All software used is for the PC.
University computing sites should have ArcView GIS available.
All software used in the course will be available for use on a machine in 2044 Dana.

COURSE MATERIALS

• Web page and attached materials
• Electronic resources of various sorts:  lectures, links to articles, and so forth
• Holdings of the map library
• Each student is required to have an active e-mail account; e-mail will be a critical tool
• Each student should set up a web page, early in the course.  The web will be used for on-going communication between student and instructor and with student colleagues.

• Middle of term: Hand in draft of project as mid-term and give formal 5-7 minute (depending on class size) oral presentation: 25% of grade.
• Two weeks before end of term: Presentation of most of final project as a talk (formal 5-7 minute oral presentation, depending on class size):    25% of grade.
• Day of scheduled final, Final project (website or other) is due by 5 p.m.: Final project--:  50% of grade.

Students will have the opportunity each time to discuss matters of concern and to get feedback on a regular basis as needed.
 

LECTURE 1

• Sign-up sheet with names, ssn, and e-mail addresses
• Create Wait List if needed.
• Presentation of course web page (this page)
• Brief introductions
• Brief written ideas of interests of each student

• Mapping:  brief demonstration
Zoom
Thematic map
Classification of data

• Latitude and longitude, simple geometry; p01, p02, p03, p04
• Geosystems latitude and longitude flyer
• Diagram, showing measuring scheme for latitude and longitude
• How long is a degree of a parallel/meridian...graphic and calculation, p01, p02, p03

• Creation of simple web page
• Assignment 1:
Get e-mail account
Get familiar with the course home page
Look around on the web
Make simple home page
Review latitude and longitude material covered in class
Get comfortable using ArcView to make a simple thematic map

Theory

• Earth-Sun relations, simple geometry
• Graphic showing Earth and Sun, from the Great Globe Gallery
• Intensity of sunlight as a function of latitude (Kolars and Nystuen, reproduced with permission)
• Revolution of the sun around the Earth (Kolars and Nystuen, as above)
• Earth Viewed from the Sun (Kolars and Nystuen, as above)
• Inclination of Earth's Axis and the Changing Seasons (Kolars and Nystuen, as above)
• Maps; GeoSystems link
• Scale:  "http://www.geosys.com/cgi-bin/genobject/mapskills_scale/tigdd27"

• Maps
Animal Movement and Spatial Tools, USGS extensions requiring Spatial Analyst Extension to ArcView 3.0a--one sample:  Ann Arbor Parks another sample:  triangulated irregular network
U.S. by County--thematic maps
Wayne County--by census tracts

Practice

• PhotoShop demonstration using maps
• Multiple layers on maps

Theory

• Four Color Theorem; implications for mapping.  Page 1.  Page 2. Page 3.  Page 4. Page 5. Page 6.  Page 7.
six color map

• Challenge:  find a map on the torus requiring seven colors.

• Sample project creation
• Base map opened in ArcView
• Data brought in and linked to map; open up the attribute table that goes with the map.  Then add a new table (.dbf file--can be your own, made in Excel and saved as a .dbf).  On the added table, click on the column heading containing the two letter country code (for example); on the attribute table, click on the corresponding column heading.  Click on the "join" button at the top.  Now the added data can be used to make thematic maps.  Material concerning "joining" and "linking" tables to maps in ArcView.
• Thematic map created
• Map exported to PhotoShop
• Map saved in .gif format
• Use of MapEdit to make map clickable; works for any .gif--so, any map from any GIS or any photo or scanned image saved as a .gif.
In MapEdit, make sure neither "radio button" is checked on launching the software
In putting in URLs for hot spots, test the URLs and reinsert unusual symbols, such as tildes and dashes that do not "stick" the first time; they will stick the second time.
Save the file as .htm, a client-side file.
• Upload the file to the web.  Check that in fact it works.
• MapEdit is shareware:  http://www.bhs.com
• DEMs (Digital Elevation Models)--another source for base maps or backdrops.
• Find USGS site (www.usgs.gov) and source for DEMs (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/nsdi/gendem.htm)
• Download from 1:250,000 (1 degree) series; choose the "by state" category, for example.  Navigate to save the file to your local computer.
• Once the file is downloaded, run WinZip on it (download that from www.shareware.com) or unzip in some other way.  The file is in the .gz format.  In WinZip, you will need to run "classic" mode when prompted, click on the file name, and then "extract".
• Then, you will be able to open the DEM in ArcView with Spatial Analyst loaded.  Choose File|Import Data Source, and then pull down the menu to choose USGS DEM.
• You might then want, under "theme," to choose to convert this file to a shapefile ("convert to shapefile").
• Possible resource:  older curve-fitting files.  1. 2.  3. 4.  5. 6.  7. 8.
• Possible resource:  article on downloading Digital Line Graphs from USGS site.

