global innovation?" The Economist, April 16, 2022. Link |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | Irwin (2017 p. 502) |
| Agroicone | Shaffer (2021 p. 92) |
| Alimentary autarky | Zahra (2023 p. 211) |
| All-Russian Cooperative Society | Mulder (2022 p. 212) |
| Amber Road | J. M. de Navarro, "Prehistoric Routes between Northern Europe and Italy Defined by the Amber Trade," The Geographical Journal 66(6), December 1925, pp. 481-503. Link |
| American Commercial Invasion | Irwin (2017 p. 362) |
| American Relief Administration | "American Relief Administration," encyclopedia.com Link |
| American selling price | Irwin (2017 p. 635) |
| American system | Irwin (2017 p. 178) |
| Anaconda Plan | "AnacondaPlan," Encyclopedia Virginia. Link |
| Anglo-American Loan |
Gill Bennett, "What's the Context? Signing the Anglo-American Financial Agreement, 6 December 1945" History of Government blog, Gov.uk, December 7, 2020. Link
Eichengreen (2011 p. 184, ftnt 21) |
| Anglo-American Mutual Aid Agreement | B.S.K., 'The Anglo-American Trade Agreement,' Bulletin of International News 15(24), Dec 3, 1938, pp. 3-10. Link |
| Anglo-American Trade Agreement | B.S.K., 'The Anglo-American Trade Agreement,' Bulletin of International News 15(24), Dec 3, 1938, pp. 3-10. Link |
| Antidumping Act of 1916 | Irwin (2017 p. 435) |
| APEC Blueprint for Action on Electronic Commerce | "APEC Blueprint for Action on Electronic Commerce," Fandom. Link |
| Appeasement | "Appeasement," Britannica Link |
| Apostle of protection | Irwin (2017 p. 455) |
| Argol agreements | Irwin (2017 p. 372) |
| Article 16 |
1. "The Covenant of the League of Nations," Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. Link
2. Tom Edgington and Chris Morris, "Brexit: What's the Northern Ireland Protocol?" BBC News, February 3, 2021. Link |
| ASEAN-4 | O'Neil (2022 p. 108) |
| ASEAN Way | Harsh Mahaseth and Aadya Narain, "The Use of The ASEAN Way In Resolving Disputes," Modern Diplomacy," June 22, 2022. Link |
| Autarchia | Mulder (2022 p. 315) |
| Balance of Payments Program | "Federal Acquisition Regulation; Revisions to Balance of Payments Program," Federal Register. Link |
| Bandung Conference |
"The Bandung Conference concludes," This Day in History, April 24, 1955, history.com Link;
Susan Engel, "South-South Cooperation in Southeast Asia: From Bandung and Solidarity to Norms and Rivalry,"" Journal of Current South-East Asian Affairs, 38(2), 2019. Link |
| Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax | Davies, Jon, "GILTI, FDII and BEAT: What They Mean for U.S. Multinationals"", armanino, Apr 29, 2019. Link |
| Beggar thy neighbor |
Willis & Porter, "The Pencil of Nature: A New Discovery," 1839, p. 5, Link.
Armstrong, Stocks and Stock-jobbing in Wall Street, 1848, p. 20, Link. Norris, W.E., The Fight for the Crown, 1898. Link Everett, William, "Shall We Build More Warships?" The Advocate of Peace, March 1895. Link. England, George Allen, The Golden Blight, 1916, Link |
| Beijing consensus |
1. Han Liu, review of Weitseng Chen, ed., The Beijing Consensus? How China Has Changed Western Ideas of Law and Economic Development, Cambridge University Press, 2017, in International Journal of Constitutional Law 17(1), January 2019, Pages 375-378 Link
2. Shaffer (2021 p. 225) |
| Belt and Road Initiative |
James McBride, Noah Berman, and Andrew Chatzky, "China's Massive Belt and Road Initiative," Backgrounder, Council of Foreign Relations, updated February 2, 2023. Link
"China's Global Development Initiative is not as innocent as it sounds," The Economist, June 9, 2022. Link |
| Benign neglect |
Peter Kihss, "'Benign Neglect' on Race is Proposed by Moynihan," New York Times, March 1, 1970, Link;
Max Frankel, "Is Benign Neglect the Real Nixon Approach," New York Times, March 8, 1970, Link. |
| Berry Amendment | Grier (2022 p. 220) |
| Bill of exchange | "What Is a Bill of Exchange?" Investopedia. Link |
| Biopiracy |
"biopiracy," Merriam Webster Dictionary. Link
Shaffer (2021 p. 165) |
| Bioterrorism Preparedness Act | Gulotty (2020 p. 98) |
| Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities and Accountability Act of 2015 | Ian F. Fergusson and Christopher M. Davis, "Trade Promotion Authority (TPA): Frequently Asked Questions," Congressional Research Service, june 21, 2019. Link |
| Black Death | "Black Death," History.com. Link " |
| Black Star Line | Zahra (2023) p. 121 |
| Blair House Accord | Wolff (2023) p. 259 |
| Blood diamonds |
1. Ecco Driscoll, "History Of Blood Diamonds And The Kimberley Process," Brilliant Earth.
Link
2. "blood diamond," Brittanica Link 3. Douma, Pyt and Klaas van Walraven. 2000. "Between Indifference and Naïveté: Dutch Policy Interventions in African Conflicts, A Synthesis Report," Conflict Policy Research Project, Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael', October, p. 34. Link |
| Boao Forum for Asia | "Chinese officials promise foreign investors greater access," The Economist, April 8, 2023. Link " |
| Board of Economic Warfare | "Records of the Board of Economic Warfare (1941-1943)," Military Agency Records, Holocaust-Era Assets. Link " |
| Bolsa Familia | Nowak, Jörg, "Brazil: The End of Bolsa Familia, Lula’s New Alliance, and Sergio Moro’s bid for the Presidency," SP: The Bullet, December 16, 2021. Link " |
| Border adjustment tax | Gale, William G., "A quick guide to the 'border adjustments' tax," Real Clear Markets, February 7, 2017. Link |
| Bridgetown Initiative | Victoria Masterson, "The Bridgetown Initiative: here's everything you need to know," Davos 2023, World Economic Forum, January 13, 2023. Link |
| British Big Bang | "'Big Bang' Deregulation Bolsters London's Position as Global Finance Center," Goldman Sachs Link |
| British South Africa Company | "British South Africa Company," Britannica. Link |
| Brooks-Murkowski Amendment | R. Allen Ennis Jr., "The Major Projects Arrangements -- Is it a Solution to Japan's Closed Construction Market?" Global Business and Development Law Journal 6(1), 1993, p. 331. Link |
| Buenos Aires Consensus | Geier, Kathleen, "How Economic Populism Is Transforming the Most Unequal Region of the Globe." The Nation, March 13, 2014. Link |
| Build America, Buy America Act | "'Buy America' Preference in FEMA Financial Assistance Programs for Infrastructure," FEMA. Link |
| Build-operate-transfer | Grier (2022 p. 188) |
| Bullwhip effect | Diann Daniel, "Bullwhip Effect," TechTarget.com. Link |
| Burke-Hartke Bill | Irwin (2017 p. 647) |
| Butter mountain | Reinhorn, Leslie J., "Butter mountains and wine lakes," Economics Letters 94(2), February 2007, pp. 187-20 Link |
| Buy America | Grier (2022 p. 17) |
| Buy American Act of 1988 |
"H.R.4848 - Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988," Congress.gov. Link
Grier (2022 p. 33) |
| Buy American and Hire American | "Practice Alert: Biden Administration Rescinds Buy American and Hire American (BAHA) EO and 2017 Computer Programmer Memo," American Immigration Lawyers Association, March 2, 2021. Link |
| Cable | "Did social media cause the banking panic?" The Economist, April 1, 2023. Link |
| Carbon Border-Adjustment Mechanism | "Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism," Taxation and Customs Union, European Commission. Link |
| Cargo Preference Act of 1954 | "Cargo Preference," U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration. Link |
| Carry trade |
The earliest use of the terms "positive carry" and "negative carry" that I found was in 1958: Fand and Scott, "The Federal Reserve System's "Bills Only" Policy: A Suggested Interpretation,"" The Journal of Business, 1958, January, pp. 12-18. Somewhat later, the terms were used frequently in writings about futures market speculation. In the early 1980s, I found multiple sources that used the terms while also defining them. A good example is Van Horne and Heaton, "Securities Inventories and Excess Returns," The Journal of Financial Research 6(2), Summer 1983, p. 94.
