© 1999 Scott Campbell
| Urban
Planning 650:
ADVANCED URBAN THEORY
Winter Semester, 2000 |
|
Prof. Scott Campbell
Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning University Of Michigan sdcamp@umich.edu office: 3136 A&AB (734) 763-2077 Office hours Last modified: March 27, 2000 |
| Thursday afternoons, 1:00 - 4:00 pm
NOTE NEW TIME (moved up from 1:30) 2207 Art & Architecture Building (second floor) |
central questions of planning |
Week 1: Introduction January
6
Week 2: Background to Social Science Thinking -- Paradigms
and the Transformation of our Models of Understanding January
13
Kuhn, Thomas. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Weeks 3-4: The City and the Frontier: Chicago
as the Link between the West and New York January
20 - 27 (date changed)
Cronon,
William.
1991. Nature's metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York:
W. W. Norton.
January 20: Chs. 1-4 (boosterism, transportation,
grain and lumber);
January 27: rest of book (meat-packing,
finance, manufacturing, and the 1893 Exposition)
Week 5: The City and the Suburb February
3 (date changed)
Robert Fishman, "Bourgeois Utopias: Visions of Suburbia,"
in Fainstein, Susan S., and Scott Campbell, eds. 1996. Readings in Urban
Theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
W. Dennis Keating. 1996. "Toward Greater Racial Diversity
in the Suburbs," In Readings in Urban Theory
see also on reserve:
Fishman, Robert. 1987. Bourgeois Utopias: the rise and fall
of suburbia. New York: Basic Books.
Hayden, Dolores. 1984. Redesigning the American Dream. New York,
NY: W. W. Norton.
see also questions
on suburbia and linked
readings on the www
Weeks 6-7: The City and the World: Global Cities as Links
between the Nation-State and the Global Economy new
start time: 1:00
Castells, Manuel. End of Millennium. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
February 10: Chs. 1-2: the fall
of the USSR and the persistent marginality of the Fourth World
February 17: Chs. the Rise of the Asian
Economies and European integration
please also read:
Saskia Sassen. 1996. "The Global City," In Readings
in Urban Theory
see also linked
readings on the www under "global cities".
Weeks 8-9: The City and Theory: Emerging Themes
in Urban Theory (date changed)
Fainstein, Susan S., and Scott Campbell, eds. 1996. Readings in
Urban Theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
February 24: Chs. 1, 3, 5, 6 (see
also Chs. 4, 7)
March 9: Chs. 12 (city as growth
machine), 13 (gentrification), 15 (postmodernism), and 16 (social justice)
Weeks 10-11: The City and the Billboard: Tourism, Boosterism
and the Marketing of Place
Ward, Stephen V. 1998. Selling Places : The Marketing and
Promotion of Towns and Cities, 1850-2000. Routledge.
March 16: first half of book --
1. Introduction; 2. Selling the Frontier; 3. Health Resorts
and Watering Places; 4. The Nation's Tonic; 5. Mass Transit
and Healthy Homes; 6. Realm of Romance
March 23: rest of book -- 7.
Selling Places or Buying Industries? 8. An Honest Tale Plainly
Told? 5. Selling the Post-Industrial City; 9. Marketing
Re-Invented Cities; 10. Come Celebrate our Dream; 11. Conclusions
see also on reserve:
The Tourist City, by Dennis R. Judd (Editor), Susan S. Fainstein
(Editor)
Rutheiser, Charles. 1996. Imagineering Atlanta: the politics of
place in the city of dreams. London, New York: Verso.
Week 12: The City and the Nation-State: Capital Cities
and Global Cities March 30
© 1999 Scott Campbell
Campbell, Scott. "The Changing Role and Identity of Capital Cities
in the Global Era," paper presented at the Association of Collegiate Schools
of Planning Annual Conference, October 21-24, 1999, Chicago, IL.
