E627 Long Syllabus

English 627: Critical Theories & Cross-Cultural Literature: The Aesthetic Ideology

Professor Tobin Siebers

3267 Angell Hall

Tel: 764-5481; email: tobin@umich.edu

Hours: MW 1-2:30 and by appointment

Coursepack available at:

Kolossos

310 East Washington Street

Required Texts available at Shaman Drum Bookshop, 315 S. State Street

De Man, AESTHETIC IDEOLOGY
De Man, THE RESISTANCE TO THEORY
Kant, THE CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT
Marcuse, THE AESTHETIC DIMENSION
Marx & Engels, THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY
McGann, THE ROMANTIC IDEOLOGY
Schiller, ON THE AESTHETIC EDUCATION OF MAN

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English 627 Course Description

E627 covers the historical and theoretical connections between aesthetics and ideology; both are:

Born in the 18th century
Based on the decline of religion and the landed aristocracy
Part of the Enlightenment project
Wedded to the emergence of liberal subjectivity and the rise of the middleclass
Bones of contention in the political struggles of the Left and Right

Our goals will be to:

Trace their co-history
Review varying definitions
Analyze their political fortunes
Observe the shift within ideology critique itself from politics to aesthetics

Discussions will focus on crucial figures and central problems from "romantic ideology" to current debates about arts funding. THE VOICE OF THE SHUTTLE is a general resource for literary theory: http://humanitas.ucsb.edu/

September 9.97

9.3 Introduction

Problem: How do the histories of aesthetics and ideology intersect, and what is their relation to the emergence of modern subjectivity?

Aesthetics has been called a mode of "subjectivization."

Destutt de Tracy coined the term "ideology" to name the science concerned with the relation between feeling and individual experience.

Both aesthetics and ideology are disciplines related to the emergence of modern subjectivity and mark a departure from more traditional forms of identity linked to belief and birth.

Recommended Readings
Arendt, Hannah. BETWEEN PAST AND FUTURE. New York: Viking, 1961, pp. 17-90, 143- 72.

"Tradition and the Modern Age"

"The Concept of History"

"What is Freedom?"

Bürger, Peter . "Literary Institution and Modernization." THE DECLINE OF MODERNISM. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992, pp. 3-18.
Ferry, Luc. "The Revolution in Taste." HOMO AESTHETICUS: THE INVENTION OF TASTE IN THE DEMOCRATIC AGE. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 7-32.
Manent, Pierre. "Locke, Labor, Property." AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF LIBERALISM. Trans. Rebecca Balinski. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 39-52.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. "The Subjectivisation of Aesthetics." TRUTH AND METHOD. New York: Seabury Press, 1975, pp. 39-73.
Weber, Max. THE PROTESTANT ETHIC AND THE SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM. 2nd Ed; London : Allen & Unwin, 1976.

9.8 Introduction to the Aesthetic

Problem:Ê The emergence of aesthetics, with special emphasis on:

Judgment

Imagination of the "spectator position" in aesthetic judgment

Relations between:

Beauty and the human body

Beauty and nature

Art and freedom

Required Reading
Shaftesbury, the inventor of the virtuoso science of aesthetics
"The Judgment of Heracles," from SECOND CHARACTERS (CP)
Recommended Reading
Arregui, Jorge and Pablo Arnau. "Shaftesbury: Father or Critic of Modern Aesthetics?" THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF AESTHETICS 34 (1994): 350-62.
Stolnitz, J. "On the Significance of Lord Shaftesbury in Modern Aesthetic Theory." THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY 11 (1961): 97-113.
_____, "On the Origins of `Aesthetic Disinterestedness.'" THE JOURNAL OF AESTHETICS AND ART CRITICISM 10 (1961-62): 131-43.
_____, "`Beauty': Some Stages in the History of an Idea." THE JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS 22 (1961): 185-204.