|
| CE | "CE marking," Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, European Commission. Link |
| Center for the Study of International Trade and Investment | Shaffer (2021 p. 95) |
| Centre William Rappard | Wolff (2023 p. 193) |
| Century of Humiliation |
Alison A. Kaufman, "The 'Century of Humiliation' and China's National Narratives," Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, March 10, 2011. Link
Sanghera (2021 p. 273) |
| Certification | Source Shaffer (2021 p. 59) |
| Chaco Embargo |
"League Declares For Embargo on Arms to Paraguay And Bolivia," Madera Tribune, May 17, 1934. Link;
"U.S. Ends Chaco Embargo," New York Times, November 15, 1935. Link |
| Chamber on Foreign Trade | Source Shaffer (2021 p. 86) |
| Change through trade | Noah Barkin, "Germany's Strategic Gray Zone With China," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 25, 2020. Link |
| Chaperoning | "Neil Robson Discusses 'Chaperoning' as a Brexit Workaround." Firm News, Katten, November 1, 2021. Link |
| China International Commercial Court | Shaffer (2021 p. 238) |
| China Plus One | Michaela Madden, "Everything You Need to Know About China Plus One," Z2Data Insights, August 25, 2023. Link |
| Chip-4 Alliance | "The Chip 4 alliance will struggle to find cohesion in 2023," Economist Intelligence Unit, December 8, 2022. Link |
| Chocolate war | Andrew Osborne, "Chocolate war over after 30 years," The Guardian, January 16, 2003. Link |
| Coast Guard | William H. Thiesen, "Alexander Hamilton -- Founder of the U.S. Coast Guard and Namesake of NSC Hamilton," Link |
| Code of Trade Liberalization | Irwin (2017 p. 622) |
| Collective security | Mulder (2022 p. 24) |
| Colony | "Colony," Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Link |
| Column 2 rates | "Column 1 / Column 2 / MFN / NTR - Countries that does business with the United States," US Customs and Border Protection. Link |
| Commercially available off-the-shelf | Grier (2022 p. 208) |
| Commission on Foreign Economic Policy | Irwin (2017 p. 615) |
| Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy | Irwin (2017 p. 645) |
| Committee of Twenty |
"Records Relating to the Committee of Twenty and to Two of Its Technical Groups," The World Bank, Archives. Link
Eichengreen (2011 p. 61) |
| Committee on Economic Sanctions | Mulder (2022 p. 258) |
| Committee on Market Access | "Market access for goods," Trade Topics, WTO. Link |
| Common Framework | "The Common Framework for debt treatment beyond the DSSI," G20 Italy, Link |
| Communauté européenne | Interglot, French to English. Link |
| Competitive liberalization | Irwin (2017 p. 926) |
| Conditional MFN | Irwin (2017 p. 437) |
| Conformity assessment |
"Conformity assessment," ISO,org. Link
"Conformity assessment," European Commission. Link |
| Consensus, positive and negative | Wolff (2023 pp. 239-40) |
| Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act |
"The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA)," Consumer Product Safety Commission. Link
Gulotty (2020 p. 3) |
| Contagion | Krueger (2020 p. 63 ) |
| Container | Levine, Judah, "The History of the Shipping Container," Freightos, April 24, 2016. Link |
| Contraband | "contraband," Dictionary.com Link |
| Controlled technology | "U.S. Export Controls," International Trade Administration. Link |
| Convention of Oslo |
Mulder (2022 p. 239);
"Tariff Truce Reported," New York Times, Tuesday December 23, 1930. Link |
| Convention on Financial Assistance | Mulder (2022 p. 29) |
| Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreement | Potin, Nathalie M-P and Camila Brito de Urquiza, "The Brazilian Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreement: Are Foreign Investors Protected?" Kluwer Arbitration Blog, December 29, 2021. Link |
| Cotton Four | Wolff (2023 p. 201) |
| Critical Raw Materials Regulation | Théo Bourgery-Gonse, "EU unveils Critical Raw Materials Act, aiming to lessen dependence on China," EURACTIV, March 16, 2023. Link |
| Cross currency basis | James, Jessica, Michael Leister, and Christoph Rieger, Random Walks in Fixed Income and Foreign Exchange, Chapter 1, "What Really is the Cross-Currency Basis?" 2021. Link |
| Currency manipulator | "Factbox: Yellen's watchlist for the U.S. currency manipulator tag," Reuters, December 1, 2021. Link |
| Current account convertibility | "What is current account convertibility and its Advantages," bank.caknowledge.com Link |
| Customs bond |
"What is a Customs Bond?" UPS Supply Chain Solutions
Link
Also personal communication with PhD student Dyanne Vaught. |
| Cutter | "Vessels: Cutter," Sea History for Kids, National Maritime Historical Society. Link |
| Data Free Flow with Trust | Aidan Arasasingham and Matthew P. Goodman, "Operationalizing Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT)," Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 13, 2023. Link |
| Data localization requirement | "What is data localization?," Cloudfare. Link |
| De minimis rule |
"America's tariff wall on Chinese imports looks increasingly like Swiss cheese," Economist, February 26, 2022. Link;
"De Minimis Value -- Express Shipment Exemptions," International Trade Administration Link |
| Debt distress | Dalia Hakura, "What Is Debt Sustainability?" Finance & Development, International Monetary Fund, September 2020. Link |
| Debt restructuring | Carol M Kopp, "Debt Restructuring: Definition, How It Works, Types & Examples," Investopedia, June 24, 2022. Link |
| Debt suspension clause | Clemence Landers and Rakan Aboneaaj, "Should MDBs Be Leading the Adoption of Debt Pause Clauses?" blog post, Center for Global Development, April 13, 2023. Link |
| Debt sustainability | Dalia Hakura, "What Is Debt Sustainability?" Finance & Development, International Monetary Fund, September 2020. Link |
| Debt trap diplomacy | Rahul Ajnoti, "The Complete Story of Debt-Trap Diplomacy," TGP: The Geopolitics, October 11, 2022. Link |
| Decoupling | Allen J. Morrison, "The Strategic Challenges of Decoupling," Harvard Business Review, May-June, 2021. Link |
| Deemed export | "Deemed Exports," Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Commerce. Link |
| Defense Production Act | Siripurapu, Anshu, "What Is the Defense Production Act?"" Council on Foreign Relations, January 26, 2021. Link |
| Deglobalization | Kornprobst, Markus and Jon Wallace, "What Is Deglobalization?" Chatham House, October 18, 2021. Link |
| Delors Report | Eichengreen (2011 p. 87) |
| Department of Trade Defence | Shaffer (2021 p. 115) |
| Derisking |
1. "De-risking," U.S. Department of State. Link
2. "What does 'de-risking' trade with China mean?," The Economist, April 22, 2023. Link |
| Destination principle | OECD International VAT/GST Guidelines: Guidelines on Neutrality, Committee on Fiscal Affairs, Working Party #9 on Consumption Taxes, Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, June 28, 2011 Link |
| Developing country | "Who are the developing countries in the WTO?" World Trade Organization. Link |
| Digital Markets Act | Batchelor et al., "EU Digital Markets Act Enters Into Force on November 1, Creating New Regulatory Regime for Large Tech Platforms," Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, October 12, 2022. Link |
| Dirty compromise | Irwin (2017 p. 85) |
| Dispute Settlement Body | Wolff (2023 p. 188) |
| Doctrine of Immaculate Transfer | Paul Krugman, "The Doctrine of Immaculate Transfer," New York Times, January 12, 2011. Link |
| Dodge Plan |
"Impact Of The Dodge Plan," Bartleby Research. Link
Eichengreen (2011 p. 48) |
| Doha Declaration on Public Health | "TRIPS and Public Health," IISD Trade and Development Brief, No. 9, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Fall 2003. Link |
| Dollar gap | Irwin (2017 p. 595) |
