Thomas J. Armstrong, Ph.D.
University of Michigan

Journal Publications
  1. Armstrong T. Circulatory and Local Muscle Responses to Static Manual Work. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, 1976.
  2. Armstrong T, Chaffin D. An investigation of the relationship between displacement of the finger and wrist joints and the extrinsic finger flexor tendons. J Biomech 11:119-128, 1978.
  3. Armstrong T, Chaffin D, Foulke J. A methodology for documenting hand positions and forces during manual work. J Biomech 12:131-133, 1979.
  4. Armstrong T, Chaffin D, Foulke J. A method for measuring shapes of anatomical surfaces. J Biomech. 12(5):397-399, 1979.
  5. Armstrong T, Chaffin D. Some biomechanical aspects of the carpal tunnel. J Biomech 12(7):567-570, July 1979.
  6. Armstrong T, Chaffin D. Carpal tunnel syndrome and selected personal attributes. J Occ Med 21(7):481-486, July 1979. Abstract
  7. Armstrong T, Chaffin D, Faulkner J, Herrin G, Smith R. Static work elements and selected circulatory responses. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41(4)254-260, April 1980. Abstract
  8. Castelli W, Evans F, Diaz-Perez R, Armstrong T. Intraneural connective tissue proliferation of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Arch. Phys Med Rehab 61:418-422, 1980. Abstract
  9. Boydstun L, Armstrong T, Bookstein F. A comparison of three-dimensional maximum reach estimation techniques. J Biomech 13:717-724, 1980.
  10. Keyserling WM, Herrin G, Chaffin D, Armstrong T, Foss M. Establishing an industrial strength testing program. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41(10):685-772, 1980. Abstract
  11. Foulke J, Goldstein S, Armstrong T. An EMG pre-amplifier system for biomechanical studies. J Biomech 14:437-438, 1981.
  12. Armstrong T, Snyder R. Human factors aspects of emergency egress from a business jet. SAE Transactions 1981.
  13. Marsh J, Smith R, Jacobson A, Armstrong T. Health effects of exposure to steady magnetic fields. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 43(6):387-394, 1982. Abstract
  14. Armstrong T, Foulke J, Joseph B, Goldstein S. Investigation of cumulative trauma disorders in a poultry processing plant. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 43(2):103-116, 1982. Abstract
  15. Armstrong T, Castelli W, Evans F, Diaz-Perez R. Some histological changes in carpal tunnel contents and their biomechanical implications. J Occ Med 26(3):197-201, 1984. Abstract
  16. Armstrong T. Mechanical considerations of skin in work. Am J Ind Med 8:463-472, 1985. Abstract
  17. Radwin R, Armstrong T. Assessment of hand vibration exposure on an assembly line. Am Ind Hyg Ass J 46(4):211-219, 1985. Abstract
  18. McKenzie F, Storment J, Van Hook P, Armstrong T. A program for control of cumulative trauma disorders in an electronics plant. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 46(11):674-678, 1985. Abstract
  19. Fine L, Silverstein B, Armstrong T, Anderson C. Detection of cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremities in the workplace. J Occup Med 28(8):675-678, 1986. Abstract
  20. Silverstein B, Fine L, Armstrong T. Hand wrist cumulative trauma disorders in industry. Brit J Indus Med 43:779-784, 1986. Abstract
  21. Silverstein B, Fine L, and Armstrong T. Carpal tunnel syndrome: causes and a preventive strategy. Seminars in Occupational Medicine 1(2) : 213-221, 1986.
  22. Armstrong T, Radwin R, Hansen D, Kennedy K. Repetitive trauma disorders: job evaluation and design. Human Factors 28(3):325-336, 1986.