9.10 Winckelmann

Problem: Winckelmann's preoccupation with the beautiful Greek body and the unexpected suggestion that beauty is tied to freedom.
Required Reading
Sweet, Denis M. "The Personal, the Political, and the Aesthetic: Johann Joachim Winckelmann's German Enlightenment Life." JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 16.1-2 (1988): 147-62 (CP).
Winckelmann, Johann. Selections from "On the Imitation of Painting and Sculpture of
the Greeks" (CP)
____ . Selections from "Essay on the Beautiful in Art" (CP)
Recommended Reading
Chytry , Josef. "Winckelmann: The Myth of Aesthetic Hellas." THE AESTHETIC STATE. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989, pp. 11-37.

9.15 Kant

Problem: The connection between aesthetics and the ethico-political and Kant's definitions of:

The Understanding

Reason

Imagination

Determinant and reflective judgment

Required Reading
Kant. "Introduction." CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT, 3-39.
Resource
Kant. CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT on line:
gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/107/2
Recommended Reading
Arendt, Hannah. LECTURES ON KANT'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Cassirer, Ernst. KANT'S LIFE AND THOUGHT. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
Siebers, Tobin. "Kant and the Politics of Beauty" (CP).

9.17 Kant

Problem: Kant's idea of beauty, with special consideration of his views on:

Nature

Disinterestedness

Objectivity

Required Reading
Kant. "Analytic of the Beautiful." CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT, 41-89.
Recommended Reading
Ferry, Luc. "The Kantian Moment." HOMO AESTHETICUS. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 77-113.

9.22 Kant

Problem: The sublime is an experience of formlessness that invokes the idea of reason. What distinguishes the beautiful from the sublime and why is the sublime of more interest to postmodern thinkers.
Required Reading
Kant. "Analytic of the Sublime." Critique of Judgement, 90-227.
Recommended Reading
De Man, Paul. "Kant's Materialism." AESTHETIC IDEOLOGY. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp. 119-28.
Lyotard, Jean-François. "After the Sublime, the State of Aesthetics." THE INHUMAN. Stanford University Press, 1991.
_____. THE DIFFEREND: PHRASES IN DISPUTE. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.

9.24 Schiller

Problem: Schiller gave Kant's thought an overt political and educational interpretation. He also invented the term, "aesthetic state."
Required Reading
Schiller. ON THE AESTHETIC EDUCATION OF MAN

9.29 Schiller Continued

Required Reading
Schiller. ON THE AESTHETIC EDUCATION OF MAN
Recommended Reading
De Man, Paul. "Kant and Schiller." AESTHETIC IDEOLOGY. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp. 129-64.
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October 10.97

10.1 Allegory and Symbolism

Problem: the shifting meanings of allegory and symbolism after Kant, particularly in Goethe and Coleridge, as well as:

Symbolism is favored over allegory by Romantic writers

This shift in appreciation of tropes is an effect of Enlightenment secularization

Required Reading
Handout on day of class
Recommended Reading
Benjamin, Walter. "Allegory and Trauerspiel." THE ORIGIN OF GERMAN TRAGIC DRAMA. London: NLB, 1977, pp. 159-235.
Fletcher, Angus. ALLEGORY: THE THEORY OF A SYMBOLIC MODE. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1964.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. "The Subjectivisation of Aesthetics." TRUTH AND METHOD. New York: Seabury Press, 1975, pp. 39-73.
Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe and Jean-Luc Nancy, THE LITERARY ABSOLUTE: THE THEORY OF LITERATURE IN GERMAN ROMANTICISM. Trans. Philip Barnard and Cheryl Lester. Albany: SUNY Press, 1988.

10.6 Introduction to Ideology

Problem: We will track the early history of "ideology," its shifting definition and political fortunes, and identify:

How the emergence of liberalism changes the definitions of human cognition and experience

How individual freedom, the human body, and property are connected

How the increasing importance of objects in this schema merges the politics of liberalism with aesthetics

Required Reading
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine. Selections from ELEMENTS OF IDEOLOGY (CP)
Stein, Jay W. "The Beginnings of Ideology." SOUTH ATLANTIC QUARTERLY 55 (1956): 163-70 (CP).
Recommended Reading
Kennedy, Emmet. "`Ideology' from Destutt de Tracy to Marx." JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS 40 (1979): 353-68.
Lichtheim, George. "The Concept of Ideology." HISTORY AND THEORY 4 (1965): 164-95.