| Dollar Index | "Dollar Index (DXY) the barometer for global currencies," Motilal Oswal Investment Servicves Link |
| Dollar smile |
Simon Constable, "What Is the Dollar's 'Smile'?" Wall Street Journal, June 7, 2020. Link
Stephen L.Jen and Fatih Yilmaz, "The 'Dollar Smile'," Eurizon SLJ Asset Management. Link |
| Double Irish | Investopedia Link |
| Doux commerce | Emma Borg, "The thesis of 'doux commerce' and the social licence to operate framework," Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility 30(3), July 2021, pp. 412-422. Link |
| East India Companies | Chris Nierstrasz, "East India Companies," European History Online, December 19, 2022. Link |
| East India Company | David Roos, "How the East India Company Became the World's Most Powerful Monopoly," history.com, October 23, 2020. Link |
| Economic cooperation agreement | Shaffer (2021 p. 172) |
| Economic appeasement | Zahra (2023 p. 231) |
| Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement | "It is time to divert Taiwan's trade and investment from China," The Economist, March 6, 2023. Link |
| Economic statecraft | David A. Baldwin, "Economic statecraft," Britannica. Link |
| Economic Weapon, The | Mulder (2022) |
| Ecu | Eichengreen (2011 p. 95) |
| Eden-Rayneval Treaty of 1786 | W. O. Henderson, "The Anglo-French Commercial Treaty of 1786," The Economic History Review 10(1), 1957, pp. 104-112. Link |
| Edge Act | Neil Pinsky, "Edge act and agreement corporations: mediums for international banking," Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1975. Link |
| Electronic commerce | Wolff (2023, p. 155) |
| Elephant curve | Homi Kharas and Brina Seidel, "What's happening to the world income distribution? The elephant chart revisited," Brookings Report, April 2, 2008. Link |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | Robert McNamara, "The Full Story of Thomas Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807," ThoughtCo. Link |
| Embraer-Bombardier dispute | "Embraer Formally Ends WTO Case Against Bombardier Over CSeries," Aviation Week, February 18, 2021. Link |
| Empire free trade | Zahra (2023) p. 185 |
| Empire Marketing Board | "Selling Empire: The Empire Marketing Board," The Open University, June 20, 2023. Link |
| Energy Crisis of the 1970s |
"Energy Crisis (1970s)," History.com Link;
Graefe, Laura, "Oil Shock of 1978-79," Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013. Link |
| ERM Crisis | Bryon Higgins, "Was the ERM Crisis Inevitable?" Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 4th quarter 1993, pp. 27-40. Link |
| Establishment | "Establishment, firm, or enterprise: does the unit of analysis matter?" Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2016. Link |
| Eureka | O'Neil (2022 p. 83) |
| Europe à la carte | EUABC.com. Link |
| European Chemicals Agency | Gulotty (2020 p. 67) |
| Excepted Foreign State | Schumpeter, "The row over US Steel shows the new meaning of national security," The Economist, February 15, 2024. |
| Export Control Act | "Relations with Japan 1938-1940," Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941, United States Department of State, Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1943, p. 97. Link |
| External rupee | "Indian firms are flocking to the United Arab Emirates," The Economist, April 29, 2023. Link |
| Father of the WTO |
1.
Craig VanGrasstek, The History and Future of the World Trade Organization, World Trade Organization, 2013, p. 50. Link
Shaffer (2021 p. 193) 2. "Doha's Final Deadline," The Economist, November 16, 2006. Link Claude Schwob, "The intellectual origins of WTO : Hull's and Bidwell's views on organizing the international trade," Working Papers of BETA 2009-32, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg, 2009. Link Bryan Riley, "Sen. Hawley is Entitled to His Opinion On Trade, But Not His Own Facts," Blog, National Taxpayers Union, May 5, 2020. Link |
| Federal Acquisition Regulation | Grier (2022 p. 205) |
| First order compliance |
1. Beth A. Simmons, "Compliance with International Agreements," Annual Review of Political Science 1, 1998, pp. 75-93, p. 78. Link
2. Shaffer (2021 p. 214) |
| First sale customs valuation | "Use of the 'First Sale Rule' for Customs Valuation of U.S. Imports,"" USITC #4121 Link |
| Flag of convenience | "Flag of convenience," Cambridge Dictionary Link |
| Flexible tariff | Irwin (2017 p. 429) |
| Floater | "Why fuel shortages are spreading across Africa," The Economist, May 7, 2022. Link |
| Flow of funds | "Flow Of Funds (FOF)," Investopedia Link |
| Food and Drug Administration | Gulotty (2020 p. 97) |
| Food Safety and Inspection Service | "Import Guidance," Food Safety and Inspection Service. Link |
| Food Safety and Modernization Act | Gulotty (2020 p. 93) |
| Force Bill | Irwin (2017 p. 219) |
| Foreign direct product rule | "Understanding the Foreign Direct Product Rule," Export Compliance Training Institute, December 20, 2022. Link |
| Foreign Subsidies Regulation | "Foreign Subsidies Regulation," Competition Policy, Europea Commission. Link |
| Fourteen Points | "The Fourteen Points," The National WWI Museum and Memorial. Link |
| Four Motors for Europe | "Four Motors for Europe," 4motors.eu Link |
| Fragile Five | Justin Kuepper, "What Are the Fragile Five?" The Balance, May 22, 2022. Link |
| Frankincense Trail |
Roberts, David, "On the Frankincense Trail," Smithsonian Magazine, October 1998 Link; "What Was Traded In The Incense Trade Route?" WorldAtlas Link. |
| Free and Open Indo-Pacific |
"Achieving the 'Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)' Vision," Japan Ministry of Defense. Link
Lindsey W. Ford, "The Trump administration and the 'Free and Open Indo-Pacific'," Brookings, May 2020. Link Anthony J. Blinken, "A Free and Open Indo-Pacific," speech at Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, December 14, 2021. Link |
| Free good | Mulder (2022 p. 35) |
| Free Trade Convention | Irwin (2017 p. 210) |
| Free-trade imperialism |
1. Sanghera (2021 p. 166)
2. "Imperialism, Free Trade," encyclopedia.com. Link |
| Fundação Getulio Vargas | Shaffer (2021 p. 95) |
| G-33 | "G33 (developing countries)," wikiwand Link |
| Gaucho | "About: Gaucho (currency," DBpedia.org. Link |
| Gastastrophe |
1. "gastastrophe," Urban Dictionary, by enshawntay November 24, 2008. Link
2. George Monbiot, "Gastastrophe," The Guardain, March 9, 2022. Link |
| Gate price mechanism | Kakuyu Obara, John Dyck, and Jim Stout, "Pork Policies in Japan," Electronic Outlook Report from the Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, LDP-M-105-01, March 2003. Link |
| General Arrangements to Borrow | "Group of Ten," A Guide to Committees, Groups, and Clubs, IMF. Link |
| General Data Protection Regulation | "Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Compliance," US Signal Blog, October 25, 2022. Link |
| General Tariff of 1932 | Simon P. Lloyd and Solomos Solomou, "The impact of the 1932 General Tariff: a difference-in-difference approach," Cliometrica 14, pp. 41-60, 2020. Link |
| Generalized System of Preferences | Wolff (2023 p. 335) |
| Gentle commerce | "About: Doux commerce," DBpedia. Link |
| Geo-blocking | John Burke, "geo-blocking," TechTarget, May 2023. Link |
| Geoeconomics | Marianne Schneider-Petsinger, "Geoeconomics explained," The World Today, Chatham House, December 9, 2016. Link |
| Geopolitics | "Geopolitics Defined," International Studies, Utah State University. Link |
| Gephardt Amendment | Irwin (2017 p. 719) |
| Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminum | Trevor Sutton and Mike Williams, "Trade Beyond Neoliberalism: Concluding a Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminum," Center for American Progress, December 4, 2023. Link |
| Global Sovereign Debt Roundtable |
"Global Sovereign Debt Roundtable," International Monetary Fund, December 12, 2023.
