(URL: http://www.bouncing-balls.com/timeline/putumayo.htm)
At the same time that King Leopold
was stripping the Congo of its wealth, rubber was pouring out of South America
in much larger quantities but there was no one person dominating the trade.
Nevertheless, certain areas were just as much fiefdoms to their rulers as was
the Congo to Leopold. One example which was eventually
brought to the notice of the consuming countries was dubbed Òthe Putumayo
affairÓ. The Putumayo is a major river in is own right, some 3,000 miles long,
which rises in the mountains on the west coast of Colombia and joins the Amazon
in Brazil. For much of its length it forms the border between Peru and Columbia
or Ecuador and Columbia. It was in this region, in an area about the size of
Belgium, that one Julio Cesar Arana built his rubber empire.
Arana was born around 1864 in the
Peruvian town of Rioja, where his father sold hats. By the time he was fourteen
he was also established in the trade. In 1879 his father sent him to wok as a
secretary, where he learned business administration and bookkeeping but by 1881
he was again trading on the Amazon, bartering a range of goods (including hats)
for rubber. By 1889 he had established a rubber-collecting business with his
brother-in-law, Pablo Zumaeta, in Tarapoto and married his childhood
sweetheart, Eleonora. He was soon buying rubber estradas and recruiting natives
from Cear‡ to work on them. However hard they worked, their transportation
debts to Arana never seemed to decrease.
By 1896 Arana had moved the centre
of his operations to Iquitos and was living in a ten-room house with
international business connections. He continued to prosper and within a few
years his family was living in France (Biarritz) so that his children could
receive a European education with French and British tutors. In 1907, at the
height of the Amazonian rubber boom, he arrived in London to register his
company Ð the Peruvian Amazon Company (PAC) - capitalised at £1,000,000. He had
excellent credentials as the biggest rubber exporting company in Iquitos, he
employed British subjects and he had many contacts in Europe but his reasons
for choosing England were not just financial. The political uncertainties of
the region and claims on his land by other companies made registration in
England a political, as well as an economic, move.
Whilst Arana was in London the
scandal began to gestate, fertilised by Benjamin Saldana Rocca who filed
criminal complaints against Arana and his companies for rape, murder and
torture of the Indian tappers, their wives and children. Even though Rocca ran
his own newspaper and campaigned vigorously against Arana for many months, the
courts were totally inactive so Rocca decided that his stories and the evidence
he possessed needed a wider audience.
He was lucky to recruit, through
his son, a young American, W E Hardenburg, to his cause. Hardenburg had been
badly treated by Arana and was certainly after revenge although he was later to
be described as Òa man of simple Christian standardsÓ and as an idealist by his
biographer. Whatever his motivations, Hardenburg was happy to set sail for
London in July 1909 with masses of documentary evidence that Britain, the world
leaders in antislavery legislation in the 19th century, was home to a company
practising all the most terrible of activities associated with slavery in the
20th century!
In London he met the Revered John
H Harris of the Anti-slavery and Aborigines Protection Society who had just
finished his decade-long campaign against Leopold and the Congo rubber trade.
Harris then introduced Hardenburg to Sydney Paternoster of the newspaper
ÒTruthÓ who was able to confirm enough of RoccaÕs story to continue the crusade
in his paper. His allegations included rape, torture and murder of the natives
and emphasised that the PAC was a British company. The uproar the articles
caused could not be ignored and in May 1910 the Foreign Office asked Roger
Casement, who had also been involved in exposing the Congo horrors, to investigate.
He travelled throughout the Putumayo region and reported that the fundamentals
of Rocca/HardenburgÕs allegations were based on fact. He demanded that the law
should take its course and in order to prevent a Government cover-up, as he had
experienced with his reports from the Congo, he copied his report to the
Anti-slavery and Aborigines Protection Society. (This was probably sensible as
it took until 1912 for the UK Government to actually publish his report).
At this point it should be pointed
out that other voices were being raised against Arana with the governments of
Columbia, Ecuador and Peru all being concerned with the tales coming out of the
Putumayo. However, nationalism and politics were used to obscure the truth.
