A Selected Chronology of Urban Planning History

Urban Planning 540: Planning Theory
Prof. Scott Campbell
University Of Michigan

last updated: April 14, 2013 (*Please email me with any comments or corrections; this is a work in progress.)

Planning History Timeline: a Selected Chronology of Events (with a focus on the U.S.)

NOTE: starting/ending dates of eras are often approximate (e.g., "Progressive Era") and should be interpreted as rough outlines of overlapping historical eras.

see also: "Urban theorist timeline"

important books/publications listed in dark red
key dates in planning education in green
notable new towns & projects in gray shading

ERAS (approximate)	YEAR	EVENT	TOPIC
	1791	Pierre L.Enfant plans the capital of the United States
	1811	Commissioners' Plan establishes the street grid pattern for New York City (i.e., "the greatest grid") [link]
	1818	Robert Owen publishes Report to the Committee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor. (a proposal for small village communities of 1,200 for the relief of overcrowded towns)
	1826	Johann Heinrich von Thünen. 1826. Der isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonomie. Hamburg. [The Isolated State]	publication
	1842	Croton Aqueduct begins supplying water from Westchester County to New York City.
	1849	James Silk Buckingham publishes National Evils and Practical Remedies, a proposal for a model town to absorb the unemployed (never built).	publication
	1855	The London physician John Snow publishes his map of the cholera outbreak in Soho [seen as a landmark prototype of a thematic map] †
	1857	The development of Llewellyn Park, an elaborately landscaped villa development in the foothills of New Jersey's Orange Mountains. (one of the first planned American suburbs)	new town/project
	1857	Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux win the design competition for what would become New York City's Central Park (built 1858-1873). [confirm dates]	new town/project
	1857	The American Institute of Architects (AIA) established.
	1860s	The period of Baron Haussmann intense rebuilding of Paris (starting in about 1855)
	1860s	Vienna began its Ringstrasse development
	1868	Olmsted began planning the suburb of Riverside, Illinois.	new town/project
	1870	Baron Haussmann was forced to resign his position as Prefect of Paris
	1870	Planning begins for San Francisco's Golden Gate Park (designed by William Hammond Hall and John McLaren) [link]	new town/project
	1875	Benjamin Ward proposes his model city of health called "Hygeia" to promote longevity and lower mortality.
	1880	Building of Pullman, Illinois, model industrial town, begun by George Pullman (completed 1884)	new town/project
	1883	Brooklyn Bridge completed (connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn over the East River).
	1884	First settlement house: Toynbee House in England
	1886	Establishment of the Neighborhood Guild in New York's Lower East Side (considered the first settlement house in the US) [link]
	1887	Ferdinand Tönnies. 1887. Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. Leipzig. (later translated as Community and Society), [foundational text of urban sociology]	publication
	1889	Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr co-founded Hull House, an early settlement house, in Chicago
	1889	Sitte, Camillo. 1889. Der Städte-Bau nach seinen künstlerischen Grundsätzen : ein Beitrag zur Lösung modernster Fragen der Architektur und monumentalen Plastik unter besonderer Beziehung auf Wien. Wien: C. Graeser & Co. [later translated as: City Planning According to Artistic Principles]	publication
	1890	Jacob Riis publishes his How the Other Half Lives, a view of the New York slums, which stimulated housing reform.	publication
	1893	Columbian Exposition in Chicago (roots of City Beautiful). Main architect: Burnham.
	1894	the National Municipal League founded
	1898	Ebenezer Howard publishes To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (reprinted in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-Morrow)	publication
	1898	"Greater New York" created out of the merger of the five boroughs.
	1898	Peter Kropotkin, Fields, Factories and Workshops [link]	publication
	1899	the American Society of Landscape Architects founded
	1900	Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal opened (linked the south branch of the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River). Reversed the flow of the Chicago River to prevent pollution of Lake Michigan water supply.
	1901	Charles M. Robinson publishes The Improvement of Towns and Cities or the Practical Basis of Civic Aesthetics. (New York), which emerged as a key statement of the City Beautiful Movement.	publication
	1901	New York State Tenement Housing Act of 1901 [required improvements in window ventilation, courtyards, fire safety, etc.]