Link
Letter to The Economist, April 29, 2023. Link |
| Global Witness | "Conflict Diamonds," Global Witness. Link |
| Going Global | Huiyao Wang & Lu Miao, "'Going Global Strategy' and Global Talent," in China Goes Global, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016. Link |
| Gold bloc | Eichengreen (2011 p. 36) |
| Gold Pool | Pat Heller, "The Failure Of The 1960s London Gold Pool," Numismatic News, August 15, 2019. Link |
| Gold window | Sandra Kollen Ghizoni, "Nixon Ends Convertibility of U.S. Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage/Price Controls," Federal Reserve History. Link |
| Golden straitjacket |
Friedman, Thomas, "The Golden Straitjacket," News & Record, June 5, 1997, updated January 24, 2015. Link
Friedman (1999) |
| Gordie Howe International Bridge | "Project Profile: Gordie Howe International Bridge," Federal Highway Administration. Link |
| Gray areas | Krueger (2020 p. 173) |
| Great Debasement | Stephen Deng, "The Great Debasement and Its Aftermath," Coinage and State Formation in Early Modern English Literature, 2011, p. 87. Link |
| Greater Brazil Plan |
Shaffer (2021 p. 116)
A Greater Brazil? Industrial Policy, Competitiveness, and Growth, Brazil-US Business Council Link |
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | Irwin (2017 p. 490) |
| Green protectionism | "Green Protectionism," 5th WTO Ministerial Conference, Cancun WWF Briefing Series. Link |
| Greenspan put | Eichengreen (2011 p. 110) |
| Gross domestic output | "A Better Measure of Economic Growth: Gross Domestic Output (GDO)," Council of Economic Advisors Issue Brief, July 2015. Link |
| Grossraumwirtschaft |
"Reich Goes in for Big-Time Economy," New York Times, April 1, 1934.
Link
Zahra (2023, p. 276). |
| Group of Ten |
"Group of Ten," A Guide to Committees, Groups, and Clubs, IMF.
Link
"Profile," Bank for International Settlements, June 2001, p. 3. Link |
| Gucci exemption | "Could the West punish China the way it has punished Russia?" The Economist, April 23, 2022. Link |
| Haberler Report | Wolff (2023, p. 330). |
| Habsburg Empire |
Zahra (2023 p. xxiv)
Max-Stephan Schulze, Nikolaus Wolf, "On the origins of border effects: insights from the Habsburg Empire," Journal of Economic Geography 9(1), January 2009, p. 117-136. Link |
| Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act | "S.945 - Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, 116th Congress (2019-2020)," Congress.gov. Link |
| Human Development Index | Source Link |
| Immigration Act of 1924 |
"Historical Highlights: The Immigration Act of 1924," History, Art, & Archives, United States House of Representatives. Link
"The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)," Office of the Historian, US Department of State. Link "The Republican Party no longer believes America is the essential nation," The Economist, October 28, 2023. Link |
| Import and Export Library | "Import & Export Library," Food Safety and Inspection Service. Link |
| Import Duties Act of 1932 | Irwin (2017 p. 489) |
| Import price ceiling | "Minimum import price / price band," AgripolicyKit. Link |
| Import surcharge | Wolff (2023 Ftnt p. 184) |
| Indemnity | "Differences between 'indemnity', 'remuneration', and 'redress?" English Language Lerners. Link |
| Indo-Pacific | "Reinventing the Indo-Pacific," The Economist, January 4, 2023. Link |
| Inflation Reduction Act | "The Inflation Reduction Act: Here's what's in it," Our Insights, McKinsey & Company, October 24, 2022. Link |
| Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act | Grier (2022 pp. 211, 400) |
| Internal colonization |
1. Liesbeth van de Grift, "Introduction: Theories and Practices of Internal
Colonization," International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity, 2015.
2. Zahra (2023) p. 146 |
| International Banking Corporation |
Eichengreen (2011 p. 17)
"International Banking Corporation," The British Museum Link |
| International Clearing Union |
James M. Boughton, "Why White, Not Keynes? Investing the Postwar International Monetary System," Working Paper WP/02/52, International Monetary Fund, March 2002. Link
Eichengreen (2011 p. 45) |
| International Procurement Instrument | "EU international procurement instrument," Briefing, European Parliament, 2022. Link |
| International Refugee Organization | "International Refugee Organization," Britannica Link |
| International Trade Centre | Wolff (2023 p. 335) |
| Investment Protection Agreement | "Investment Protection Agreements (IPA)," Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. Link |
| Iowa Idea | Irwin (2017 p. 388) |
| Irish Miracle | Kent Hill, Dennis Hoffman, and Mary K. Hoffman, "Lessons from the 'Irish Miracle'," Productivity and Prosperity Project, Arizona State University, June 2005. Link |
| Italian-Ethiopian Sanctions | "Italo-Ethiopian War," Britannica. Link |
| Japanese Big Bang | Robert Dekle, "The Japanese 'Big Bang' Financial Reforms and Market Implications," Journal of Asian Economics 9(2), pp. 237-249, 1998. Link |
| Jay Treaty | Irwin (2017 p. 125) |
| Job polarization | Keller, Wolfgang and Hâle Utar, 2016. "International Trade and Job Polarization: Evidence at the Worker-Level," NBER Working Paper #22315 (June). Link |
| Joint statement initiative | Wolff (2023 p. 43) |
| Jokers | Irwin (2017 p. 399) |
| Just-in-case | Willy Shih, "From Just-In-Time To Just-In-Case: Is Excess And Obsolete Next?" Forbes, January 30, 2022. Link |
| Just-in-time | Rosemary Carlson, "Just-In-Time (JIT) Inventory Management," The Balance Small Business, March 12, 2021. Link |
| Kissell Amendment | "Government Procurement: Effect of Restriction on DHS's Purchasing of Foreign Textiles Is Limited," U.S. Government Accountability Office, November 21, 2017. Link |
| Know Your Customer | "Know Your Customer in Banking," Thales Group. Link |
| Lawfare | Shaffer (2021 p. 390) |
| League to Enforce Peace | "League to Enforce Peace," Military Wiki, Fandom. Link |
| Legal person | "legal person," Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Link |
| Lend-Lease Act | Mulder (2022 p. 390) |
| Lending-into-Arrears Policy | Makoff, Gregory. 2022. "Lending to Defaulters: The IMF Updates Its Lending into Arrears Policy," Policy Brief No. 175, Center for International Governance Innovation, August. Link |
| LIBOR | "LIBOR will at last be switched off in June," The Economist, May 18, 2023. Link |
| Like-Minded Group | Shaffer (2021 p. 147) |
| LOLR | Free exchange, "The Fed smothers capitalism in an attempt to save it," The Economist, March 16, 2023. Link |