[paper available from instructor]
The following three articles are available online through the U-M library. Click here, scroll down to the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. click on the link there, and then from within that IJURR page, click on the search box up top. Type in "Berlin" in the search area and you will find the three articles below:
Marcuse, Peter. Reflections on Berlin: The Meaning of Construction and the Construction of Meaning, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v.22, n.2., p.331, 1998.
Campbell, Scott. Capital reconstruction and capital accumulation in Berlin: a reply to Peter Marcuse, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v.23, n.1., p.173, 1999
Häusermann, Hartmut. Economic and political power in the new Berlin: a response to Peter Marcuse, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v.23, n.1., p.180, 1999
see also on reserve:
Taylor, John, Jean G. Lengellé, and Caroline Andrew, eds. 1993.
Capital
Cities / Les Capitales: Perspectives Internationales / International
Perspectives.
Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
Weeks 13: Individual Meetings with students regarding paper
projects [no class on Thursday, April 6]
Weeks 14: Student Presentations of Projects April
13
Castells, Manuel. 1998. End of Milennium. Oxford: Blackwell.
Cronon, William. 1991. Nature's metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton.
Fainstein, Susan S., and Scott Campbell, eds. 1996. Readings in Urban Theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Fishman, Robert. 1987. Bourgeois Utopias: the rise and fall of suburbia. New York: Basic Books.
Hayden, Dolores. 1984. Redesigning the American Dream. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Krugman, Paul. 1997. Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (Ohlin Series). MIT Press.
Kuhn, Thomas. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sassen, Saskia. 1991. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sennett, Richard, ed. 1969. Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Taylor, John, Jean G. Lengellé, and Caroline Andrew, eds. 1993. Capital Cities / Les Capitales: Perspectives Internationales / International Perspectives. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
Ward, Stephen V. 1998. Selling Places : The Marketing and Promotion
of Towns and Cities, 1850-2000. Routledge; ISBN: 0419242406
March 9 Literature review
Set your paper in the context of previous writings on the subject.
How have other authors previously answered your question? What theoretical
arguments and techniques did they use, and what were their conclusions?
Where is there consensus in the literature, and where is there disagreement?
As an intermediate step, you might begin by constructing an annotated bibliography
(see example below). However, your final product should be a literature
review in narrative form (with a bibliography at the end).
Friedmann,
John and Clyde Weaver. 1979. Territory and Function:
The Evolution of Regional Planning. Berkeley and
Los Angeles: University of California Press.
This is an excellent introductory text. Part I
reviews regional development and regionalism in the United States, including
the Regional Planning Association of America, the Southern Regionalists,
and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Part II surveys urban economics,
regional science, and development theories. Finally, in Part III,
Friedmann and Weaver examine the recent crisis in regional development,
and argue for an alternative paradigm of planning, including a return to
a territorial, regionalist approach to planning.
March 30 Complete paper (draft version)
[3 copies -- one for the instructor; 2 for student readers]
This draft should be complete in structure (introduction, research
question(s), context of research, analysis/interpretation, conclusion,
bibliography).
April 20 Final version of paper
2. Scholars have used the term "modernism" as a unifying concept to describe what has happened to U.S. cities in the past 100 years. Is modernism a useful category to understand 20th Century American urbanization? Explain why or why not, and what alternative explanations offer, such as "capitalism" or "industrialization." Be sure to precisely define and distinguish terms.
3. Examine how the concept of "nature" has been used in the 20th Century intellectual history of planning theory. How has the concept of nature been defined and used in various approaches to planning theory (e.g., city beautiful, Geddes, Howard, Mumford, comprehensive planning, postmodernist planning, etc.)? If necessary, distinguish between the terms "nature," "environment," "wilderness," "open space," etc. Imagine that you are teaching a doctoral planning seminar on "Planning Theory and the Idea of Nature," and this essay is the introductory lecture that demonstrates to what extent nature has been either an implicit leitmotif -- or unknown concept -- in 20th Century planning theory.
