The New School, NYC Back to course homepage: http://www.umich.edu/~twod/latam-f2010

Syllabus -Version 04Nov10c

Issues in Latin American Development

Graduate Program in International Affairs

Development Concentration

Instructor: Thomas W. O’Donnell

E-mail: twod@umich.edu

Homepage: http://TomOD.com

Course number: NINT

Mon, 8:00 - 9:50 PM. (Aug 30 – Dec 13, 2010)

Room 615, 66 W. 12^th Street

New School Calendar: Fall 2010

Description:

Issues: We will immerse ourselves in development issues being debated in contemporary Latin America. How are we to understand the last three decades spanning right-wing coups and dictatorships, U.S. interventions, democratic resurgence, neo-liberalism, globalism, the leftist resurgence in the new populism and the new resource nationalism, and etc.? As capitalist relations have alternately stagnated and expanded through booms and crises, in sync with specific political trends, what of this development trajectory is attributable to Latin-America’s objective material-economic nature and what to its historical ideological-political nurture? What has indigenous origins/responsibility and what has foreign origins/responsibility?

How will glaring class, national/racial and gender inequalities be reduced, and the scientific, technical and productive capacity of societies be raised to developed-world levels? Is this possible under purely capitalist free markets, under capitalism tempered by social-democratic controls, or is “21^st century socialism” or another socialist direction necessary?

Methods: So as to attain some specificity with which to judge theories about “Latin American development,” we must first ground ourselves. This includes:

· Understanding the region’s (a) natural resources, especially petroleum, but also minerals and agriculture; (b) the political-economic organization of its societies, and (c) examining objective comparative data on social-economic development over time within the region and compared to other regions.

· Conducting, as a class, case studies of a subset of Latin American states: tentatively Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, México and Colombia. This encompasses their past few decades’ general economic and political history (policies, controversies, outcomes, etc.) and topics such as: energy and/or natural resource extraction sectors (especially oil), social movements (including revolutions as in Venezuela, and armed conflicts as in Columbia and México; barrios, workers, rural sector, etc.), medical care, corruption, infrastructure (water, electricity, services), crime and citizens’ security, education, political parties, military affairs, etc.

Next, with this concrete knowledge of events and conditions, we turn to an introductory critique of regional ideological-political trends and theories for sustainable and just social-economic development within a regime of democratic norms and broad participation.

Assigned work: Students will attain significant expertise in a particular Latin American state/society chosen in conjunction with the instructor, which they will analyze across the spectrum of issues discussed above. This will include following its recent and current affairs very closely, a term paper developed through a number of drafts, presentations and debates in class, a comprehensive mid-term and occasional brief critiques of readings and/or debates. Careful reading of materials, attendance at all classes and active participation in discussions is necessary for success. There should be occasional regional-expert speakers (via video link or when visiting NYC).

REQUIRED BOOKS:

1. de Las Casas, Bartolomé. 1992 (original 1552). The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. [trans.] Herma Briffault. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University, 1992 (original 1552). Introduction by Bill M. Donovan. NOTE: DO NOT PURCHASE A SUBSTITUTE EDITION. This translation and this Introduction are required.

2. Skidmore, Thomas, E. and Smith, Peter, H. 2006 (original 1984). Modern Latin America. Sixth Edition. New York : Oxford University, 2006 (original 1984).

3. Naim, Moisés. 1993. Paper Tigers and Minotaurs: The Politics of Venezuela's Economic Reforms. Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Endowment, 1993. (Introduction by Jeffrey Sachs).

4. Wiarda, Howard J. and Kline, Harvey F., [ed.]. 2007. Latin American Politics and Development. Sixth Edition. Bolder : Westview Press, 2007.

5. Santiso, Javier. 2007. Latin America's Political Economy of the Possible: Beyond Good Revolutionaries and Free-Marketeers. [trans.] Cristina Sanmartin and Elizabeth Murry. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2007.

Bibliography (at the end, below.)

Grading policy: Participation 33%, Midterm 20%, Paper Presentation 13%, Paper 33%

Without midterm: Participation 43%, Midterm 0%, Paper Presentation 13%, Paper 43%.