| London Gold Market | "The London Gold Market," Bank of England, March 1, 1964 Link |
| Long-Term Arrangment | "The History and Current Status of the Multifiber Arrangement," USITC #850, January 1978. Link |
| Look East | Thongkholal Haokip, "India's Look East Policy: Its Evolution and Approach," South Asian Survey 18(2), September, 2011. Link |
| Managed trade | Irwin (2017 p. 730) |
| Manchester Cotton Exchange | Terry Wyke, "Manchester Royal Exchange," Revealing Histories: Remembering Slavery Link |
| Mandatory Oil Import Quota Program | Cicchetti, Charles C. and Willian J. Gillen, "The Mandatory Oil Import Quota Program: A Consideration of Economic Efficiency and Equity,"" Natural Resources Journal 13(3), Summer 1973, pp. 399-430. Link |
| Military Cargo Preference Act of 1904 | "Cargo Preference," U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration. Link |
| Market disruption | "The History and Current Status of the Multifiber Arrangement," USITC #850, January 1978. Link |
| Market Oriented Sector Selective talks | "U.S.-JAPAN TRADE: Evaluation of the Market-Oriented Sector-Selective Talks," GAO, July 1988. Link |
| Marshall-Dodge fixed-rate dollar standard | Eichengreen (2011 p. 49) |
| Maximum-minimum tariff schedule | Irwin (2017 p. 436) |
| Méline tariff | Irwin (2017 p. 370) |
| Memorandum of Understanding |
Will Kenton, "Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Defined, What's In It, Pros/Cons, MOU vs MOA," Investopedia, July 13, 2022. Link
Shaffer (2021 p. 268) |
| Metageography | "Martin Lewis: Metageographies, postmodernism and fallacy of unit comparability," Exploring Geopolitics. Link |
| Middle income trap | Gill, Indermit S. and Homi Kharas, "The Middle-Income Trap Turns Ten," Policy Research Working Paper 7403, World Bank, August 2015. Link. |
| Mills Bill |
1. Irwin (2017 p. 317)
2. Irwin (2017 p. 639) |
| Ministry of Commerce | Shaffer (2021 p. 182) |
| Ministry of Economic Warfare | "Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State (RG 84)," State Department and Foreign Affairs Records, Holocaust-Era Assets, National Archives. Link |
| Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation | "Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation," China Unique. Link |
| MIR | "MIR (National Payment Card)," ppro.com. Link |
| Mirror reciprocity | Gulotty (2020 p. 135) |
| Mittelstand | Hermann Simon, "Lessons from Germany's Midsize Giants," Harvard Business Review, March-April, 1992. Link |
| Molotov Plan |
"Molotov Plan," fandom.com. Link
Morroe Berger, "How the Molotov Plan Works," The Antioch Review 8(1), Spring 1948, pp. 17-25. Link |
| Mongrel Tariff | Irwin (2017 p. 287) |
| Monitoring List | "Factbox: Yellen's watchlist for the U.S. currency manipulator tag," Reuters, December 1, 2021. Link |
| Moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions |
"WTO members intensify discussion on e-commerce moratorium," WTO, July 18, 2023. Link
Wolff (2023 p. 325) |
| Most Favored Nation | "Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain," Wikisource Link |
| Multilateral-bilateral | Irwin (2017 p. 565) |
| Nansen passport |
Cara Giaimo, "The Little-Known Passport That Protected 450,000 Refugees," |
| New International Trade Crossing | "New International Trade Crossing Proposal," Office of the Michigan Governor, September 2011 Link |
| New Southbound Policy |
"Taiwan's New Southbound Policy," CSIS, July 2019. Link
"It is time to divert Taiwan's trade and investment from China," The Economist, March 6, 2023. Link |
| NITI Aayog | "Highlights of initiatives under NITI Aayog," Press Information Bureau. Government of India, June 2, 2017. Link |
| Non-intercourse Act | Irwin (2017 p. 132) |
| Nonimportation Agreements | Irwin (2017 p. 58) |
| Nonviolation | Gulotty (2020 p. 139) |
| Normal Trade Relations | Sadly, I no longer recall, and cannot find, the source of this quotation. |
| Northern Ireland Protocol | Tom Edgington and Chris Morris, "Brexit: What's the Northern Ireland Protocol?" BBC News, February 3, 2021. Link |
| Nullification crisis | Irwin (2017 p. 206) |
| Oceania | "Oceania," Britannica Link |
| Open Door Notes | Irwin (2017 p. 371) |
| Open mouth policy | Eichengreen (2011 p. 63) |
| Open plurilateral agreement | Wolff (2023 p. 148) |
| Open Skies Agreement | "Fly America Act," U.S. General Services Administration. Link |
| Opinion 2/15 |
Despoina Loupi, "Opinion 2/15 and EU competence for common commercial policy," Maastricht University, September 17. 2017. Link
Grier (2022 p. 353) |
| Organisation Internationale de Normalisation | Gulotty (2020 p. 57) |
| Organization for Trade Cooperation | Irwin (2017 p. 618) |
| Origin principle | OECD International VAT/GST Guidelines: Guidelines on Neutrality, Committee on Fiscal Affairs, Working Party #9 on Consumption Taxes, Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, June 28, 2011 Link |
| Osaka Track | "The G20 Osaka Data Track raises controversy," digwatch, July 1, 2019. Link |
| Our currency, your problem | Mike Hassaballa, "Our Currency, Your Problem," Data Driven Investor, September 2, 2022. Link |
| Pacific Alliance | "What Is the Pacific Alliance?" Alianza del Pacífico, Link. |
| Pacific blockade |
"Pacific blockade," Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Link;
Mulder (2022 p. 36) |
| Pain trade |
"Pain Trade," Forexpedia. Link.
"Investors have reason to fear a strong economy," The Economist, April 29, 2023. Link. |
| Panama Papers | "What are the Panama Papers? A guide to history's biggest data leak," The Guardian. Link. |
| Paneuropean Union | "About: Paneuropean Union," DBpedia. Link |
| Para-tariff | "Para-tariffs definition," Law Insider, Link |
| Parallel import | "Parallel Imports / Gray Market," International Trademark Association, Link |
| Paris Declaration of 1856 | "Declaration Respecting Maritime Law. Paris, 16 April 1856," Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries, International Committee of the Red Cross. Link |
| Partnership | Irwin (2017 p. 820) |
| Passporting | Brian Beers, "Passporting," Investopedia, August 26, 2021, Link |
| Patent box |
"What Is a Patent Box?" TaxEdu, Tax Foundation, Link.
"Use the Patent Box to reduce your Corporation Tax on profits," Gov.uk, Link. |
| Pauper labor argument |
Brownlow, William G. 1844. A Political Register, Setting Forth the Principles of the Whig and Locofoco Parties in the United States, with the Life and Public Services of Henry Clay, Jonesborough, Tenn: The Jonesborough Whig, p. 67.