	1902	the McMillan Plan for Washington, D.C., redesigning the National Mall, in City Beautiful style
	1903	Letchworth constructed (as England's first Garden City, about 30 miles north of London)	new town/project
	1903	Georg Simmel, "Die Großstadt und das Geistesleben" ["The Metropolis and Mental Life"]	publication
	1904	The Association of American Geographers (AAG) founded.	education
	1906	The Garden Cities Association of America established (first Vice Pres.: the president of Long Island Railroad)
	1907	the first city planning commission (in Hartford, CT) established
	1908	Ford produces the first "Model T" automobile (in the Piquette Plant in Detroit) [seen as the first affordable, mass produced car)
	1909	First National Conference on City Planning in Wash. D.C.
	1909	"Housing, Town Planning, etc., Act, 1909" (UK) [permits local authorities to engage in planning]
	1909	Burnham's Plan of Chicago published (seen as the first regional-oriented plan in the U.S.)
	1909	Harvard offers the first course in city planning (in its School of Landscape Architecture)	education
	1909	Hellerau, the first "garden city"(Gartenstadt) in Germany (adjacent to Dresden).	new town/project
	1909	Weber, Alfred. 1909. Über den Standort der Industrien. Tübingen. [Theory of the Location of Industries] (an influential text on location theory written by Max Weber's brother)	publication
	1910	General Town Planning Exhibition ('Allgemeine Städtebau-Ausstellung') in Berlin (May) †
	1910	"The Town Planning Conference," London (October) †
	1911	Forest Hills Garden built as a middle- and upper-income garden city-like development in Queens, NY. (designed by Frederick Olmsted, Jr., and built by the Russell Sage Foundation)	new town/project
	1911	Frederick Winslow Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management, one of the fountainheads of the efficiency movements in the U.S. (including the City Efficient movement).	publication
	1912	Columbia University (NY) offers a town planning course within the School of Architecture [link]	education
	1914	Perry, Clarence Arthur. 1914. The school as a factor in neighborhood development, by Clarence Arthur Perry, [Russell Sage Foundation, New York Pamphlet]. New York City,: Dept. of Recreation. [an early version of Perry's idea of the neighborhood unit as the foundation of planning]	publication
	1914	Royal Town Planning Institute established (first president: Thomas Adams) †
	1915	Geddes, Patrick. 1915. Cities in evolution: an introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics. London: Williams & Norgate. [link]	publication
	1916	first comprehensive zoning in the US (by New York City Board of Estimates)
	1917	American City Planning Institute (ACPI) established, with Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. as 1st president
	1919	Canadian Institute of Planners founded.
	1919	Bauhaus formed in Germany (Walter Gropius)
	1920	The 1920 US Decennial Census confirms that the US urban population (54.3 mil) has surpassed the rural population (51.8 mil).
	1920	The second Garden City was built in England in Welwyn, about 20 miles north of London	new town/project
	1921	Port Authority of New York created. To insure "faithful cooperation in the future planning and development of the port of New York." Empowered to operate "any terminal of transportation facility" within the port district. (later renamed the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey)
	1921	Max Weber, Die Stadt. [The City]	publication
	1922	Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York under Thomas Adams.
	1923	Creation of the Regional Planning Association of America ("RPAA") -- a small but influential group including Clarence Stein, Henry Wright, Benton MacKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing, Catherine Bauer, and others.
	1923	Harvard opens the first graduate program in city planning (housed in the Department of Landscape Architecture) †	education
	1924	U.S. Dept. of Commerce (under Secretary Herbert Hoover) issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.
	1924-8	Sunnyside Gardens constructed (in New York, designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright)	new town/project
	1925	first comprehensive plan officially endorsed by a major US city (Cincinnati)
	1925	Ernest Burgess publishes his "concentric zone" model of urban structure and land use.	publication
	1925	Le Corbusier exhibits his "Plan Voisin" for Paris (a massively-scale replacement of central Paris neighborhoods with highrises.) [link]
	1925	Survey Graphic Regional Planning Number (1925), edited by Lewis Mumford. [contained the writings of the Regional Planning Association of America]	publication
	1925	Le Corbusier. 1925. Urbanisme, Collection de "L'esprit nouveau". Paris: G. Crès & cie. [later translated as The city of to-morrow and its planning]	publication
	1926	Village of Euclid vs. Ambler Reality (constitutionality of zoning upheld by Supreme Court)
	1928	construction of Radburn, NJ, begun (a Garden City designed by Stein and Wright), located in what is now Fair Lawn, between Paterson and Paramus.
