16: ACCESSORIES AND HOMES FOR THE DEAD
Exam 2: March 25
Communication with the dead
Offerings for the dead
Food offerings
Representations of offerings
"Offering formula"
Offering formula: Example
“An offering which the king gives to Osiris,
the great god, lord of Abydos, so that he may
give a thousand loaves of bread, a thousand
jars of beer, a thousand oxen, a thousand fowl,
a thousand pieces of cloth and a thousand of
every good thing on which a god lives to the
KA of Bameki [name of dead person],
who is true-of-voice”
Important points:
-Offering (voluntary)
-King
-Osiris
-Dead person gets same offerings that king gives to Osiris
-Specific offerings (bread, beer, oxen, fowl, cloth)
-Non-specific offerings (covering anything left out)
-KA of dead person receives offerings
-dead person described as "true-of-voice" (=become an effective spirit) in advance: positive thinking!
"Voice offerings"
Offerings for poorer people
Offering trays (aka "soul houses")
Servant models
Boat models
Shabti (special kind of servant figure)
Box of Shabtis
Homes for the dead:
Tombs, graves, etc.
Private/public
"The West"
Cemetery, necropolis, "god's domain"
King's burials (earlier): Pyramids
Private part of burial vs. superstructure
Mortuary temple: "public" (sort of)
Interior of "Great Pyramid"
Interior of Pyramid of Unas
"Pyramid Texts"
Disadvantages of pyramids
Later Trend in royal burials:
Hidden underground tomb
Visible mortuary temple far away
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahri
Tomb Robbers
Non-royal tombs: private part
Mastaba
Superstructure
Tomb of Ani and Tutu
Public area: tomb chapel
Pyramids for non-royals as tomb chapels
Cutaway Plan:
Aboveground: Public areas--chapel, etc.
Belowground: Private--burial chamber, etc.
Funeral at tomb:
Funerary stela
Tomb chapel
False door
Funerary stela/stelae (plural)
Statues (for ka)
Offering tables