4. According to Saskia Sassen, "economic globalization, accompanied by the emergence of a global culture, had profoundly altered the social, economic, and political reality of ... regions and ... cities." Discuss the relationship between global forces and local factors in shaping the contemporary city. You may focus on cities in either the developed or less developed world.
5. Sustainable development has emerged as a popular concept in recent years, yet it arguably remains under-theorized, especially in the context of urban and regional planning. In this essay you are to situate sustainable development within the larger context of theories and strategies in planning and urban theory. Can you identify strains of sustainable development thinking throughout the intellectual history of planning (e.g., city beautiful, Geddes, Howard, Mumford, RPAA, TVA, Pinchot and conservationism, bioregionalism, comprehensive planning)? Imagine that you are teaching a doctoral planning seminar on "Planning Theory and the Idea of Sustainability," and this essay is the introductory lecture that demonstrates to what extent sustainable development has been either an implicit leitmotif -- or unknown concept -- in 20th Century planning theory.
6. Can planning theory, now or in the past, be said to have a dominant paradigm? a) Trace the history of planning theory from the beginning of the century in terms of what paradigms were widely adopted. b) Relate these paradigms to the socio-political context in which planning was operating. c) During the time when comprehensive rationality (or the rational model) was particularly influential, is it accurate to say that it constituted a dominant paradigm? d) What is the current situation?
7. "The ideal city is the genre of the outsider who travels at
one leap from complete powerlessness to imaginary omnipotence."
(Robert Fishman)
Plato had his Republic. In 1516, Thomas More created his
imaginary Utopia, an island with a perfect political and social order.
Charles Fourier, Robert Owen and Henri de Saint-Simon created their own
visions of the perfect community in the 19th Century. The Shakers
built their villages throughout New York and New England in the 19th Century.
In the 20th Century, Howard sketched his Garden City, Wright designed his
Broadacres, and Le Corbusier proposed his Radiant City. More
recently, ecologists have imagined ideal ecologically-sustainable communities
(such as Callenbach's Ecotopia and Kirkpatrick Sale's bioregions),
while neo-traditionalists have imagined their own idealized, middle-class
village-like community.
Discuss the use of model cities (utopias, ideal communities,
abstract prototypes) in planning during this century. Examine several
examples (you may include those mentioned above). To what extent
is imagining a model community in the future a worthwhile step in planning
(or is it merely the useless byproduct of idle dreaming and avoidance of
hard political and economic realities)? Is the "ideal community"
approach to planning on the rise or the decline? Explain why.
8. It has become a commonplace to describe a shift in the organization of capitalism over the last twenty years from a period often labeled "Fordist" to one termed "post-Fordist." Define these terms in general as they apply to the political economy of the wealthy capitalist countries. Then describe their use in analyzing the character of manufacturing industry in general and the machine tool industry in particular. How useful is this approach as a broad brush method of characterizing the current epoch and as a strategy for analyzing a specific industry?
9. Comprehensive planning has been alternately endorsed and rejected by planners. Define comprehensive planning and briefly discuss its development in the history of planning and planning theory. Then discuss the appropriateness of comprehensive planning specifically for environmental planning. How do the conceptual, institutional and technical characteristics of environmental protection make comprehensiveness either an appropriate or inappropriate strategy (as compared to other areas of planning such as housing, transportation and economic development)? Be sure to discuss both sides of the argument. Be both precise and subtle in your use of the term "comprehensive."
10. Planners and urbanists have focused much of their efforts on understanding and addressing the economic distress of older industrial cities. They have examined complex causes such as deindustrialization, plant closures, the decline of labor unions, suburbanization, the globalization of manufacturing and trade, the fiscal crisis of the city, and the rise of the underclass. Meanwhile, a new generation of American cities and regions (such as Seattle, Silicon Valley, Austin, Atlanta) are booming and apparently immune to the woes of Philadelphia, Detroit, Hartford, etc. How might these growing cities learn from the analysis of urban decline of the first set of cities so as to avoid a similar fate? Is an early intervention either advisable or even possible? Be sure in your discussion to compare the socio-economic base of these two classes of cities (and whether it is indeed appropriate to speak of a "new generation of cities").