Littell, John S. 1844. "A Sketch of the Life, Public Services, and Character of Henry Clay," in ("prefixed to") The Clay Minstrel or National Songster, New York: Greeley and M'Elrath, p. 31. Whig Congressional Committee. 1844. The Prospect Before Us, Locofoco Imposition Exposed. To the People of the United States, Published by order of Hon. Willis Green, Chairman of the Whig Congressional Executive Committee, at Washington, July 25, p. 5. |
| Pax Mongolica | "Pax Mongolica," Silk Road: History of the Silk Road. Link |
| Payment at sight | Justin Pritchard, "Different Types of Letters of Credit," The Balance, December 10, 2021, Link. |
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act | Irwin (2017 p. 394) |
| PEM Convention | "The pan-Euro-Mediterranean cumulation and the PEM Convention," Taxation and Customs Union, European Commission, Link |
| Perverse loop | Lorenzo Bini Smaghi, "The perverse loop that is the euro's key weakness," Financial Times, March 2, 2018, Link |
| Phantom GDP | Mark Thoma, "Michael Mandel: Phantom GDP?" Economist's View, June 8, 2007, Link |
| PHARE Programme | "The PHARE Programme and the enlargement of the European Union," Briefing No 33, European Parliament, December 4, 1998, Link |
| Precautionism | Hans van Leeuwen, "Trade's new bogeyman isn't protectionism -- it's 'precautionism'," Financial Review, May 18, 2020. Link |
| Prespa Agreement | Katerina Topalova, "North Macedonia, Greece: Rewriting History after Prespa," Reporting Democracy, June 17, 2020, Link |
| Price band | "Minimum import price / price band," AgripolicyKit. Link |
| Privateering | Eichengreen (2011 p. 180, ftnt 5) |
| Profit shifting | Gulotty (2020 p. 13) |
| Prohibitory Act | Irwin (2017 p. 65) |
| Prosper Africa | Zainab Usman and Katie Auth, "The Three Issues That Will Make or Break the Prosper Africa Initiative," Policy Outlook, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 18, 2022. Link |
| Protected designation of origin | "Quality Schemes Explained," European Commission. Link |
| Prussian Tariff of 1818 | Henderson, W. O., "The Zollverein," History New Series 19(73), June 1934, pp. 1-19. Link |
| Public interest |
Shaffer (2021 p. 118)
Sanjay Notani, Mrugank Kamdar, and Tanaya Sethi, "Public interest and balance in anti-dumping measures," India Business Law Journal, June 8, 2018. Link |
| Public Law 480 | "Public Law 480: 'Better Than a Bomber'," Middle East Report 145, March/April 1987, Link |
| Public private partnership | Grier (2022 p. 116) |
| Quadrilateral Security Dialogue | Patrick Gerard Buchan and Benjamin Rimland, "Defining the Diamond: The Past, Present, and Future of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue," CSIS Briefs, March 2020, Link |
| Quota novanta | Davide Bernardi and Roberto Ricciuti, "An Economic Analysis of 'Quota 90'," Working Paper #9, Department of Economics, University of Verona, June 2021. Link |
| REACH |
"REACH," European Commission. Link
Gulotty (2020 p. 22) |
| Realignment | Eichengreen (2011 p. 82) |
| Recession | "Business Cycle Dating Procedure: Frequently Asked Questions," NBER. Link |
| Reciprocal Defense Procurement Agreement | Grier (2022 p. 157) |
| Reciprocal mercantilism | Gulotty (2020 p. 136). He attributes the term to Krugman (1997b), though Krugman states the idea, but does not quite use the term. |
| Reciprocity up | Gulotty (2020 p. 138) |
| Regionalization |
1. Steven A. Altman and Caroline R. Bastian, "Trade Regionalization: More Hype Than Reality?" Harvard Business Review, May 31, 2022. Link
2. O'Neil (2022) |
| Regulatory coherence |
Shaffer (2021 p. 112)
USTR, "Regulatory Coherence," TPP: Made in America Link |
| Regulatory protection | Gulotty (2020 |
| Relative specificity | George Tuttle, III," "Harmonized Tariff Classification -- What You Need to Know!" Customs Brokers & Freight Forwarders Association of Northern California December Education Event, p. 37, December 14, 2016, Link |
| Repurchase agreement | "Repo and Reverse Repo Agreements," Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Link |
| Residential Profit Allocation by Income | Eric Toder, "Is A Modified Destination-Based Income Tax The Solution For Taxing Global Multinational Corporations?" TaxVox: Business Taxes, Tax Policy Center, April 15, 2020, Link. |
| Resilience and Sustainability Trust | "The IMF faces a nightmarish identity crisis", The Economist, April 8, 2023. Link. |
| Restitution | "Reps. Panetta, Valadao Introduce the Bipartisan China Trade Cheating Restitution Act", Link. |
| Revenue Act of 1913 |
Joseph J. Thorndike, "Tax History: Original Intent and the Revenue Act of 1913," Tax History Project, Article Archive, TaxAnalysts, Link.
"Underwood Tariff," History Central, Link. |
| Revenue Cutter Service | "A Brief History of the Revenue Cutter Service," Patriot Wood. Link |
| Reverse consensus | "WTO Bodies involved in the dispute settlement process," Dispute Settlement System Training Module: Chapter 3, World Trade Organization Link |
| Reverse countertrade | Thomas B. McVey, "Countertrade and Barter: Alternative Trade Financing by Third World Nations," Maryland Journal of International Law 6(2), 1981, p. 202, Link |
| Reverse Lend-Lease | D. P. E., "Lend-Lease and Reverse Lend-Lease Aid: Part II," Bulletin of International News 22(4), February 17, 1945, pp. 157-164. Link |
| Reverse preference | Wolff (2023 p. 331) |
| Rotterdam Rules | "The Rotterdam Rules," UNCTAD, Link |
| Sakoku | "Sakoku (Closure of Country)," sakoku.pdf Link |
| São Paulo Consensus | "UNCTAD XI Concludes With Adoption Of Sao Paulo Consensus' Part 1 of 2," Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, June 21, 2004. Link |
| Scarce currency clause |
"scarce currency clause," Oxford Reference Link
Eichengreen (2011 p. 184 ftnt 17) |
| Scientific justification | Gulotty (2020 p. 171) |
| Screwdriver plant | Mair, A. "Screwdriver Plant or Independent Automobile Producer?" in Honda's Global Local Corporation. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1994, p. 87. Link |
| Sea turtle | "As attitudes to the West sour, China's students turn home," The Economist, January 21, 2021. Link |
| Section 301 | Grier (2022 p. 290) |
| Section 806.30 | "Imports Under Items 805.30 and 807.00 of the Tariff Schedule-S of the United States, 1984-87," Report on Investigation No. 332-237, Under Section 332(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC Publication 2144, December 1988. Link |
| Section 807.00 | "Imports Under Items 805.30 and 807.00 of the Tariff Schedule-S of the United States, 1984-87," Report on Investigation No. 332-237, Under Section 332(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930, USITC Publication 2144, December 1988. Link |
| Secured Overnight Financing Rate | "Secured Overnight Financing Rate Data," Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Link |
| Self-notification | Gulotty (2020 p. 53) |
| Semiconductor Agreement | Johnson, Bryan, "The U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Agreement: Keeping Up the Managed Trade Agenda," Explore Issues, The Heritage Foundation, January 24, 1991, Link |
| Service mark | "Service Mark," Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, Link |
| Set aside | Grier (2022 p. 189) |
| Shall endeavor provision | Wolff (2023 p. 310) |
| Shanzhai culture | "Shanzhai creativity: when fake becomes original," HFG: Law and Intellectual Property, Link. |
| Short-Term Arrangement | "The History and Current Status of the Multifiber Arrangement," USITC #850, January 1978. Link |
| Shuttle trade |
E-mail from Ksenia Yudaeva to Bob Stern June 7, 2002;
"Shuttle Trade," Eleventh Meeting of the IMF Committee on Balance of Payments Statistics Washington, D.C., October 21-23, 1998, Link |
| Sight Letter of Credit | Justin Pritchard, "Different Types of Letters of Credit," The Balance, December 10, 2021, Link. |
| Silver Purchase Act | "Silver Purchase Act of 1934 (United States)," Encyclopedia of Money, Link |
| Slave Trade Act | "How did the slave trade end in Britain?" Royal Museums Greenwich. Link |
