Core Readings

1.

General

(a)

Waldrop [114]

(b)

Anderson [2]

(c)

Hofstadter [54]

(d)

Further Reading

i.

Resnick [94]

ii.

Coveney and Highfield [28]

iii.

Gell-Mann [45]

2.

Complex Adaptive Systems

(a)

Holland [59,58,60,62,63]

(b)

Further Reading on Classifier Systems

i.

Holland, et al. [65]

3.

Adaptation

(a)

Holland [57]

(b)

Further Reading on Genetic Algorithms

i.

Holland [56]

ii.

Mitchell [85]

4.

Evolution of Modularity and Hierarchy

(a)

Simon [102]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Buss [23]

5.

Cell Assemblies

(a)

Holland [64]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Kaplan, et al. [67]

ii.

Hebb [50]

iii.

Milner [82]

6.

NK Landscapes

(a)

Kauffman [68,70]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Kauffman [69]

7.

Self-Organized Criticality

(a)

Bak and Chen [15]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Bak [14]

ii.

Bak, et al. [17]

iii.

Bak and Paczuski [16]

8.

Economics

(a)

Arthur [3,6]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Arthur [4]

ii.

Arthur [5]

9.

Non-UM/SFI Schools of Complexity

(a)

Prigogine

i.

Nicolis and Prigogine [88]

ii.

Prigogine and Stengers [91]

iii.

Nicolis and Prigogine [87]

iv.

Further Reading on Entropy

a.

Stevens [107]

b.

Feynman [37]

(b)

Synergetics

i.

Haken [49]

(c)

Autopoiesis

i.

McMullin and Varela [80]

ii.

Varela, et al. [110]

iii.

Maturana and Varela [78]

10.

Critiques of Complexity

(a)

Horgan [66]

(b)

Maynard Smith [79]

11.

Artificial Life

(a)

Langton [73]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Levy [76]

12.

Schelling's Tipping Model of Segregation

(a)

Schelling [100]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Schelling [99]

13.

Edge of Chaos

(a)

Crutchfield and Young [30]

(b)

Langton [74]

(c)

Packard [89]

(d)

Mitchell, et al. [86]

(e)

Gutowitz and Langton [48]

14.

Chaos Theory

(a)

Crutchfield, et al. [29]

(b)

Hofstadter [52]

15.

Fractals

(a)

Mandelbrot [77]

16.

Further Reading

(a)

Gleick [47]

(b)

Eubank and Farmer [36]

(c)

Strogatz [108]

17.

Origin of Life

(a)

Bagley and Farmer [13]

(b)

Hypercycles

i.

Eigen and Winkler [34]

ii.

Further Reading on Hypercycles

a.

Eigen and Schuster [33]

(c)

Further Reading

i.

Fontana [43]

18.

Tierra

(a)

Ray [92]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Ray [93]

19.

Cellular Automata

(a)

Game of Life

i.

Berlekamp, et al. [20]

(b)

1-D Cellular Automata

i.

Wolfram [117]

(c)

Further Reading

i.

von Neumann [113]

20.

Spin Glasses and the Ising Model

(a)

Stein [106]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Cipra [27]

ii.

Kindermann and Snell [71]

iii.

Stein [105]

iv.

Fischer and Hertz [39]

v.

Binder and Young [21]

vi.

Mezard, et al. [81]

vii.

Chowdhury [26]

21.

Flocking and Aggregation

(a)

Reynolds [95]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Parrish and Edelstein-Keshet [90]

22.

Sugarscape

(a)

Epstein and Axtell [35]

23.

Copycat

(a)

Hofstadter and Mitchell [55]

24.

Evolution of Cooperation

(a)

Axelrod [9,8]

25.

Evolution of Culture

(a)

Dawkins [31]

(b)

Sperber [103,104]

(c)

Further Reading

i.

Flannery [40]

26.

Catastrophe Theory

(a)

Zeeman [118]

(b)

Further Reading

i.

Thom [109]

27.

General Systems Theory

(a)

von Bertalanffy [111]

28.

Cybernetics

(a)

Braitenberg [22]

(b)

Ashby [7]

(c)

Further Reading

i.

Wiener [115]

ii.

von Foerster [112]

29.

Game Theory

(a)

Shubik [101]

30.

Simulation

(a)

Axelrod [10]

(b)

Wolfram [116]

(c)

Further Reading

i.

Axtell, et al. [12]

31.

Artificial Intelligence

(a)

Hofstadter [53]

(b)

Minsky [83]

(c)

Minsky [84]