11. A number of theorists describe a break in the development of cities, regions, and culture during the 1970s. What are the different ways in which they have characterized this change? Do you agree that such a break has taken place? If so, what do you see as the underlying dynamic leading to this transformation and what are the qualities that differentiate the present period from the one preceding it? If you disagree with the argument that there has been a sharp change, what are the reasons for your disagreement?
12. Urbanists have often made sweeping and deterministic arguments about how new technologies would dramatically change metropolitan development. For example, the telephone was to eliminate the need for personal visits; the teleconference would eliminate the need for business travel; the Internet would eliminate commuting; personal hover craft and helicopters would make the street grid irrelevant. Yet one sees the persistence of the real despite the virtual; the persistence of manufacturing despite services; the persistence of agglomeration economies despite decentralization; and the persistence of the local despite the global. In this essay, compare several different theoretical approaches to understanding the relationship between technological change and metropolitan development. Be sure to define what you mean by technology and technological change.
13. Recent changes both inside and outside the U.S. Congress have pointed toward an increasing opposition to government activities in a wide variety of areas, including environmental protection, social services, public transportation, scholarly research, foreign aid, housing and education. Begin by outlining the traditional justifications for public sector planning. Then examine the traditional arguments against public sector planning. (Indicate whether there is a single, core argument against planning, or else a cluster of distinct arguments against planning.) Finally, speculate on the current anti-government sentiment in this country, and place it in the context of your analysis of justifications for and against planning.
14. One of the central themes in planning theory is the "public interest." A belief in the public interest has been the foundation for a set of values that planners hold dear: equal protection and equal opportunity, public space, and a sense of civic community and social responsibility. For urban designers, this public interest may be the preservation of public spaces and architecture that promotes a shared sense of community. For environmental planners, this may include the preservation of natural resources and open space for the public's enjoyment. How has this sense of the public interest changed over time?
15. Some urban writers have compared advanced industrial cities to less developed cities, such as comparing the underclass poverty, income disparity, infant mortality rates and informal sector of New York City to the conditions in third world cities. What is the function, benefit and potential abuse of this first world-third world comparative structure? Beyond serving as a provocative and anti-elitist assertion that the supposedly advanced, sophisticated cities of North America and Europe may not be that much different from the megacities of the so-called underdeveloped world, to what extent can these comparisons improve our theoretical understanding of urban development? Is there a limit to the usefulness of these comparisons? Cite examples where appropriate.
16. How do different disciplines conceptualize space? Do
geographers, planners, sociologists, economists, anthropologists, ecologists,
architects, etc. each have a common or conflicting views of space, geography,
place, territory, "home," etc.?
THE ROLE OF THE PLANNER
design vs. social science: (i.e., should the planner be trained
as an architect or economist?)
city vs. planning: Should city planning focus on the "city"
(a substantive place) or on the "planning" (a procedural/behavioral process
of decision making)? (e.g., ends vs. means)
utopian (planning for how things could/should be) vs. pragmatic (how
things are)
consensus vs. adversarial (Can and should planners strive to
achieve a common set of goals and objectives amongst all the social groups
in a city? Or should planners accept the inevitability of social
conflict and disagreement in any plan?)
engaged advocate vs. objective technician (How far should planners
get involved in politics and take sides?)
ORGANIZATIONAL AND SPATIAL SCALE OF PLANNING
comprehensive (large scale designs) vs. incremental
(i.e., "muddling through")
bottom up (grass roots) vs. top-down planning (centralized planning)
neighborhood vs. city vs. metropolis vs. region vs. nation vs.
world (at what level should planning happen?)