	1928	MacKaye, Benton. 1928. The new exploration; a philosophy of regional planning. New York,: Harcourt.	publication
	1929	The Stock Market Crash
	1929	Harvard creates the first independent planning school (3-year Master of City Planning program),with funding assistance from the Rockefeller Foundation †	education
	1930	Werner Hegemann, Das steinerne Berlin: Geschichte der grössten Mietkasernenstadt der Welt. Berlin: Kiepenhauer. [Stony Berlin: History of the Largest Tenement City in the World]	publication
	1930	Rockefeller Center begun in midtown Manhattan (principal architect Raymond Hood)
	1932	26 mayors met in Detroit to appeal for federal support of Depression-hit cities (this group formally became the U.S. Conference of Mayors in 1933)
	1932	Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1932. The Disappearing City. New York, W. F. Payson. [Wright presents his idea for the decentralized "Broadacre City"]	publication
	1933	Christaller, Walter. 1933. Die zentrale Orte in Süddeutschland. Jena. [Central Places in southern Germany] (develops the influential idea of "central place theory" and the resulting hierarchical network of cities)	publication
	1933	Congress creates the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) in May
	1933	The Public Works Administration (PWA) created (in May), as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
	1933	The Civil Works Administration (CWA) created (in November), later folded into the FERA in April, 1934
	1933	The National Planning Board established in the Interior Department to assist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works. Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), was abolished in 1943.
	1933	The Tennessee Valley Authority created to provide for unified and multi-purpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley. (the most famous experiment in integrated river basin planning in the U.S.)
	1934	Housing Act of 1934 (establishes the FHA)
	1934	American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) established.
	1935	The U.S. Resettlement Administration established to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement. (led by Rexford Tugwell). It built three Greenbelt towns (as early forms of new towns): Greenbelt, Maryland; Greendale, Wisconsin; and Greenhills, Ohio.
	1935	Congress created the Works Progress Administration (WPA)
	1935	The Social Security Act passed in August
	1935	MIT approves a Master in City Planning (MCP) program. [link]	education
	1935	Cornell offers regional planning classes through a Carnegie Corporation grant (a joint architecture and engineering program) [link]	education
	1937	The U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall). Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing.
	1937	Farm Security Administration established, successor to the Resettlement Administration and administrator of many programs to alleviate the condition of the rural poor
	1938	Wirth, Louis. "Urbanism as a Way of Life." American Journal of Sociology 44 (1):1-24.	publication
	1939	Homer Hoyt publishes his monograph, The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities, outlining his theory of radial-sector.	publication
	1939	ACPI renamed the American Institute of Planners (AIP)
	1939	The American Institute of Planners (through Civic Films, Inc.) releases the influential film "The City", with commentary written by Lewis Mumford and music by Aaron Copeland. (presents the dark side of the congested industrial city and the benefits of regional planning and new towns/garden cities) [link]
	1939	New York World's Fair, which included the "Futurama" exhibit, designed by Norman Bell Geddes, at the General Motors Pavilion. The exhibit presented a vision of the rationally-planned city of the future, with superhighways and multi-leveled streets.
	1940	Lösch, August. 1940. Die räumliche Ordnung der Wirtschaft: Eine Untersuchung über Standort, Wirtschaftsgebiete und internationalen Handeln. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer. [later translated as The economics of location] (a seminal text on location theory and urban economics)	publication
	1944	Serviceman’s Readjustment Act ("G.I. Bill"). Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under urban favorable terms (which, in turn, accelerated suburbanization after the war).
	1944	The Greater London Plan of 1944 (i.e., the "Abercrombie Plan") [link] [map]
	1944	Hayek, Friedrich. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. London: Routledge. [an argument for the benefits of decentralized markets and against centralized planning]	publication
	1946	the Full Employment Act of 1946
	1946	The University of North Carolina establishes the Department of City & Regional Planning (one of the first planning programs at a state university. Significantly, a planning program without links to an architecture or landscape architecture school; see also U. Chicago in 1947) [note: U. Illinois starts around this year as well - confirm]	education
	1947	the Housing and Home Finance Agency (predecessor of HUD) created to coordinate federal government’s various housing programs.
	1947	Construction of Levittown, NY, begun (a private-sector development to sell affordable houses to the new white middle-class with their FHA loans).