Note: Participation includes attendance, and regularly contributing to class discussions, including when assigned to lead/initiate discussion on a reading. Paper includes all preliminaries: abstract, outline, draft, biblio. Paper presentation is mostly last day(s) of class; however there are other times when paper research is discussed with the class, size-of-class permitting.

SYLLABUS:

Class	Date	Research Paper & Assignments Due
1	30Aug
2	06Sep	Labor Day, no class
3	13Sep
4	20Sep	Submit proposed research country/topic
5	27Sep	Abstract & initial Bibliography due
6	04Oct
7	11Oct
8	18Oct
9	25Oct	One section of 7 pp. min, Biblio. & Outline due
10	01Nov
11	08Nov
12	15Nov
13	22Nov	(Thanksgiving break 24-28Nov no effect here)
14	29Nov
15	06Dec	Two or three volunteers early presentations
16	13Dec	Presentations in Class & Paper due (20-25 pp.)
17	20Dec	Makeup if needed \| Semester ends Mon 13Dec

NOTE: All assignments must be attached to e-mail sent before the class on day it is due, and submitted in hard copy at start of class. Mail it from New School e-mail address. Subject should read: “LatAm paper.”

Readings & Class Content

Class

Week

Date

Reading Assignment

Country-Specific Topic

30Aug

Development: Assessing its stages and drivers (as vs. prescriptions and policies).

a) “Historical Overview of Human Economic, Political and Social ‘Development’” PowerPoint (2Mb). T. O’Donnell, Lecture in the Faculty of Economics, U. of Algiers, Algeria, May, 2005.

b) World Values Survey and works by R. Ingelbert et al,

a. Look over: Research website

b. Look over: Graphs presenting WVS data

c. Read: Inglehart and Baker, ASR, February 2000, Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values (33 pp.)

d. FYI: A Critique of Inglehardt and Baker:

e. Look over: Wikipedia entry Standard measures of societies differential ‘development’:

c) Look: UNDP Human Development Index reports

a. Human Development Index correlates with GDP/capita at 0.95.(Frekonomics)

d) Look: World Bank’s World Development Indicators, ‘09

e) Look: Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2009-2010, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) of the United Nations, July 2010, accessed 13 August 2010

f) Look: World Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 from World Economic Forum. Entire report, Produce charts . Options include bar and scatter charts, Google Maps overlay, etc.

None

Source: Economic Survey of Latin America & the Caribbean (ECLAC), 2009-2010 (Selected states) – T.O’D.

Pages

06sep

No Class – Labor Day – Enjoy!

None

13Sep

NOTE: This and first class use online sources, in case books have not arrived

a) Crow, John A. 1992 (original 1946). The Epic of Latin America. Fourth Edition. Berkeley : University of California, 1992 (original 1946).

b) Read: Introduction & Proloque , pp. xi-xxviii.

c) Read: Chapter 52: Ariel and Caliban, pp. 673-697;

d) Read: Chapter 53: The 20^th Century: Deep Womb, Dark Flower, pp. 698-720

e) Continue in-class discussion of “Historical Overview of … Development” PowerPoint and of Inglehart and Baker from Class 1.

None

22+24

+24

133+41

=174

20Sep

a) (de Las Casas 1992 (1552))The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. [trans.] Herma Briffault. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University, 1992 (original 1552). Introduction by Bill M. Donovan.

1. Read: Entire book – purchase version listed above. :

· Students 1,2,3: Intro

· Students 4, 5, 6: p 27 – 53 (till Nicaragua)

· Students 7,8,9: p 53 – 79 (till Kingdom of Yucatán)

· Students 10,11,12: p. 79 – 101 (till River Yuyapari)

· Students 13,14,15: p. 101-132

2. The book is available in pdf (download PDF);. This is an old translation with difficult language, lacking the Introductions by Donovan and translator that we discuss, so BUY THE CORRECT BOOK.

None

17+93

=110

27Sep

Skidmore, Thomas, E. and Smith, Peter, H. 2006 (original 1984). Modern Latin America. Sixth Edition. New York : Oxford University, 2006 (original 1984).

a) Read: Prologue, pp.. 1-12;

Students: 19, 18

b) Read: Chapter 1: Colonial Foundations, pp. 13-41. Students 14, 13, 12

Venezuela I.