  23. Goldstein S, Armstrong T, Chaffin D, Matthews L. Analysis of cumulative strain in tendons and tendon sheaths. J Biomech 20:1-6, 1987. Abstract
  24. Silverstein T, Fine L, Armstrong T. Occupational factors and carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Ind Med 11:343-358, 1987. Abstract
  25. Armstrong T, Fine L, Goldstein S, Lifshitz Y, Silverstein B. Ergonomics considerations in hand and wrist tendinitis. J Hand Surg 12A(5), Part 2, 830-837, 1987. Abstract
  26. Armstrong T, Fine L, Radwin R, Silverstein B. Ergonomics and the effects of vibration in hand intensive work. Scand J Work Environ Hlth 13(4):286-289, 1987. Abstract
  27. Radwin R, Armstrong T, Chaffin D. Power hand tool effects on grip exertions. Ergonomics 30(5):833-855, 1987.
  28. Silverstein B, Armstrong T, Longmate A, Woody D. Can in-plant exercise control musculoskeletal symptoms? J Occup Med 30(12):923-927, 1988. Abstract
  29. Buchholz B, Frederick L, Armstrong T. An investigation of human palmar skin friction and the effects of materials, pinch force and moisture. Ergonomics 31(3):317-325, 1988.
  30. Armstrong T, Punnett L, Ketner P. Subjective worker assessments of hand tools used in automobile assembly. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 50(12):639-645, 1989.
  31. Radwin R, VanBergeijk D, Armstrong T. Muscle responses to pneumatic hand tool torque reaction forces. Ergonomics 32(6):655-673, 1989. Abstract
  32. Radwin R, Armstrong T, Chaffin D, Langolf G, Albers J. Hand-arm frequency-weighted vibration effects on tactility. Int J Indus Ergon 6:75-82, 1990.
  33. Ulin S, Armstrong T, Radwin R. Use of computer aided drafting for analysis and control of posture in manual work. Applied Ergonomics 21(2):143-151, 1990.
  34. Radwin R, Armstrong T, VanBergeijk E. Vibration exposure for selected power hand tools used in automobile assembly. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 51(9):510-518, 1990. Abstract
  35. Ulin S, Ways C, Armstrong T, Snook S. Perceived exertion and discomfort versus work height with a pistol-shaped screwdriver. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 51(11):588-594, 1990. Abstract
  36. Buchholz B, Armstrong T. An ellipsoidal representation of hand anthropometry. Human Factors 33(4):429-441, 1991. Abstract
  37. Keyserling WM, Armstrong T, Punnett L. Ergonomic job analysis: A structured approach for identifying risk factors associated with overexertion injuries and disorders. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 6(5):353-363, 1991.
  38. Buchholz B, Armstrong, T., Goldstein, S. Anthropometric data for describing the kinematics of the human hand. Ergonomics 35(3):261-273, 1992. Abstract
  39. Buchholz B, Armstrong T. A kinematic model of the human hand to evaluate its prehensile capabilities. J Biomech 25(2):149-162, 1992. Abstract
  40. Ulin S, Snook S, Armstrong T, Herrin G. Preferred tool shapes for various horizontal and vertical work locations. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 7(5):327-337, 1992.
  41. Ulin S, Armstrong T. A strategy for evaluating occupational risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders. J Occup Rehab 2(1):35-50, 1992.
  42. Armstrong T, Buckle P, Fine L, Hagberg M, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Kourinka I, Silverstein B, Sjogaard G, Viikari-Juntura E. A conceptual model for work-related neck and upper limb disorders, Scand J Work En Hlth 19(2):73-84, 1993. Abstract
  43. Ulin S, Armstrong T, Snook S, Franzblau A. Effect of tool shape and work location on perceived exertion for work on horizontal surfaces. Am. Ind Hyg Assoc J 54(7):383-391, 1993. Abstract
  44. Ulin SS, Armstrong TJ, Snook SH, Keyserling WM, Perceived exertion and discomfort associated with driving screws at various work locations and at different work frequencies. Ergonomics 36(7):833-846, 1993. Abstract
  45. Ulin SS, Armstrong TJ, Snook SH, Keyserling, WM. Examination of the effect of tool mass and work posture on ratings of perceived exertion for a screw driving task, Int J Indus Ergo 12:105-115, 1993.