	1947	Coursework began at University of Chicago's Program for Education and Research in Planning [a pathbreaking, interdisciplinary planning program, treating planning as an applied social science rather than as an extension of architecture]. program terminated in 1956. †	education
	1949	Housing Act of 1949 (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill). Aimed to provide about 800,000 units to be constructed over a period of six years. First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation.
	1951	Stanford Industrial Park created by Stanford University (later renamed Stanford Research Park); first tenants, Varian Brothers, arrive in 1953. [becomes an early center of what would become known as "Silicon Valley"; an example of university-firm technology transfer]	new town/project
	1952	Gruen, Victor and Smith, Lawrence P. "Shopping Center: The New Building Type. Progressive Architecture, June 1952, pp. 67–109. [one of many of Gruen's early postwar writings on the shopping mall]	publication
	1954	the Housing Act of 1954 (created the Urban Planning Assistance Program to aid states and localities). Also gave federal grants for councils of governments and other metropolitan planning agencies (early federal support for regional coordination). †
	1954	In Berman vs. Parker, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the right of Washington, D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties which are unsightly though nondeteriorated if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment plan.
	1954	Youngtown, Arizona, opens as the first age-restricted retirement community in the US. †	new town/project
	1955	Disneyland Park opens in Anaheim, CA.	new town/project
	1955	Meyerson, Martin, and Edward C. Banfield. 1955. Politics, planning, and the public interest; the case of public housing in Chicago, Glencoe, Ill.,: Free Press. [emphasizes the political nature of planning and the link between planning, urban politics and public support]	publication
	1956	Chandigarh completed as the new provincial capital of Punjab, India (designed by Le Corbusier along with Piere Jeanneret, Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew starting in 1950). [confirm completion date]	new town/project
	1956	Passage of the U.S. Federal-Aid Highway Act (popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act)
	1956	Development of Brasília, the new capital of of Brazil (planner: Lucio Costa; architect: Oscar Niemeyer). Inaugurated in 1960.	new town/project
	1956	Isard, Walter. 1956. Location and Space-Economy. New York: The Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and John Wiley & Sons. [the foundational text by the "father" of regional science]	publication
	1956	Tiebout, Charles M. 1956. "A pure theory of local public expenditures." Journal of Political Economy no. 64 (3):416–424. [the classic statement of the "Tiebout Model"]	publication
	1957	Perloff, H. 1957. Education for Planning: City, State, and Region. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.	publication
	1957	Chapin, F. Stuart. 1957. Urban land use planning. New York: Harper. [the first of many versions/editions of this standard text]	publication
	1958	Regional Science Department established by the University of Pennsylvania (chair: Walter Isard); department closed in 1993. †	education
	1959	Lindblom, C.E 1959. "The Science of 'Muddling Through," Public Administration Review 19 79-88. [seminal article on incremental planning]	publication
	1959	Research Triangle Park created (between the cities of Raleigh, Durham and Chapel Hill, NC)	new town/project
	1960	Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.	publication
	1960	Del Webb's Sun City opens in Arizona, promoted as an "active living" retirement community †	new town/project
	1961	Lewis Mumford, The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects, Harcourt, Brace & World (New York).	publication
	1961	Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities [strongly criticized contemporary city planning and large-scale urban renewal]	publication
	1962	Conversion of the old Ghirardelli chocolate factory in San Francisco into a commercial complex. (architects: Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons Inc.; and Lawrence Halprin & Associates) [seen as the first major "adaptive reuse" project of old factory/warehouse buildings turned into retail/tourist uses]. The nearby adaptive reuse project, "The Cannery," completed a year later in 1963 (architect: Joseph Esherick). †	adaptive reuse
	1962	Kuhn, Thomas S. 1962. The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. [triggered a re-evaluation of the structure and transformation of social science ideas and truth]	publication
	1962	Gans, Herbert J. 1962. The urban villagers; group and class in the life of Italian-Americans. New York: Free Press of Glencoe. [study of Boston's West End neighborhood and a critical view of slum clearance programs]	publication
	1962	Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Houghton Mifflin). [a foundational text in the modern environmental movement]	publication
	1963	Destruction of the above-ground portion of historic Pennsylvania Station -- the main train station in New York City, designed by McKim, Mead and White and completed in 1910. The failed protests against the demolition helped trigger the historic preservation movement.