| Slowbalisation | "Globalisation has faltered," Economist, January 24, 2019. Link |
| Smiling curve | Ming Ye, Bo Meng, and Shang-jin Wei, "Measuring Smile Curves in Global Value Chains," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 82(5), October 2020, pp. 988-1016. Link |
| Smithsonian Agreement | "The Smithsonian Agreement," Federal Reserve History. Link |
| Snake in the Lake | Eichengreen (2011 p. 78) |
| Sneaky protectionism | Jürgen Wandel, "Do free trade agreements promote sneaky protectionism? A classical liberal perspective," International Journal of Management and Economics 55(3), 2019, pp. 185-200. Link |
| Societas Europaea |
"Societas Europaea/European Company," ionos.com Link
O'Neil (2022 p. 85) |
| Soft commerce | "About: Doux commerce," DBpedia. Link |
| Softwood lumber dispute | "Summary and Explanation of the U.S.-Canada Lumber Dispute," Link |
| Sogo shosha | "Sogo shosha," Reference for Business, Link |
| South Sea Bubble |
Sanghera (2021 p. 201)
Terry Stewart, "The South Sea Bubble," Historic UK. Link |
| South-South Cooperation | Susan Engel, "South-South Cooperation in Southeast Asia: From Bandung and Solidarity to Norms and Rivalry," Journal of Current South-East Asian Affairs, 38(2), 2019. Link |
| Special Agricultural Safeguards |
Jean-Jacques Hallaert, "Special Agricultural Safeguards: Virtual Benefits and Real Costs -- Lessons for the Doha Round," IMF Working Papers, No. 2005/131, June 1, 2005. Link
Wolff (2023 p. 260) |
| Special and differential treatment | Wolff (2023 p. 112) |
| Special Drawing Right | "General Allocations of SDRs," SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS (SDR) Link |
| Special Safeguard Mechanism | Wolff (2023 p. 261) |
| Special Trade Representative | Irwin (2017 p. 663) |
| Specific trade concern | Robert Wolfe, "Reforming WTO conflict management: why and how to improve the use of 'specific trade concerns'," Working Paper, EUI RSCAS, 2020/53, Global Governance Programme, European University Institute. Link |
| SPFS | Devonshire-Ellis, Chris, "SPFS -- Russia's Alternative To SWIFT," Russia Briefing from Dezan Shira & Associates, December 15, 2021. Link |
| Spice Routes | "What are the Spice Routes?" UNESCO Link |
| Stabilization Fund | Eichengreen (2011 p. 46) |
| Stagflation |
Matthew Boesler and Emily Graffeo, "What's Stagflation, and Why Is It Such a Worry Now?" The Washington Post, July 15, 2022. Link
"Iain Macleod," National Portrait Gallery. Link |
| Stamp Act | "Stamp Act," History.com, Link |
| Standards and Trade Development Facility | Wolff (2023 p. 213) |
| Stop-go cycle | Krueger (2020 p. 234) |
| Stormont brake | Padraic Halpin, "What is the Stormont Brake?" Reuters, February 28, 2023. Link |
| Strategic autonomy | Giovanni Grevi, "Strategic autonomy for European choices: The key to Europe's shaping power," Discussion Paper, European Policy Centre, July 19, 2019. Link |
| Structural Impediments Initiative | Matsushita, Mitsuo, "The Structural Impediments Initiative: An Example of Bilateral Trade Negotiation," Michigan Journal of International Law 12(2), 1990, Link |
| Substitution account | Eichengreen (2011 p. 66) |
| Suez Crisis | Charles Williams, Harold MacMillan, London: Phoenix Books, 2009, Ch. 16. |
| Sugar Act of 1764 | Irwin (2017 p. 57) |
| Sunrise industry | "Sunrise Industry," Investopedia Link |
| Super 301 | Baker, Arnold, Felicia Gross, and Edward Tower, "Super 301 Trade Sanctions: An Empirical Investigation of the Wood Products Case," North American Journal of Economies and Finance 8(1), pp. 39-55, Link |
| Surety company |
"What are Surety Companies?" National Association of Surety Bond Producers.
Link
Also personal communication with PhD student Dyanne Vaught. |
| Surrender requirement | Jorge Ivan Canales-Kriljenko, "Foreign Exchange Intervention in Developing and Transition Economies: Results of a Survey," IMF Working Paper WP/03/95, May 2003, Link |
| Swadeshi Movement | "Swadeshi Movement: Timeline and Important facts that you must know," India Today, August 7, 2015. Link |
| Switch trading | "Reading: Countertrade," Lumen: Introduction to Business, Link |
| Systemic 5 | "Consolidated Spillover Report: Implications from the Analysis of the Systemic-5," International Monetary Fund, November 7, 2011, Link |
| Taper tantrum | "Taper Tantrum," Investopedia. Link |
| Tariff Act of 1789 | Michael P. Malloy, "Tariff Act Of 1789," encyclopedia.com. Link |
| Tariff Act of 1790 | "About: Tariff of 1790," DBpedia Link |
| Tariff Act of 1857 | "Panic of 1857 Tariff Act of 1857," Finest Known. Link |
| Tariff anomaly | "Tariff Anomaly," The Free Financial Dictionary. Link |
| Tariff Board | Irwin (2017 p. 395) |
| Tariff deficit | "Electricity Tariff Deficit: Temporary or Permanent problem in the EU?" Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission. Link |
| Tariff engineering | "Is Tariff Engineering Beneficial for Importers?" Customs, Import, Industry Spotlight, June 18, 2019, GreenWorldWide.com. Link |
| Tariff equality | Irwin (2017 p. 443) |
| Tariff exclusion | Schwartzenberg, Andres B., "Section 301 Tariff Exclusions on U.S. Imports from China," Congressional Research Service, In Focus, updated February 17, 2022. Link |
| Tariff overhang | Mostafa Beshkar, Eric W. Bond, and Youngwoo Rho, "Tariff binding and overhang: Theory and evidence," Journal of International Economics 97:1, September, 2015, pp. 1-13. Link |
| Tariff reform | Zebel, Sydney H. "Joseph Chamberlain and the Genesis of Tariff Reform," Journal of British Studies, January, 2014. Link |
| Tariff Reform League |
Zahra (2023 p. 44)
Andrew S. Thompson, "Tariff Reform: An Imperial Strategy, 1903-1913," The Historical Journal 40(4), December 1997, pp. 1033-1054. Link |
| Tax buoyancy | Mohammed Yousuf and S. M. Jakaria Huq, "Elasticity and Buoyancy of Major Tax Categories: Evidence from Bangladesh and Its Policy Implications," Research Study Series No. - FDRS 03/2013, Ministry of Finance, Bangladesh, 2013. Link |
| Tax Cuts and Jobs Act | Davies, Jon, "GILTI, FDII and BEAT: What They Mean for U.S. Multinationals", armanino, Apr 29, 2019. Link |
| Tax elasticity | Mohammed Yousuf and S. M. Jakaria Huq, "Elasticity and Buoyancy of Major Tax Categories: Evidence from Bangladesh and Its Policy Implications," Research Study Series No. - FDRS 03/2013, Ministry of Finance, Bangladesh, 2013. Link |
| Tax inversion | Zachary Mider, "Tax Inversion," Bloomberg, March 2, 2017. Link |
| Taxation at origin | OECD International VAT/GST Guidelines: Guidelines on Neutrality, Committee on Fiscal Affairs, Working Party #9 on Consumption Taxes, Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, June 28, 2011 Link |
| Tea Act of 1773 | "Tea Act," History.com Link |
| Tea Horse Road | "Asia's ancient Tea Horse Road," BBC Link |
| Tesobono | Nora Lustig, "The Mexican Peso Crisis: the Foreseeable and the Surprise," Brookings Institution, June 1995 Link |
| Textile and Apparel Trade Enforcement Act | H.R.1562 - "Textile and Apparel Trade Enforcement Act of 1985." Link |
| Threshold | Grier (2022 p. 99) |
| Tilsit treaty | "Treaties of Tilsit," Oxford Reference. Link |
| Townshend Revenue Act | Irwin (2017 p. 59) |
| Trade acceptance |
"trade acceptance," dictionary.com Link
Eichengreen (2011 p. 15) |
| Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 |
Price, Joseph H., "The Trade and Tariff Act of 1984: An Analytical Overview," International Lawyer 19(1), 2018 Link;
Irwin (2017 p. 717) |
| Trade cheats | Ana Monteiro, "US Senators Seek to Stop Trade Cheats With Customs Arsenal Boost," Newsletter, Bloomberg, February 20, 2023. Link |
| Trade Facilitation Agreement | Wolff (2023 p. 134) |
| Trade or fade |
1. "Trade-or-fade Rule," Link
2. Irwin (2017 p. 627) |
| Trade Policy Review Body | Wolff (2023 p. 188) |
| Trading with the Enemy Act |
1. Coates, Benjamin A., "The Secret Life of Statutes: A Century of the Trading with the Enemy Act," Modern American History, 1(2), 151-172. Link