10.8 Marx and Engels

Problem: Marx defines "ideology" in terms of the class interests of the powerful, while Engels links it to self-mystification and "false consciousness." Compare early Marxist ideas about:

Ideology

Materialism

Objectification

History

Required Reading
Marx and Engels. Selections from THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY
Recommended Reading
Chytry, Josef. "Marx: Communism and the Laws of Beauty." THE AESTHETIC STATE. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989, pp. 231-73.
Eagleton, Terry. CRITICISM & IDEOLOGY. London: NLB, 1976.
Resource
http://english-server.hss.cmu.edu/marx/

10.13 Marx, Engels, and Lukács

Problem: Does an aesthetic preoccupation with the object lead to a reification of the subject?
Required Reading
Lukács, Georg. Selection from "Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat"
Marx and Engels. Selections from THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY

10.15 Althusser

Problem: Absorb the implications of a shift in the definition of ideology. Althusser pushes the idea of ideology beyond what Engels called "false consciousness" by incorporating Freud's idea of the unconscious, and yet Althusser is still able to distinguish between different ideological apparatuses, among them, the aesthetic.
Required Reading
Althusser:

"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" (CP)

"A Letter on Art" (CP)

"Marxism and Humanism," from FOR MARX (CP)

Recommended Reading
Althusser, Louis. "Elements of Self-Criticism." ESSAYS IN SELF-CRITICISM. London: NLB, 1976, pp. 101-50.
Butler, Judith. "`Conscience Doth Make Subjects of Us All': Althusser's Subjection." THE PSYCHIC LIFE OF POWER: THEORIES IN SUBJECTION. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997, pp. 106-31.

10.20 Jameson

Problem: Jameson is among recent Marxist theorists who view ideology in terms of poststructuralist linguistic theory. Consider his view of postmodern space and its relation to ideology and subjectivity.
Required Reading
Jameson. "Postmodernism and Consumer Society" (CP).
Recommended Reading
Jameson, Fredric. "On Interpretation." THE POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981, pp. 17-102.

10.22 National Socialism or the Aestheticization of Politics

Problems:

Investigate how National Socialism fits into the history of aesthetics

Survey some theories about this problem

Understand to what extent postwar "ideology critics" are haunted by the historical fact of Nazism

Required Reading
Mosse, George L. "Beauty without Sensuality/ The Exhibition Entartete Kunst."Ê "DEGENERATE ART": THE FATE OF THE AVANT-GARDE IN NAZI GERMANY. Ed. Stephanie Barron. New York: Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Harry N. Abrams, 1991, pp. 24-31 (CP).
Danto, Arthur C. "Why Not Be the Arts President." THE NATION 256.4 (February
1, 1993): 116-17 (CP).
Sisk, John. "The Tyranny of the Aesthetic." THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR 63 (1994): 119-22 (CP).
Recommended Reading
Adam, Peter. ART OF THE THIRD REICH. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992.
Barron, Stephanie, ed. "DEGENERATE ART": THE FATE OF THE AVANT-GARDE IN NAZI GERMANY. New York: Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Harry N. Abrams, 1991.

10.27 Benjamin

Problem: Walter Benjamin famously labeled Nazism as the "aestheticization of politics" and is a major source of what will later be seen as the theory of "the aesthetic ideology."
Required Reading
Benjamin. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (CP)
Recommended Reading
Benjamin, Walter. "Surrealism." REFLECTIONS. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1978, pp. 177-92.
Berman, Russell. "The Aestheticization of Politics: Walter Benjamin on Fascism and the Avant-garde." MODERN CULTURE AND CRITICAL THEORY. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, pp. 27-41.
Gasché, Rodolphe. "Objective Diversions: On Some Kantian Themes in Benjamin." Andrew Benjamin and Peter Osborne, ed. WALTER BENJAMIN'S PHILOSOPHY. New York: Routledge, 1994, pp. 183-204.
Habermas, Jürgen. "Consciousness-Raising and Rescuing Critique." PHILOSOPHICAL-POLITICAL PROFILES. Trans. F. G. Lawrence. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983, pp. 129-63.