Read: (Wiarda and Kline 2007), David J. Myers, Chapter 11. Venezuela: Consolidating a Different Democracy, pp. 268-304.

Students 14, 13, 12

In-Class discussion: Petroleum: Venezuelan historical issues with foreign oil companies, internal rentismo, oil mono-economy and Dutch disease; 1976 nationalization, 1990’s neo-liberal apertura, 2003 paro (oil strike); chavista hydrocarbon reform and migration to mixed companies, Chavez oil funds to social programs vs. investments, relations with U.S., Chinese, Iranian Russian and foreign companies; PDVSA production decline; sovereignty and the future. In-class presentation:

a) T.O’D.: Talk at Asociación Venezolano de Hidrocarburos (AVHI), Caracas, April 2009 download PPT

b) Read: (Mares and Altamirano 2007) Venezuela’s PDVSA and World Energy Markets, download PDF from Rice U., or local PDF

NOTE: The following page numbers are the PDF reader’s page numbers. The numbers written on the printed pages are about 10 less:

· Everyone Read: Introduction, pp. 1-13. & Conclusions pp. 94-96.

· Students 1*, 2, 3 Read: Chapter 1, Overview of PDVS, pp. 13-32

· Students 4*, 5, 6 Read: Chapter 2, PDVSA’s Historical Evolution pp. 32-63

· Students 7*, 8 Read: Chapter 3, Relation to Government and Other Political Actors, pp. 63-73.

· Students 9*, 10 Read: Chapter 4, Strategies and Behaviors Under Chavez, pp. 63-93

Resources:

a) Presentation by (Mares and Altamirano 2007) download PDF from Rice U. or local PDF

b) Film, (El Reventón: Los inicios de la producción petrolera en Venezuela (1883-1943) Unknown)

c) Film, El Reventón II (1943- )

12+28+

13+3+ X

=56+X

04Oct

a) (Skidmore and Smith 2006 (1984)) Chapter Two: Transformation of Modern Latin America, 1880-2000,

Read: pp. 42-67. Students 11, 10, 9

b) (Crow 1992 (1946))

Read: Chapter 52: Ariel and Caliban, pp. 673-697. (We already read this; look it over)

Read: Chapter 53: The 20^th Century: Deep Womb, Dark Flower, pp. 698-720. Be prepared to compare to Skidmore

Students 8, 7, 6

Venezuela II.

Society and Politics: Three recent Venezuelan elections, chavista electoral base reaction to problems in social programs, insecurity, corruption; theoretical-historical assessment of chavista organizational model vs. other revolutions in LatAm and elsewhere; previous institutional decline & chavista dependence on mass mobilization & personal leadership/authority vs. civil service &/or party of the revolution.

a) T.W. O´Donnell, An Analysis of Three Venezuelan Elections, 2007-2009, in-class presentation: download PPT ; Article preprint, 2010: download PDF

b) Revista: Harvard Review of Latin America, Fall 2008. download PDF

· Read: Introduction & Overview

By Editor and Fernando Coronil, pp. 1-4

· Read: After the Referenda: Reading the Defeat By Margarita López Maya, p. 5-7

· Optional: The Politics of Identity: Bolívar and Beyond

By Colette Capriles, p. 8-10

· Read: Elections and Political Power: Challenges for the Opposition

By Teodoro Petkoff p.11-13

· Optional: A “Revolutionary Process” Unfolds in the

Absence of a Well Defined Plan:

By Steve Ellner p. 14-16

· Read: Oil and Revolution: It’s the Oil, Stupid!!! (Coronil, Oil and Revolution: Overview & Viewpoint (interviews) 2008)

1. Oil and Revolution: Overview

By F. Coronil, p.19-20

2. Viewpoints (Interviews by F. Coronil), p. 21-33

Optional:

a) (León and Smilde 2009), two articles from the W. Wilson Center, Washington, D.C., or download PDF

15+4+

7+3+

3+14=46

11Oct

(Wiarda and Kline 2007), Latin American Politics and Development. Sixth Edition. Bolder: Westview Press, 2007.