PRIORITIES AND CONFLICTING INTERESTS IN PLANNING
economic development vs. environmentalism (Which goal should
planners pursue?)
equity vs. efficiency (Should we plan for an efficient
allocation of resources, or a more socially fair distribution of resources?)
physical vs. social planning, or planning for people
vs. planning for place.
territory vs. function (i.e., planning for places
vs. planning for economic sectors)
THE PLANNER'S RELATIONSHIP TO THE MARKET AND GOVERNMENT
planning vs. the market: What is their relationship?
(1) market failures and nonmarket failures (neoclassical view);
(2) the market as inherently a failure (Marxist view);
(3) planning as serving the market (a Marxist view, or a cynical
view)
(4) a blurred boundary between planning and the market
(institutional view)
public vs. private (Should planning be done in the public and/or
private sector?)
capitalism vs. socialism: "the logic of the plan
to replace the chaos of the market " (the old justification of socialism)
vs. "the logic of the market to replace the chaos of the plan" (the
new critique of Eastern European socialism?)
STYLES OF PLANNING
comprehensive planning
"rational model" of planning
incremental planning
advocacy planning
strategic planning
equity planning
PLANNING TERMINOLOGY
zoning
urban partnerships
linkages and inclusionary zoning
Tennessee Valley Authority
Appalachian Regional Commission
general plan (master plan, comprehensive plan)
greenbelt
community development
economic development
TYPOLOGIES OF CITIES AND URBANIZATION
city
metropolis
region
megalopolis
hinterland
suburb
technoburb
edge city
world city
global city
megacity
capital city
Frostbelt/Sunbelt
MOVEMENTS AND PROTOTYPES
City Beautiful Movement (and the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago)
Garden City (Ebenezer Howard)
Radiant City (Le Corbusier)
Broadacres (Frank Lloyd Wright)
the Regional Planning Association of America
regionalism
Modernism and Postmodernism
bioregionalism (ecoregionalism)
neo-traditional housing communities
A few names to know:
Lewis Mumford
Rexford Tugwell
Ebenezer Howard
Le Corbusier
Frank Lloyd Wright
Daniel Burnham
Frederick Law Olmsted
Robert Moses
Baron Haussmann
Jane Jacobs
Jane Addams
Clarence Stein
Patrick Geddes
Benton MacKaye
Albert Speer
James Rouse
Abraham Levitt (Levittown)
Berlin
Borneman, John. 1991. After the Wall: East Meets West in the
New Berlin. New York: Basic Books.
Borneman, John. 1992. Belonging in the Two Berlins: Kin, State,
nation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clare, George. 1990. Before the Wall: Berlin Days, 1946-48. New
York: Dutton.
Darnton, Robert. 1991. Berlin journal, 1989-1990. New York: Norton.
Diefendorf, Jeffry M. 1993. In the Wake of War: The Reconstruction
of German Cities after World War II. New York and Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Elkins, T.H. 1988. Berlin Spatial Structure of a Divided City. London
and New York: Methuen.
Friedrich, Otto. 1972. Before the Deluge: A Portrait of Berlin
in the 1920s. New York: Harper and Row.
Häußermann, Hartmut, and Elizabeth Strom. 1994. Berlin:
The Once and Future Capital. International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research 18 (2):335-346.
Chicago
Gilbert, James Burkhart. 1991. Perfect cities: Chicago's utopias of
1893. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Miller, Donald L. 1996. City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago
and the Making of America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Las Vegas
Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour. 1977. Learning
from Las Vegas: The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form. revised
ed. Cambridge, Mass and London: MIT Press.
London
Rasmussen, Steen Eiler. 1974. London, the unique city. Cambridge: M.I.T.
Press.
Los Angeles/Southern California
Davis, Mike. 1990. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los
Angeles. New York: Verso.
Lotchin, Roger W. 1992. Fortress California, 1910-1961: from warfare
to welfare. New York: Oxford University Press.
McWilliams, Carey. 1985. Southern California: an island on the land.