	1964	the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
	1964	The 1964 Urban Mass Transportation Act
	1964	Kent, T.J. 1964. The Urban General Plan. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing.	publication
	1964	Anderson, Martin. 1964. The Federal bulldozer; a critical analysis of urban renewal, 1949-1962, Cambridge,: M.I.T. Press.	publication
	1964	Gruen, Victor. 1964. The heart of our cities; the urban crisis: diagnosis and cure. New York: Simon and Schuster.	publication
	1964	Alonso, William. 1964. Location and Land Use. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.	publication
	1964	Reston, Virginia founded as a new town/planned community (developed by Robert E. Simon).	new town/project
	1965	the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965; creates the Economic Development Administration (EDA)
	1965	the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act (HUD) to replace the old Housing and Home Finance Agency
	1965	Davidoff, Paul. "Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning." Journal of the American Institute of Planners no. 31 (4):544-555. [seminal article on advocacy planning]	publication
	1965	Altshuler, A.A. 1965. The City Planning Process: A Political Analysis Ithaca, New York Cornell University Press.	publication
	1966	the 1966 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act (including the Model Cities program)
	1966	Babcock, Richard F. 1966. The zoning game; municipal practices and policies. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. [helped assert the centrality of land use controls in community planning]	publication
	1966	Walt Disney, shortly before his death, presents his ambitious plan for a new city adjacent to Disneyworld called "Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow" (EPCOT) for central Florida. The city was never built, though a highly modified and downsized version was opened as a theme park in 1982.	new town/project
	1967	Urban Riots/Rebellions in Detroit, Newark and other cities (July)
	1967	Bacon, Edmund N. 1967. Design of cities. New York: Viking Press. [influential book based on Bacon's years as director of planning in Philadelphia]	publication
	1967	Columbia, Maryland opened (new master planned community by James Rouse)	new town/project
	1967	Milton Keynes, UK, completed as a new town (part of a larger postwar new town construction effort)	new town/project
	1967	Metropolitan Council (Minneapolis/St. Paul and surrounding region) created [a model of comprehensive regional planning]
	1968	the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
	1968	The New Communities Act of 1968 (which guaranteed private financial for private entrepreneurs to plan and develop new communities)
	1968	Garrett Hardin, 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, Vol. 162 no. 3859, pp. 1243-1248	publication
	1969	NEPA: The National Environmental Policy Act (requiring an EIS for every federal or federally-aided state or local major action that would affect the environment)
	1969	McHarg, Ian L. Design with nature. Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press.	publication
	1969	Scott, Mel. 1969. American City Planning Since 1890. Berkeley: University of California Press.	publication
	1969	Jack and Laura Dangermond founded Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), in Redlands, CA. (an early developer of GIS - Geographic Information Systems) [link]
	1970	National Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established. Administers the main provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970).
	1970	The 1970 US Decennial Census confirms that, for the first time, more people live in suburbs (37.6%) than central cities (31.4%), with the remainder living outside metropolitan areas. †
	1972	California passes the Coastal Zone Management Act (leading to the California Coastal Commission)
	1972	Beginning of destruction of Pruitt-Igoe public housing projects (St. Louis)	new town/project
	1972	Castells, Manuel. 1972. La question urbaine. Paris,: F. Maspero. [later translated as The Urban Question]	publication
	1972	Newman, Oscar. 1972. Defensible space; crime prevention through urban design. New York: Macmillan.	publication
	1973	The 1973 Oregon Statewide Land Use Law (leading to urban growth boundaries)
	1973	David Harvey, Social Justice and the City
	1973	Rittel, Horst W.J., and Melvin M. Webber. 1973. "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning." Policy Sciences Vol. 4:155-169. [introduces the idea of urban social problems as "wicked problems"]	publication
	1973	Lee, Douglas. 1973. "Requiem for Large Scale Models." Journal of the American Institute of Planners (May).	publication
	1973	Faludi, Andreas. 1973. Planning theory. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [a key text in the rise of procedural planning theory]	publication
	1973	Friedmann, John. 1973. Retracking America; a theory of transactive planning. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press.	publication
	1974	Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. It establishes the block grant (CDBG), as opposed to the categorical grant, as the main form of federal aid for local development.