Read: Part I: The Latin American Tradition and Process of Development, pp. 1-94. Chapters:

1. The Context of Latin American Politics, pp 3-16

2. The Pattern of Historical Development, pp 17-32

a. Students 19, 1

3. Interest Groups and Political Parties, pp 33-58

a. Students 2, 3

4. Government Machinery, the Role of the State and Public Policy, pp 59-80,

a. Students 4, 5

5. The Struggle for Democracy in Latin America, pp 81-94

México, Cuba, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Argentina:

Read: (Crow 1992 (1946)), Chapter 54: The Postwar Years: A Country by Country Survey, pp. 721-880. [NOTE: read only sections on our countries of interest:

	Read	Students assigned
1	México, pp. 721-749,	1, 2, 3
2	Venezuela, pp. 792-798	4, 5, 6
3	Colombia, pp. 799-805	7, 8, 9
4	Chile, pp. 831-840,	10, 11, 12
5	Argentina: 841-854	13, 14, 15
6	Brazil, 862-880],	16, 17, 18
7	~~Cuba, pp. 777-791,~~

18Oct

a) Read: (Santiso 2007), pp. I – 116.

Read	Students assigned
Intro & Chapt 1	6, 7, 8
Chapter 2	9, 10, 11
Chapter 3	12, 13, 14
Chapter 4	15, 16, 17

Brazil I

Optional: (Skidmore and Smith 2006 (1984)), Chapter 5, Brazil: Development for Whom? pp. 139-178.

Optional: (Wiarda and Kline 2007), Iéda Siqueira Wiarda, Chapter 7, Brazil: The Disorders of Progressive Democracy, pp. 127-164

25Oct

a) Read: (Santiso 2007), class presentations by:

Read	Students assigned
Chapter 5	18, 19, 1
Chapter 6	2, 3, 4
Chapter 7	5, 6, 7
Chapter 8	8, 9, 10

Chile I

Optional: (Skidmore and Smith 2006 (1984)), Chapter 4, Chile: Socialism, Repression, and Democracy, pp. 109-138.

Optional: (Wiarda and Kline 2007), Chapter Paul E. Sigmund, Chapter 8: Chile, pp. 165-1998

01Nov

Mexico I:

Guest Speaker: Naomi Daremblum (NYU).

- Development WWII to present

a) Read: Jorge Castañeda, Paralyzed Domicracy: How to move Mexico into the future. Newsweek, Feb 12, 2010, magazine date Feb 22, 2010. docx file

b) Read: Enrique Krauze, Furthering Democracy in Mexico, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2006. doc file

c) Read: Luis Rubio and Jeffrey Davidow, Mexico's Disputed Election, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2006. doc file

d) Read: (Skidmore and Smith 2006 (1984)), Chapter 8, Mexico: The Taming of a Revolution, pp. 254-295.

e) Read: (Wiarda and Kline 2007), George W. Grayson: Chapter 16, Mexico: The Emergence of a Messianic Reformer, pp. 385-402.

08Nov

a) Read: (Naim 1993), First half of book, i-xiv and pp. 1- 98

Read	Students assigned
i-xiv & Chapt. 1	11, 12, 13
Chapter 2	14, 15, 16
Chapter 3	17, 18 19
Chapter 4	1, 2, 3

Colombia I

Optional: (Skidmore and Smith 2006 (1984)), Chapter 7, Colombia: Discord, Civility, and Violence, pp. 221-253.

Optional: (Wiarda and Kline 2007), Harvey F. Kline and Vanessa Joan Gray, Chapter 9, Colombia: A Resilient Political System with Intransigent Problems, pp. 199-233

15Nov

a) Read: (Naim 1993), Chapters and page 98-160 (end)

Read	Students assigned
Chapter 5	4, 5, 6
Chapter 6	7, 8, 9
Chapter 7	10, 11, 12
Chapter 8	13, 14, 15

Argentina I

(Skidmore and Smith 2006 (1984)),

Optional: Chapter 3, Argentina: Prosperity, Deadlock, and Change, pp. 69-108.