Columbia and Ecuador used the stories to take the moral high ground and to
reinforce their territorial claims on the area whilst Arana roused all
patriotic Peruvians to help him, blaming soldiers from the other two countries
for the atrocities. The Peruvian government had been continuing its
investigations of Arana and spurred on by articles in the ÒseriousÓ press it
directed Judge Carlos Valc‡cel to investigate. This appointment fell through
and it was left to Judge R—mulo Paredos to set off and initiate PeruÕs formal
investigation in early 1911. Four months later her returned with his evidence
which, when documented, came to 1242 pages and confirmed all that had been said
about the horrors of the Putumayo. Valc‡cel supported Paredos and issued over
200 arrest warrants but the pro-Arana camp was so powerful and vociferous that
he quickly realised his life was in danger and fled the country. The courts
cancelled the warrants.
AranaÕs argument was simplistic
and appealing: his company was a strong civilising force in the wilds of the
jungle and he was promoting PeruÕs national interests and international
position, To say otherwise was simply unpatriotic. At a national level this
argument could appeal to a compliant government but Peru was now facing a
rising tide of anger in the UK and, perhaps more importantly, by 1912 the
growth of Asian plantation rubber was starting to threaten the wild Amazonian
material. The writing was on the wall for the Peruvian economy! America was
sitting on the fence for fear of upsetting its South American neighbours whilst
Brazil was keeping a very low profile as it was well aware that Òthe Putumayo
AffairÓ was not unique but fairly typical of rubber collecting throughout the
Amazon and related basins.
The publication of (now Sir Roger)
CasementÕs report in 1912 by the UK government contained figures which could no
longer be ignored. Casement calculated that at least 30,000 natives had been
directly murdered or killed by deliberate starvation brought about by crop
destruction for a gain of 4,000 tons of rubber in the Putumayo region alone in
the first 12 years of the century. On November 5th 1912 a UK Parliamentary
Committee began six months of hearings into the affair. Hardenburg, Harris,
Paternoster and Casement all gave evidence as did Arana himself and three
members of the board of PAC. AranaÕs defence was two-pronged Ð Nobody had told
him what was going on, he had not witnessed anything himself and his accusers
were all of bad character and unreliable. He had to accept CasementÕs evidence
but, as he had already said, he knew nothing of the atrocities himself.
The CommitteeÕs report showed its
opinion of Arana, accusing him of Òcallous indifference and guilty knowledgeÓ
whilst it accused the board members of Ònegligent ignoranceÓ. It further
concluded that the Putumayo affair was only one shockingly bad instance of
conditions liable to be found over a wide area in South America.
The British courts could not
imprison Arana who returned to Peru and continued his business. Britain tried
to persuade Peru, Brazil and the US to close his business down but to no avail.
In 1914 the First World War led to a sustained demand for all Amazonian rubber
and the PAC survived until 1920.
AranaÕs business interests
continued however and in 1932 He, together with his son and daughter, were
involved with a ÒPatriotic JuntaÓ which attempted to reclaim land ceded to
Columbia by Peru a decade earlier. This resulted in a full-scale but brief war
between the two countries, stopped under pressure from the US. The losers were,
as always, the Indians and, this time, Arana himself who lost the lands he was
fighting to regain. The time had come to retire; he was after all now 69, but
it was some 20 years before the end of Julio Cesar Arana. He died in 1952.
Compared with King Leopold and the
Congo, AranaÕs reign of terror was on a very small scale but, pro rata, it is
comparable. For over a decade he stripped what rubber he could from the
Putumayo and the scale of his atrocities can be deduced from the fact that the
contribution of the Putumayo to the world's rubber supply over this period was
some 4000 tons Ð and, according to Sir Roger Casement, the lives of at least
30,000 Indians. 4 Million kilos of rubber for about 2 million kilos of natives.
The British Parliament concluded that this was only one shockingly bad instance
of what was probably happening over much of the rubber-producing area of South
America!