21: Exam Review

Exam 2, Tuesday NOV 24: No late exams!

Format:

Part 1: 5 multiple choice questions (2 points each, 10% of total)

Part 2: 8 Identifications (5 points each; 40% of total)

Part 3: Short essay:
2 questions, pick one, answer in 1 page (50 points, 50% of total)

Exam 2: Studying

Exam covers material since Exam 1

Review overhead terms on website
Review notes

Readings: Taylor pp. 7-243
NOTE: exam will not cover last chapter of book

Read and re-read readings.

Exam 2: Content

Factual material for multiple choice, IDs

Important stuff

Gods, Egyptian words, things, practices, rituals, texts, objects, concepts

Exam 2: Content

Essay: choices from these general areas:
-Physical and non-physical components of dead person
-Economic implications of Egyptian funerary practices and beliefs
-The Egyptian funeral: rituals, practices, objects
-The offering formula: what is it and what does it accomplish

Funerary religion

Death in ancient Egypt

Life in ancient Egypt

Maintaining Order

Egyptian society

Ma'at (order)

4 categories:
Gods
King
"Effective Spirits" (="Blessed dead") (AKHs)
People

Other categories outside this

Maintenance of ma'at

Physical:

BODY

HEART

Non-physcial:

KA

BA

NAME

SHADOW

AKH: "effective spirit"

Journey after death

Judgment of dead

Ma'at

"True of voice"

Interaction of living with dead

Offerings at tomb/chapel

Letters to dead

Communication with ancestors

"Effective spirits" as "ghosts"?

"Ghost stories"

Story of Setna

Death & the Afterlife

"Harper’s songs"

Skepticism and counter-skepticism

Death and divine precedent

OSIRIS

SUN-GODS

"Effective spirit" (AKH)

Interaction with living

Point of death
Physical and non-physical components

BA leaves BODY

KA stays in BODY
HEART in BODY

Preservation of body:
Mummification, Mummy

Embalming

Greek writers:
Herodotus
Diodorus Siculus

Mummies

Osiris as first mummy

King of the dead

Mummification:
Economic factors

Herodotus on three grades of mummification

Mummification

Processes:

Cleansing
Embalmers:
Like temple priests

Removal of brain
Removal of internal organs (viscera)

Treatment of internal organs

Treated organs placed in Canopic jars

4 Sons of Horus:

Heart
Heart Scarab

Drying out of body
Natron

Anubis prepares mummy

Mummification

Wrapping of mummy in linen bandages

Ritual of Embalming

Disposal of embalming material
Embalming "cache"

Mummy masks

Coffins

Burial ceremonies

"Opening of the mouth"

(also performed on cult-images of gods)

Communication with the dead

Offerings for the dead

Food offerings

Representations of offerings

"Offering formula"

Offering formula: Example

“An offering which the king gives to Osiris,
the great god, lord of Abydos, so that he may
give a thousand loaves of bread, a thousand
jars of beer, a thousand oxen, a thousand fowl,
a thousand pieces of cloth and a thousand of
every good thing on which a god lives to the
KA of Bameki [name of dead person],
who is true-of-voice”

Important points:
-Offering (voluntary)
-King
-Osiris
-Dead person gets same offerings that king gives to Osiris
-Specific offerings (bread, beer, oxen, fowl, cloth)
-Non-specific offerings (covering anything left out)
-KA of dead person receives offerings
-dead person described as "true-of-voice" (=become an effective spirit=AKH) in advance: positive thinking!

"Voice offerings"

Servant models

Shabti or Ushabti (special kind of servant figure)

Homes for the dead:

Tombs, graves, etc.

Private/public

"The West"

Cemetery, necropolis, "god's domain"

King's burials (earlier): Pyramids

Private part of burial vs. superstructure

Mortuary temple: "public" (sort of)

Disadvantages of pyramids

Later Trend in royal burials:
Hidden underground tomb
Visible mortuary temple far away

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahri

Tomb Robbers

Non-royal tombs: private part

Mastaba

Superstructure

Public area: tomb chapel

Pyramids for non-royals as tomb chapels

Cutaway Plan:

Aboveground: Public areas--chapel, etc.
Belowground: Private--burial chamber, etc.

Funeral at tomb:
Funerary stela
Tomb chapel

False door

Funerary stela/stelae (plural)

Statues (for ka)

Offering tables

Private portion of tomb

Daily life contents of tomb: tomb as home

Deir el Medina (Workers' village)

Deir el Medina (workers' village)

Funerary literature

Pyramid Texts
Initially for king, put in pyramids

Coffin Texts
Available to Elites
"Book of Two Ways"

"Book of the Dead" (modern title)
"(Book of) Coming forth by Day" (ancient title)

Development of funerary literature

Funeral procession

Bringing ritual items
dead man's colleagues
Mummy + mourner + priest
Bringing personal possessions
Hired mourners
Ceremony at tomb

Ceremonies at tomb: offerings, mourning

Opening of the mouth at the tomb

Ritual equipment for opening of the mouth
other ceremonies (anointing with oils)

Amulets

Some specific amulets:
-Djed pillar
-Isis knot
-Heart
-Headrest
Eye of Horus (wedjat, udjat eye)

Amulets in place on mummy

Magical bricks

Images of gods

Anubis, Isis & Nephthys, etc.

Osirian figures:
Ptah-Sokar-Osiris

"Corn-mummies"
aka "grain mummies"
aka "Osiris beds"

Coffins:

Symbolism:
-Coffin as house for dead
-Coffin as microcosm (represents universe)
-Coffin as protective system

Later anthropoid coffins:
-Coffin as image of Osiris
-Coffin symbolizing unity of Osiris and Re

Pre-dynastic burials:
Body contracted (fetal position)
No coffin or short box coffin or other protective material

Dynastic burial:
Body full length

Coffin terminology:

Sarcophagus
Rectangular stone box

Coffin:
Rectangular box or anthropoid/mummiform

"Long" rectangular or box coffins/sarcophagi

Eyes of Horus (Wedjat eyes)

Coffin Texts

Offering formula

Anthropoid or mummiform coffins

"Rishi" (feathered) design

Royal coffins

Anatomy of a Coffin: Djehutymose in the Kelsey Museum

Djehutymose

Priest of Horus of Edfu

c. 685-252 BCE

Exterior lid: Deceased as Osiris

Protective images and texts

Head:

Image of deceased as effective spirit

Idealized face

Not a portrait

Osiris features:

-green skin

-divine beard

Embalming scene: Anubis, mummy, ba, canopic jars

Protective images: gods

Interior lid: Deceased protected by sky-goddess Nut

Nut: swallows sun at dusk, gives birth to sun at dawn: Death and rebirth solar symbolism

Dress covered in stars

Interior bottom: Deceased protected by goddess of the West

Exterior bottom: Elaborate Djed pillar (strengthens back of mummy)