10.29 The Romantic Ideology

Problem: We will return to Romantic theories of symbolism and allegory from a postmodern point of view to understand why Romanticismhelps define ideology in the postmodern age.
Required Reading
De Man, Paul. "The Rhetoric of Temporality" (CP)
Recommended Reading
Abrams, M. H. "The Psychology of Literary Invention: Mechanical and Organic Theories." THE MIRROR AND THE LAMP. New York: Oxford University Press, 1953, pp. 159-83.
Frye, Northrup , ed. ROMANTICISM RECONSIDERED: SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE ENGLISH INSTITUTE. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.
Wimsatt, W. K. "The Structure of Romantic Nature Imagery." THE VERBAL ICON. University of Kentucky Press, 1954, pp. 103-118.
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November 11.97

11.3 McGann

Problem: McGann's work seeks to ground postwar ideology in Romanticism.
Required Reading
McGann. THE ROMANTIC IDEOLOGY
Recommended Reading
Eagleton, Terry. CRITICISM & IDEOLOGY. London: NLB, 1976.

11.5 The Aesthetic Ideology

Problem: The theory of the "aesthetic ideology" merges aesthetics and ideology. De Man's "Resistance to Theory" contains one definition of the aesthetic ideology.
Required Reading
De Man. "The Resistance to Theory" and "Reading and History." THE RESISTANCE TO THEORY. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986, pp. 3-20, 54-72.
Recommended Reading
Mackenzi, Ian. "Terrible Beauty: Paul de Man's Retreat from the Aesthetic." THE JOURNAL OF AESTHETICS AND ART CRITICISM 51.4 (1993): 551-60 (CP).

11.10 Eagleton and Jameson

Problem: Eagleton and Jameson will give us two other views on the aesthetic ideology.
Required Reading
Eagleton. "Introduction," from THE IDEOLOGY OF THE AESTHETIC (CP).
Jameson. "Pleasure: A Political Issue" (CP).

11.12 The Beautiful and the Sublime

Problem: Reconsider the beautiful and sublime in the postmodern context, starting with Lyotard who sees the sublime as possessing an oppositional political value.
Required Reading
Lyotard (CP). "Acinema" and "Anamnesis of the Visible, or Candour"
Recommended Reading
Derrida, Jacques. "Le Colossal." LA VERITE EN PEINTURE. Paris: Flammarion, 1978, pp. 136- 68.
Hertz, Neil. "On Longinus." THE END OF THE LINE. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
Weiskel, Thomas. THE ROMANTIC SUBLIME. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

11.17 De Man and Eagleton

Problem: Of what interest is the sublime to postmodern ideology critique?
Required Reading
De Man, Paul. "Hegel on the Sublime." AESTHETIC IDEOLOGY. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp. 105-18.
Eagleton. "The Marxist Sublime," from THE IDEOLOGY OF THE AESTHETIC (CP).
Recommended Reading
De Man, Paul. "Phenomenality and Materiality in Kant." AESTHETIC IDEOLOGY. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp. 70-90.
Waters, Lindsay and Wlad Godzich, eds. Rodolphe Gasché. "In-Difference to Philosophy: de Man on Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche." READING DE MAN READING. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989, pp. 259-96.

11.19 Marcuse

Problem: Marcuse offers a critique of Marxism from an aesthetic point of view that privileges the beautiful.
Required Reading
Marcuse. THE AESTHETIC DIMENSION.
Recommended Reading
Chytry, Josef. "Marcuse: Aesthetic Ethos." THE AESTHETIC STATE. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1989, pp. 408-47.