Salt Lake City: Gibbs M. Smith/Peregrine Smith.
Soja, E.W. and A.J. Scott, eds. 1996. The City: Los Angeles and
Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
New York City
Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. 1998. Gotham : A History of New
York City to 1898: Oxford Univ Press.
Caro, Robert. 1974. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall
of New York. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Fainstein, Susan S., Ian Gordon, and Michael Harloe, eds. 1992. Divided
Cities: New York and London in the Contemporary World. Oxford UK
and Cambridge US: Blackwell.
Gelernter, David Hillel. 1996. 1939: The Lost World of the Fair.
New York: Avon Books.
Gottmann, Jean. 1961. Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern
Seaboard of the United States. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
Hoover, Edgar M., and Raymond Vernon. 1959. Anatomy of a Metropolis.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Jacobs, Jane. 1961. Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York:
Vintage.
Paris
Harvey, David. 1985. Consciousness and the urban experience: studies
in the history and theory of capitalist urbanization. Baltimore, Md.: John
Hopkins University Press. [chapter on Paris]
Verne, Jules. 1996. Paris in the Twentieth Century. Translated by Richard
Howard. New York: Random House.
Philadelphia
Warner, Sam Bass. 1987. The private city: Philadelphia in three periods
of its growth. [2nd ed.]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
San Francisco
Hartman, Chester W. 1984. The transformation of San Francisco. Totowa,
N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld.
Lotchin, Roger W. 1973. A history of San Francisco, 1846-1856: Thesis
(Ph. D.)--Chicago, 1969.
Lotchin, Roger W. 1979. San Francisco, 1846-1856: from hamlet to city.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Lotchin, Roger W. 1979. Urbanism in the modern West. De Land, Fla.:
Everett/Edwards.
Vienna
Schorske, Carl E. 1981. Fin-de-siècle Vienna: politics and culture.
New York: Vintage Books. [see, in particular, the chapter on
Vienna's Ringstraße]
Washington, D.C.
Bowling, Kenneth R. 1988. Creating the federal city, 1774-1800:
Potomac fever. Washington, D.C: American Institute of Architects Press.
Brereton, Thomas F. 1973. Planning in the National Capital: a study
of organizations and problems in three federal capital cities. Ann Arbor,
Mich.: Xerox University Microfilms.
Green, C.M. 1965. Washington: Capital City, 1879-1950. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Gutheim, F. 1977. Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning
for the National Capital. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press.
Spofford, Ainsworth Rand. 1881. The founding of Washington city. Baltimore:
J. Murphy & Co.
Weaver, K., and C. Harris. 1989. Who's in Charge Here: Congress
and the Nation's Capital. Brookings Review 7 (3):39-46.
On Capital Cities
Clark, Peter, and Bernard Lepetit. 1996. Capital cities and their hinterlands
in early modern Europe. Aldershot, Hants, England: Brookfield, Vt.: Scolar
Press; Ashgate Pub.
Cornish, Vaughan. 1971. The great capitals; an historical geography.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
Eldredge, H. Wentworth, ed. 1975. World Capitals: Toward Guided
Urbanization. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
Gottmann, Jean. 1985. The Study of Former Capitals. Ekistics 314/315
(Sept./Oct.-Nov./Dec.):541-46.
Sagvari, Agnes, and International Council on Archives. Executive Committee.
1980. The Capitals of Europe: a guide to the sources for the history of
their architecture and construction = Les Capitales de l'Europe : guide
des sources de laarchitecture et de lurbanisme [editor-in-chief, Agnes
Sagvari]. Munchen; New York: Detroit: K.G. Saur; distributed by Gale Research.
Taylor, John, Jean G. Lengellé, and Caroline Andrew, eds. 1993.
Capital Cities / Les Capitales: Perspectives Internationales / International
Perspectives. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
Vale, Lawrence J. 1992. Architecture, Power, and National Identity.
New Haven: Yale University Press.