  46. Franzblau A, Flaschner D, Albers J, Blitz S, Werner R, Armstrong TJ. Medical screening of office workers for upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders. Arch Environ Hlth 48(3):164-170, 1993. Abstract
  47. Armstrong T, Foulke J, Martin B, Gerson J, Rempel D. Investigation of applied forces in alphanumeric keyboard work. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 55(1):30-35, 1994. Abstract
  48. Saldana N, Herrin G, Armstrong T. A Computerized method for assessment of musculoskeletal discomfort in the workforce: a tool for surveillance. Ergonomics 37(6):1097-1112, 1994. Abstract
  49. Werner R, Albers J, Franzblau A, Armstrong T. The relationship between body mass index and the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle & Nerve 17:632-636, 1994. Abstract
  50. Rempel D, Dennerlein J, Mote C, Armstrong T. A method of measuring finger tip loading during keyboard use. J Biomech 27(8):1101-1104, 1994. Abstract
  51. Werner R, Bir C, Armstrong T. Reverse Phalen's maneuver as an aide in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75(7):783-786, 1994. Abstract
  52. Frederick LJ, Armstrong TJ. Effect of friction and load on pinch force in a hand transfer task. Ergonomics 38(12): 2447-2454, 1995. Abstract
  53. Armstrong T. Control of upper limb cumulative trauma disorders. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 11(4):275-281, 1996.
  54. Martin B, Armstrong T, Foulke J, Natarajan S, Klinenberg E, Serna E, Rempel, D. Keyboard reaction force and finger flexor electromyograms during computer keyboard work. Hum Fac Erg 38(4):654-664, 1996. Abstract
  55. Kilbom S, Armstrong T, Buckle P, Fine L, Hagberg M, Haring-Sweeney M, Martin B, Punnett L, Silverstein B, Sjogaard G, Theorell T, Viikari-Juntura E. Musculoskeletal disorders: work-related risk factors and prevention. Int J Occup Environ Health. Jul;2(3):239-246, 1996. Abstract
  56. Gerard M, Armstrong T, Foulke J, Martin, B. Effects of key stiffness on force and the development of fatigue while typing. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 57:849-854, 1996. Abstract
  57. Werner R, Armstrong T, Bir C, Aylard M. Intra Carpal Canal Pressures: The role of finger, hand, wrist and forearm position. Clin Biomech (England), 12(1):44-51, 1997.
  58. Werner R, Franzblau A, Albers J, Armstrong T. The influence of body mass index and work activity in determining the prevalence of median mononeuropathy at the wrist. Occup Environ Med (England) 54:268-271, 1997. Abstract
  59. Werner R, Franzblau A, Albers J, Armstrong T. Use of screening nerve conduction for predicting future carpal tunnel syndrome. Occup Environ Med (England), 54:96-100, 1997. Abstract
  60. Mansfield J, Armstrong T. Library of Congress workplace ergonomics program, Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 58: 138-144, 1997.