11.24 Special Problem: The Subject

Problem: In a sense, our subject has never been any other; Adorno espouses an aesthetics of nonidentity that stresses the importance of viewing an object called beautiful as external to the subject.
Required Reading
Adorno. "Subject-Object." AESTHETIC THEORY. London: RKP, 1984, pp. 234-51 (CP).
Recommended Reading
Habermas, Jürgen. "Theodor Adorno: The Primal History of Subjectivity--Self- Affirmation Gone Wild." PHILOSOPHICAL-POLITICAL PROFILES. Trans. F. G. Lawrence. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983, pp. 99-110.

THANKSGIVING VACATION: NOVEMBER 26-30

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December 12.97

12.1 Postmodern Subjects

Problem: Jameson and Smith will serve to represent the challenge to the idea of the subject by
ideology critics.
Required Reading
Jameson, Fredric. "Representations of Subjectivity." DISCOURS SOCIAL / SOCIAL DISCOURSE 6.1-2 (1994): 47-60 (CP).
Smith, Paul. "Ideology." DISCERNING THE SUBJECT. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988, pp. 3- 23, 164-66 (CP).
Resources
Longer Texts on Jameson: http://sun3.lib.uci.edu/~scctr/Wellek/jameson/A17longer_texts.html

12.3 Case Study: Vermeer

Problem: The Vermeer exhibition presents an interesting test case
by which to consider the political requirements currently placed on art.
Required Reading
Alpers, Svetlana. "The Strangeness of Vermeer." ART IN AMERICA 84 (9 May
1996): 62-69 (CP).
Danto, Arthur C. "Vermeer." THE NATION (19 February 1996): 32-35 (CP).
Weschler, Lawrence. "Inventing Peace: What do Vermeer's Beautiful, Serene Paintings Teach Us about War in Bosnia?." THE NEW YORKER (20 November 1995): 56-64 (CP).

12.8 Case Study: Andres Serraño

Problem: Serraño's work is at the heart of the recent NEA arts controversy, providing another test case for considering how the relation between politics and art is currently being described.
Required Reading
Cosentino, Donald J. "Andres Serraño: Photographs." AFRICAN ARTS 23
(October 1990): 84-85 (CP).
LeBor, Adam. "Andres Serraño." APERTURE 138 (Winter 1995): 48-57
(CP).
Taylor, Victor Zamudio. "Andrés Serraño: The Soul Needs to Know How to Walk." ART NEXUS 18 (October-December 1995): 72- 77 (CP).
Todd, Stephen. "Serraño's Calvary." ART + TEXT 51 (May 1995): 44-49 (CP).

12.10 Conclusions

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REQUIRED TEXTS (all required texts are currently on reserve)

De Man, Paul. AESTHETIC IDEOLOGY. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.

_____. THE RESISTANCE TO THEORY. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.

Kant, Immanuel. THE CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT. Trans. James Creed Meredith. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.

Marcuse, Herbert. THE AESTHETIC DIMENSION. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978.

Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY. New York: International Publishers,
1970.

McGann, Jerome. THE ROMANTIC IDEOLOGY. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.

Schiller, Friedrich. ON THE AESTHETIC EDUCATION OF MAN. Trans. Reginald Snell. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1965.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS (all recommended texts are currently on reserve)

Arendt, Hannah. LECTURES ON KANT'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

Eagleton, Terry. THE IDEOLOGY OF THE AESTHETIC. London: Basil Blackwell, 1990.

Ferry, Luc. HOMO AESTHETICUS: THE INVENTION OF TASTE IN THE DEMOCRATIC AGE. Trans. Robert De Loaiza. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

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ON RESERVE

Room 2002 Shapiro Library

REQUIRED TEXTS

Adorno, Theodor. AESTHETIC THEORY. London: RKP, 1984.

Althusser, Louis. FOR MARX. New York: Pantheon, 1969.

___. LENIN AND PHILOSOPHY. New York:" NLB, 1971.

Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury. SECOND CHARACTERS. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914.