Optional: (Wiarda and Kline 2007), Linda Chen, Chapter 6: Argentina in the Twenty-first Century, pp. 95-126

22Nov

Venezuela III

Guest Speaker: Carlos Martinez, co-author of Venezuela Speaks! Voices from the Grassroots.

Read: (Martinez, Fox and Farrell 2010), Prologue (by Greg Wilpert) pp. v-ix, Introduction and Introductory History, pp. 1-28; Part IILand and Housing Reform, pp. 29-64. Part III Workers & Labor, pp. 109-150. Part VII Community Organizing, pp.. 269-296. Download PDF (4.6 Mb

29Nov

TBA

Cuba I

Optional:(Skidmore and Smith 2006 (1984)),

Chapter 9, Cuba: Late Colony, First Socialist State, 296-321.

Optional: (Wiarda and Kline 2007), Juan M. del Aguila, Chapter 17, Cuba: Development, Revolution, and Decay, pp. 403-459.

06Dec

Begin presentations of papers

13Dec

Finish presentations in Class; Paper due (20-25 pp.)

20Dec

No Class – This is only if need makeup class.. Last day of classes is Monday 13Dec

Bibliography - Course: “Latin America in Development,” Prof. T.W. O’Donnell

04 de Febrero. Produced by Unknown. Unknown.

Baptista, Asdrubal, and Bernard Mommer. El Petróleo en el Pensamiento Económico venezolano. Caracas: Ediciones IESA, 1987.

Boudin, Chesa, Gabriel González, and Wilmer Rumbos. The Venezuelan Revolution: 100 Questions - 100 Answers. New York: Thunder Mouth Press, 2006.

Branford, Sue, and Bernardo Kucinski. Lula and the Workers Party in Brazil. New York: The New Press, 2003, 2005.

Castro, Gregorio, ed. Debate por Venezuela. Caracas: Editorial Alfa, FACES UCV, Escuela de Sociología, 2007.

Chasteen, John Charles. Americanos: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Oxford: Oxford, 2008.

Conniff, Michael, L., ed. Populism in Latin America. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama, 1999.

Coronil, Fernando. "Oil and Revolution: Overview & Viewpoint (interviews)." ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America, Fall 2008: 19-34.

—. The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1997.

Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America. Fourth Edition. Berkeley: University of California, 1992 (1946).

de Las Casas, Bartolomé. The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. Translated by Herma Briffault. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1992 (1552).

Drechsel, Edwin J. From Venezuela with Love: 200 Years of Fascinating History, Literature, Politics, Ecoomy and nature. Berkeley: Creative Arts, 2002.

El Caracazo. DVD. Produced by Universal Studios. unknown.

El Reventón: Los inicios de la producción petrolera en Venezuela (1883-1943). DVD. Produced by Colleción Cine Archivo, BF. Unknown.

Gott, Richard. In the Shadow of the Liberator: Hugo Chávez and the Transformation of Venezula. New York: Verso, 2000.

Graden, Dale Torston. From Slavery to Freedom in Brazil: Bahia, 1835-1900. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico, 2006.

Graham, Richard, ed. The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940. Fourth Edition. Austin: University of Texas, 1996 (original 1990).

Hirsch, Michael. "The End of Oil?" New York Times Book Review, September 27, 2009: 16.

Inglehart, Robert, and Christian Welzel. "How Development Leads to Democracy." Foreign Affairs, March/April 2009: 33-48.

Inglehart, Ronald. World Values Survey. http://polisci.lsa.umich.edu/faculty/ringlehart.html.

Kozloff, Nikolas. Hugo Chávez: Oil, Politics, and the Challenge to the U.S. New York: Palgrave, 2007 (original 2006).

La Revolución No Sera Transmitida. DVD. unknown.

León, Luis Vincente, and David Smilde. "Understanding Populism and Political Participation: the Case of Venezuela." Update on the Americas, April 2009.

Leonard, Honathan Norton. Men of Maracaibo. New york: Putnam, 1933.