	1974	Henri Lefebvre, La production de l'espace, Paris: Anthropos. [later translated as The Production of Space]	publication
	1974	Caro, Robert. 1974. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Alfred Knopf.	publication
	1975	The New Jersey Supreme Court ruled, in Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel* Township,* that the township's zoning excluded low- and moderate-income persons. (eventually led to the principle that localities had an obligation to provide affordable housing) [link]
	1976	Faneuil Hall Marketplace renovation in Boston (developer: James Rouse). an early example of a "festival marketplace"	adaptive reuse
	1978	Hawaii becomes the first state to institute statewide zoning.
	1978	ASPO and AIP combined into the American Planning Association (APA)
	1980	Harborplace opens in the inner harbor of Baltimore, Maryland (developer: Rouse Co.) -- another example of a "festival marketplace"	adaptive reuse
	1980	William H. Whyte, The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation.	publication
	1981	Construction of Seaside, Florida -- a New Urbanist town designed by Duany & Plater-Zyberk (DPZ).	new town/project
	1981	The new Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) holds its first conference (at Howard University). ACSP creates the Journal of Planning Education and Research (JPER) [as a separate voice from the Journal of the American Planning Association] †	education
	1982	Krumholz, Norman. 1982. A retrospective view of equity planning: Cleveland, 1969-1979. Journal of the American Planning Association 48 (Spring): 163-74. [the originator of the "equity planning" idea recounts his years as planning director of Cleveland]	publication
	1982	Bluestone, Barry, and Bennett Harrison. 1982. The Deindustrialization of America. New York: Basic Books.	publication
	1983	South Street Seaport opens in Manhattan as a "festival marketplace" -- adaptive reuse of old commercial buildings (developer: James Rouse)	adaptive reuse
	1983	Schön, Donald. 1983. The Reflective Practitioner. New York: Basic Books.	publication
	1985	Jackson, Kenneth T. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.	publication
	1986	The Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) established (first president: Eugenie Birch). [link]	education
	1987	United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), "Our Common Future" (commonly known as "the Brundtland Report"). [an important landmark in the development of the sustainability movement]	publication
	1987	Fishman, Robert. 1987. Bourgeois Utopias: the rise and fall of suburbia. New York: Basic Books.	publication
	1987	Markusen, Ann R. 1987. Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.	publication
	1987	Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP) established. [link]	education
	1988	Hall, Peter. 1988. Cities of Tomorrow : An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Blackwell. [became the standard planning history text]	publication
	1989	Harvey, David. 1989. The Condition of Post-Modernity. Oxford: Blackwell.	publication
	1989	Forester, John. 1989. Planning in the face of power. Berkeley: University of California Press.	publication
	1989	Soja, Edward. 1989. Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London: Verso Press.	publication
	1990	Formation of the "International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives" (ICLEI) at the United Nations' World Congress of Local Governments for Sustainable Future. (In 2003 renamed "ICLEI—Local Governments for Sustainability").
	1991	The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Federal law encouraging intermodal transportation policies, and granting new powers to Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs).
	1991	Garreau, Joel. 1991. Edge city: life on the new frontier. New York: Doubleday.	publication
	1991	Cronon, William. 1991. Nature's metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton.	publication
	1991	Sassen, Saskia. 1991. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	publication
	1992	New Jersey's State Development and Redevelopment plan adopted.
	1992	The US Dept of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) begins the HOPE VI program (to provide low-rise, urban, walkable housing -- as an alternative to the old model of highrise public housing and the concentration of poverty)
	1993	The Congress of New Urbanism (CNU) founded by Duany, Moule, Plater-Zyberk, and others.
	1994	Fainstein, Susan S. 1994. The City Builders. Oxford, UK, and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.	publication
	1996	The Regional Plan Association publishes A Region at Risk: the Third Regional Plan
	1996	Celebration, Florida built as new town/planned community by Disney	new town/project
	1997	The State of Maryland enacts "Smart Growth and Neighborhood Conservation" legislation. †
	1997	Healey, Patsy. 1997. Collaborative planning: shaping places in fragmented societies, Planning, environment, cities. Houndsmills, UK: Macmillan.	publication
	1999	the Georgia legislature creates the Georgia Regional Transportation Agency (GRTA) to address sprawl in Atlanta
	2005	The US Supreme Court rules in favor of eminent domain authority in the case Kelo v. City of New London

Sources include: many readings from UP540 and elsewhere; plus Albert Guttenberg's "Some Important Facts in the History of American Planning," Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 7 (1). see also the APA's "100 Essential Books of Planning."†" indicates a link to a source on this accompanying page. Thanks to Robert Fishman for additional suggestions.