Barron, Stephanie, ed. "DEGENERATE ART": THE FATE OF THE AVANT-GARDE IN NAZI GERMANY. New York: Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Harry N. Abrams, 1991.

Benjamin, Walter. ILLUMINATIONS. New York: Schocken, 1969.

De Man, Paul. AESTHETIC IDEOLOGY. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.

___. BLINDNESS AND INSIGHT. 2nd edition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
1983.

___. THE RESISTANCE TO THEORY. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.

Destutt de Tracy, Antoine. A TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. New York: August Kelly, 1970.

Eagleton, Terry. THE IDEOLOGY OF THE AESTHETIC. London: Basil Blackwell, 1990.

Jameson, Fredric. IDEOLOGIES OF THEORY, VOLUME 1. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.

Kant, Immanuel. THE CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT. Trans. James Creed Meredith. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.

Lukács, Georg. HISTORY AND CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983.

Lyotard, Jean-François. THE LYOTARD READER. Ed. Andrew Benjamin. London: Blackwell, 1989.

Marcuse, Herbert. THE AESTHETIC DIMENSION. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978.

Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY. New York: International Publishers, 1970.

McGann, Jerome. THE ROMANTIC IDEOLOGY. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.

Schiller, Friedrich. ON THE AESTHETIC EDUCATION OF MAN. Trans. Reginald Snell. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1965.

Smith, Paul. DISCERNING THE SUBJECT. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.

Winckelmann, Johann. WRITINGS ON ART. London: Phaidon, 1972.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS

Adam, Peter. ART OF THE THIRD REICH. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992.

Althusser, Louis. ESSAYS IN SELF-CRITICISM. London: NLB, 1976.

Arendt, Hannah. BETWEEN PAST AND FUTURE. New York: Viking, 1961.

___. LECTURES ON KANT'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1982.

Benjamin, Andrew and Peter Osborne, ed. WALTER BENJAMIN'S PHILOSOPHY. New York: Routledge, 1994.

Benjamin, Walter. THE ORIGIN OF GERMAN TRAGIC DRAMA. London: NLB, 1977.

___. REFLECTIONS. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1978.

Berman, Russell. MODERN CULTURE AND CRITICAL THEORY. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.

Bürger, Peter. THE DECLINE OF MODERNISM. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992.

Butler, Judith. THE PSYCHIC LIFE OF POWER: THEORIES IN SUBJECTION. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.

Cassirer, Ernst. KANT'S LIFE AND THOUGHT. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.

Chytry, Josef. THE AESTHETIC STATE. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

Derrida, Jacques. LA VERITE EN PEINTURE. Paris: Flammarion, 1978.

Eagleton, Terry. CRITICISM & IDEOLOGY. London: NLB, 1976.

Ferry, Luc. HOMO AESTHETICUS: THE INVENTION OF TASTE IN THE DEMOCRATIC AGE. Trans. Robert DeLoaiza. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Fletcher, Angus. ALLEGORY: THE THEORY OF A SYMBOLIC MODE. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1964.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. TRUTH AND METHOD. New York: Seabury Press, 1975.

Hertz, Neil. THE END OF THE LINE. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.

Jameson, Fredric. THE POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981.

Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe and Jean-Luc Nancy. THE LITERARY ABSOLUTE: THE THEORY OF LITERATURE IN GERMAN ROMANTICISM. Trans. Philip Barnard and Cheryl Lester. Albany: SUNY Press, 1988.

Lyotard, Jean-François. THE INHUMAN. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991.

___ THE DIFFEREND: PHRASES IN DISPUTE. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1988.

Manent, Pierre. AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF LIBERALISM. Trans. Rebecca Balinski. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Waters, Lindsay and Wlad Godzich, ed. READING DE MAN READING. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 1989.

Weber, Max. THE PROTESTANT ETHIC AND THE SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM. 2nd Ed; London : Allen & Unwin, 1976.

Weiskel, Thomas. THE ROMANTIC SUBLIME. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

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