  61. Latko W, Armstrong T, Foulke J, Herrin G, Rabourn R, Ulin S. Development and evaluation of an observational method for assessing repetition in hand tasks. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 58(4):278-285, 1997. Abstract
  62. Rempel D, Serina E, Klinenberg E, Martin B, Armstrong T, Foulke J, Natarajan S. The effects of keyboard keyswitch make force on applied force and finger flexor muscle activity. Ergonomics 40(8):800-808, 1997. Abstract
  63. Franzblau A, Werner R, Armstrong T, Salerno D. Test-retest reliability of an upper extremity discomfort questionnaire in industrial population, Scand J Work Env Hlth 23:299-307, 1997. Abstract
  64. Feuerstein M, Armstrong T, Hickey P, Lincoln A. Computer keyboard force and upper extremity symptoms, J Occ Env Med 39(12):1144-1153. 1997. Abstract
  65. Werner R, Franzblau A, Albers J, Armstrong T. Median mononeuropathy among active workers: are there differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic workers? Am J Indust Med 33(4):374-378,1998. Abstract
  66. Salerno D, Franzblau A, Werner R, Bromberg M, Armstrong T, Albers J. Median and ulnar nerve conduction studies among workers: normative values. Muscle & Nerve 21:999-1005, August 1998. Abstract
  67. Armstrong T, Bir C, Finsen L, Foulke J, Martin B, Sjogaard G. Muscle responses to simulated torque reactions of hand held power tools, Ergonomics 42(1):146-159, 1999. Abstract
  68. Strasser PB, Franzblau A, Armstrong TJ, Lusk SL. Perceived psychological stress and upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders. AAOHNJ 47(1):22-30, 1999. Abstract
  69. Homan M, Franzblau A, Werner R, Albers J, Armstrong, T, Bromberg M. Agreement between symptom surveys, physical examination procedures and electrodiagnostic findings for carpal tunnel syndrome. Scand J Work Env Hlth 25(2):115-124, 1999. Abstract
  70. Gerard MJ, Armstrong TJ, Franzblau A, Martin BJ, Rempel D. The effects of keyboard stiffness on typing force, finger electromyography, and subjective discomfort. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 60(6):762-769, 1999. Abstract
  71. Latko W, Armstrong T, Franzblau A, Ulin S, Werner R, Albers J. A cross-sectional study of the relationship between repetitive work and the prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Am J Ind Med 36:248-259, 1999. Abstract
  72. Salerno DF, Werner RA, Albers JW, Becker MP, Armstrong TJ, Franzblau A. Reliability of nerve conduction studies among active workers. Muscle Nerve. 22(10):1372-1379, 1999. Abstract
  73. Tittiranonda P, Rempel D, Armstrong T, Burastero S. Workplace use of an adjustable keyboard: adjustment preferences and effect on wrist posture. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J May-Jun;60(3):340-348, 1999. Abstract
  74. Tittiranonda P, Rempel D, Armstrong T, Burastero S. Effect of four computer keyboards in computer users with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. Am J Ind Med Jun;35(6):647-661, 1999. Abstract
  75. Salerno DF, Franzblau A, Werner RA, Chung KC, Schultz JS, Becker MP, Armstrong TJ Reliability of physical examination of the upper extremity among keyboard operators. Am J Ind Med Apr;37(4):423-430, 2000. Abstract
  76. Armstrong TJ, Haig AJ, Franzblau A, Keyserling WM, Levine SP, Martin BA, Ulin S, Werner R. Medical management and rehabilitation in the workplace: emerging issues. Editorial in special issue of J Occup Rehab 10(1):1-6, 2000
  77. Armstrong TJ, Franzblau A, Haig A, Keyserling WM, Levine S, Streilein K, Ulin S, Werner R. Developing ergonomic solutions for prevention of musculoskeletal disorder disability. Assist Technol 13(2):78-87, 2001. Abstract
  78. Gerard MJ, Armstrong TJ, Martin BJ. Short term and long term effects of enhanced auditory feedback on typing force, EMG, and comfort while typing, Applied Ergonomics 33(2):129-138, 2002. Abstract
  79. Gerard MJ, Armstrong TJ, Martin BJ. The effects of work pace on intra-subject and inter-subject keying force,e lectromyography, and fatigue, Human Factors, 44(1):51-61, 2002. Abstract
  80. Armstrong TJ, Marshall MM, Martin BJ, Foulke JA, Grieshaber DC, Malone G. Exposure to forceful exertions and vibration in a foundry. Intl J Ind Ergo, 30(3):163-179, 2002. Abstract
  81. Homan MM, Armstrong TJ. Evaluation of Three methodologies for assessing work activity during computer use Am Ind Hyg Assoc J Jan-Feb; 64(1):48-55, 2003. Abstract
  82. Marshall, M. M. and T. J. Armstrong. "Observational assessment of forceful exertion and the perceived force demands of daily activities." J Occup Rehabil 14(4): 281-94, 2004.
  83. Marshall, M., T. Armstrong, et al.. "Verbal Estimation of Peak Exertion Intensity." Human Factors and Ergonomics 46(4): 697-710, 2004