2. "Trading with the Enemy Act 1914," Military Wiki, Fandom. Link |
| Tranche | "First Credit Tranche," Glossary of Selected Financial Terms, IMF. Link |
| Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership | "Negotiations," under "The EU and the United States," in "United States," Trade, European Commission: "[Negotiations] were formally closed in 2019." Link |
| Trans-Saharan Trade Routes | Riya Patel and Katie Moore, "Trans-Saharan Trade Routes," fiveable, January 3, 2023. Link |
| Transit zone | "Transit zone," Dictionary of International Trade Link |
| Transnational corporation |
"Transnational corporation," Oxford Reference Link
"What Is a Transnational or a Borderless Corporation?" CHRON Link "Domestic, Transnational, or Multinational Business?" Northeastern University D'Amore-McKin School of Business, Link |
| Transnational legal order | Shaffer (2021 p. 23) |
| Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation | Andreas Paulus, "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation," Oxford Public International Law. Link |
| Treaty of Amity and Commerce | Irwin (2017 p. 66) |
| Treaty of Constantinople | Mulder (202 p. 305) |
| Treaty of Lhasa |
"Treaty of Lhasa," military-history.fandom Link
Sanghera (2021 p. 86) |
| Treaty of Nanjing |
Kallie Szczepanski, "What You Should Know About Unequal Treaties," ThoughtCo, November 24, 2019. Link
Sanghera (2021 p. 273) |
| Treaty of Utrecht | See Most Favored Nation |
| Treaty of Westphalia | "Nation State," New World Encyclopedia Link |
| Treaty port | "treaty port," Merriam-Webster Link |
| Triadic patent family | "Triadic patent families," OECD: Data. Link |
| Trigger price mechanism | Samuel L. Bright and Joseph A. McKinney, "The Economics of the Steel Trigger Price Mechanism," Business Economics 19(4), July 1984, pp. 40-46. Link |
| Tripartite Agreement of 1936 | Ian M. Drummond, London, Washington, and the Management of the Franc, 1936-39, Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 45, November, 1979. Link |
| Tripartite Free Trade Area | Soamiely Andriamananjara, "Understanding the importance of the Tripartite Free Trade Area," Brookings, June 17, 2015. Link |
| Triple transformation rule | Jones, Vivian C. and Liana Wong, "International Trade Rules of Origin," Congressional Research Service RL34524, Updated March 3, 2020. Link |
| Troika | "Troika," Eurofound, August 31, 2017. Link |
| Truman Doctrine | "The Truman Doctrine, 1947," Office of the Historian, US Department of State. Link |
| Tuna-dolphin case | "Background on the Epic WTO Tuna Dolphin Fight," Public Citizen. Link |
| Twentieth Century Fund | Mulder (2022 p. 253) |
| Twenty-foot equivalent unit | "Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit," FreightRight. Link |
| Two tier gold market | Eichengreen (2011 p. 58) |
| Unconditional MFN | Irwin (2017 p. 437) |
| Unequal treaty |
1. Kallie Szczepanski, "What You Should Know About Unequal Treaties," ThoughtCo, November 24, 2019. Link
2. Shaffer (2021 p. 177) |
| Unitas | Eichengreen (2011 p. 184, ftnt 19) |
| United Nations | Mulder (2022 p. 358) |
| United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration | "The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration," Holocaust Encyclopedia<>/i>. Link |
| Universality | Wolff (2023 p. 223) |
| Unjustified geo-blocking |
Wolff (2023 p. 313)
"Geo-blocking," European Commission. Link |
| UNO International Trade Strategy | Shaffer (2021 p. 92) |
| Uridashi bond | "Uridashi Bonds," Moneyzine Link |
| US-Japan Digital Trade Agreement | Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs, "U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement Negotiations," In Focus, Congressional Research Service, November 9, 2022. Link |
| US-Japan NTT Agreement | Grier (2022 p. 293) |
| US-Japan Supercomputer Agreement | Grier (2022 p. 295) |
| US-Japan Trade Agreement | Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs, "U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement Negotiations," In Focus, Congressional Research Service, November 9, 2022. Link |
| US-Offset Act | "United States -- Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000," WTO. Link |
| Vocal for local | "'Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Nodi," The Times of India, August 15, 2020. Link |
| Walker principles | "WTO Appellate Body Reform Proposals Urged," RStreet, December 9, 2019. Link |
| Walker Tariff | Daniel Vermilya, "Walker Tariff of 1846: Definition & Summary," Study.com Link |
| Warsaw Pact | "The Warsaw Treaty Organization, 1955," Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute United States Department of State. Link |
| Wassenaar Arrangement | "Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies," Fact Sheet Released by the Bureau of Nonproliferation, March 22, 2000, U.S. Department of State. Link |
| Watch List | "United States Trade Representative (USTR) Once Again Places India on IP 'Priority Watch List'," European Commission, May 2, 2022. Link |
| Water in the tariff |
1. Paul Gibson,John Wainio, Daniel Whitley,and Mary Bohman, "Profiles of Tariffs in Global Agricultural Markets," Market and Trade Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Economic Report No. 796, p. 9. Link
2. Wolff (2023 p. 276) 3. "Water In The Tariff," Legal Dictionary. Link |
| Webb-Pomerene Act | Eliot Jones, "The Webb-Pomerene Act," Journal of Political Economy 28(9), November 1920, pp. 754-767. Link |
| Werner Committee |
"The establishment and work of the Werner Committee," CVCE.eu Link
Eichengreen (2011 p. 74) |
| Whatever it takes | "Verbatim of the remarks made by Mario Draghi," European Central Bank, Eurosystem, July 26, 2012 Link |
| White Plan | James M. Boughton, "Harry Dexter White and the International Monetary Fund," Finance and Development 35(3), IMF, September, 1998. Link |
| Whitelist |
Aimen Mir, Christine Laciak, and Colin Costello, "There's a new CFIUS Excepted Foreign State, but status will still benefit relatively few investors," Freshfields, January 14, 2022. Link
|
| Windsor Framework |
Ellen Milligan, "What's the 'Windsor Framework' for Northern Ireland?" Washington Post, March 22, 2023. Link
"The Windsor Framework: Explained," European Movement Ireland. Link |
| Wine lake | Reinhorn, Leslie J., "Butter mountains and wine lakes," Economics Letters 94(2), February 2007, pp. 187-201. Link |
| WIPO Development Agenda | Shaffer (2021 p. 121) |
| Withhold release order | "Forced Labor," U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Link |
| WorkingRequirement | Marketa Trimble, "Patent Working Requirements: Historical and Comparative Perspectives," UC Irvine Law Review 6(3), December, 2016. Link |
| World Economic Conference |
Irwin (2017 pp. 418, 507);
"Report of the World Economic Conference adopted on May 23, 1927," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 134, November 1927, pp. 174-206. Link |
| World Systems Theory | Carlos A. Martínez-Vela, “World Systems Theory,” ESD.83 – Fall 2001. Link |
| X-efficiency | Harvey Leibenstein, "X-Efficiency: From Concept to Theory," Challenge 22(4), Sep/Oct 1971, pp. 13-22. Link |
| Yaoundé Convention | "The Yaoundé Convention," CVCE.eu. Link |
| Yen bloc |
Warren S. Hunsberger, "The Yen Bloc in Japan's Expansion Program," Far Eastern Survey 7(22), November 9, 1938, p. 251. Link;
Mulder (2022 p. 352) |
| Yield spread | Thomas Kenny, "What Is Yield Spread?" The Balance Link |
| Yom Kippur War | "Yom Kippur War," History.com Link; "Energy Crisis (1970s)," History.com Link. |
| Zaibatsu | "Zaibatsu," New World Encyclopedia. Link |
| Zero sum game | Bhattacharya, Ananyo, The Man from the Future: The Visionary Life of John von Neuman, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co., 2022. |
| Zeroing |
"Zeroing," Glossary: A guide to "WTO speak", World Trade Organization Link.
Wolff (2023 p. 126) |
| Zipf's Law | Hosch, William L., "Zipf's Law," Britannica. Link |
| Zollverein | Henderson, W. O., "The Zollverein," History New Series 19(73), June 1934, pp. 1-19. Link |