Lucca, Rafael Arráiz. VenezuelaÑ 1830 a Nuestros Días. Caracas: Editorial ALFA, 2007.

Maass, Peter. Crude World: The Violent Twilight of Oil. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.

Mares, David, and Nelson Altamirano. "Venezuela's PDVSA and World Energy Markets." Baker Center, The Role of National Oil Companies in International Energy Markets. Rice University. Houston, Tx, 2007.

Márquez, Gabriel García. News of a Kidnapping. Translated by Edith Grossman. Penguin, 1997 (original 1996).

Martinez, Carlos, Michael Fox, and Jojo Farrell. Venezuela Speaks! Voices from the Grassroots. Oakland: PM Press, 2010.

Marx, Karl. Preface and Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1976 (original 1857-58).

Mussa, Michael. Argentina and the Fund: From Triumph to Tragedy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 2002.

Naim, Moisés. Paper Tigers and Minotaurs: The Politics of Venezuela's Economic Reforms. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 1993.

Petkoff, Teodoro. Dos Izquierdas. Caracas: Alfadil Ediciones, 2005.

Polanco Díaz, Jorge. Salud y Hegemonía en Venezuela: Barrio Adentro, continente afuera. Caracas: Editorial Torino CA, 2008.

Rochlin, James, F. Vanguard Revolutionaries in Latin America: Peru, Colombia, Mexico. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003.

Rodríguez, Francisco. "Venezuela´s Empty Revolution." Foreign Affairs, March-April 2008: 49-62.

Rómulo Bentacourt: Génesis y vigencia de la democracía. DVD. Produced by Bolivar Films CA. 1999.

Rosenberg, Tina. Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin America. New York: Penguin, 1992 (original 1991).

Santiso, Javier. Latin America's Political Economy of the Possible: Beyond Good Revolutionaries and Free-Marketeers. Translated by Cristina Sanmartin and Elizabeth Murry. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2007.

Skidmore, Thomas, E., and Peter, H. Smith. Modern Latin America. Sixth Edition. New York: Oxford University, 2006 (1984).

Tarver, H. Micheal, and Julia C. Frederick. The History of Venezuela. New York: Palgravce, 2006.

The Economist. "Latin America's Middle Class: Adiós to Poverty, Hola to consumption." August 18, 2007: 21.

Wiarda, Howard J., and Harvey F. Kline, . Latin American Politics and Development. Sixth Edition. Bolder: Westview Press, 2007.

ADD-- Yergin, Daniel, “The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power,” The Free Press, 1992, New York.

(Wiarda and Kline 2007) (Crow 1992 (1946)) (Leonard 1933) (de Las Casas 1992 (1552)) (Márquez 1997 (original 1996)) (Marx 1976 (original 1857-58)) (Gott 2000) (Boudin, González and Rumbos 2006) (Rosenberg 1992 (original 1991)) (Tarver and Frederick 2006) (Branford and Kucinski 2003, 2005) (Coronil, The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela 1997) (Coronil, Oil and Revolution: Overview & Viewpoint (interviews) 2008) (Graham 1996 (original 1990)) (Conniff 1999) (Kozloff 2007 (original 2006)) (Graden 2006) (Rochlin 2003) (Mussa 2002) (Chasteen 2008) (Drechsel 2002) (Rodríguez 2008) (Santiso 2007) (Skidmore and Smith 2006 (1984)) (León and Smilde 2009) (Maass 2009) (Hirsch 2009) (Naim 1993) (Latin America's Middle Class: Adiós to Poverty, Hola to consumption 2007) (Inglehart and Welzel 2009) (R. Inglehart n.d.) (Mares and Altamirano 2007) (Polanco Díaz 2008)

nnn

---

Español

(Lucca 2007) (Petkoff 2005) (Baptista y Mommer 1987) (Castro 2007)

---

Películas / Films

(Rómulo Bentacourt: Génesis y vigencia de la democracía 1999) (04 de Febrero Unknown) (El Reventón: Los inicios de la producción petrolera en Venezuela (1883-1943) Unknown) (El Caracazo unknown) (La Revolución No Sera Transmitida unknown)

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