LECTURE 5

Theory

• Developable surfaces and maps:  cylinder, torus, Mobius strip--link to Terrae Antipodum, and Klein bottle.
• Simple closed curves.
• Jordan Curve Theorem; implications for mapping.  Page 1.  Page 2. Page 3.

• GIS links base map and data set in an interactive manner.
• Base maps:  last time we used a map from ArcView as a base map for making a clickable webmap; there are numerous other sources of base maps.
• Street Atlas 4.0, base maps.  Copy map to clipboard and paste into PhotoShop.  Save as a .gif and as a .jpg.
• Use the .gif in MapEdit as the base for a clickable map.
• Use the .jpg in Atlas GIS as a background for a GIS map; insert symbols as needed to reflect, say, street locations.  Then use as a base map, for a clickable or other map.
• Digital Chart of the World:  vectorized format to bring in to work seamlessly in Atlas GIS.  Use to make base map.  DCW contains files of things that can be seen from the air--for the entire world.  Contains topographic contours, 1000 foot contour interval.
• Maps on the web:  USGS last time.  University of Texas at Austin, Perry-Castaneda collection of maps are useful political maps.  These also can be used as backdrop in a GIS.
• Global data source:  World Resources Institute Database.
• Animated maps; Movie Gear.  Animate final maps:  animated maps can be effective in showing change over time.  See "animaps" for some samples.

LECTURE 6
Theory

• Map Projections -- Overview with links to various projections.
• Geosystems Handouts on Map Projections

• Earlier we brought new data into the GIS and linked it to the map.  Also, we identified other sources of existing images.  Now consider creating your own image.  No matter how you do it, you need to consider whether or not the image you are creating will fit into an existing map (if you care about this issue).  That is, you need to know that the PROJECTION of the map you are creating will fit into (for example) a map of the State of Michigan.
• One way to bring in an image is to scan it.  A scanned image itself is not directly useful in a GIS, although it may well be useful as a background image.  To make it useful, it is necessary to convert its format from "raster" to "vector."
• One way to achieve this conversion is to electronically "trace" the map into the GIS:  a process called digitizing.  There are a number of ways to digitize an image.
• One way to digitize is to use a digitizer (a special piece of equipment); another is to do onscreen digitizing.
• One way to do onscreen digitizing is to open up Atlas GIS and use the capability present there--demonstration follows.  (Or use ArcView with Spatial Analyst Extension).
• Once both images and data sets are in place, there are a number of analytic tools that are available in the computing environment.  To date, we have been looking at conceptual, analytic tools that underlie the broad base of the entire mapping environment.  These are critical to understand (consider what happened when the Jordan Curve Theorem was not accounted for !!).
• There are also more local analytic tools that are often useful in crafting individual maps.  One is called a "buffer"--for example--demonstration follows:
• a buffer might be a circular region surrounding a school--one could count the number of people that fall into that buffer if one were considering distances students need to walk to school.
• Or, one could buffer a line segment and count the number of census block groups that intersect this "sausage".
• Or, one could create a sequence of concentric circles as buffers of varying distance.
• Or, one could create a sequence of concentric rings as buffers of varying distance.

LECTURE 7

Theory

• Goode's homolosine projection:  homolographic (Mollweide) and sinusoidal prjoections
• The centroid as a measure of a scatter of dots
• Spatial concepts:  a different perspective on course material

• Three-dimensional maps.
• Resource:  conversion file directions
• Atlas to ArcView
• ArcView to Atlas
• Trouble-shooting and matters related to presentations.

Local (state or larger scale studies)
Rosalyn Scaff -- poster maps and web presentation
Danielle Dipert -- web presentation
Thana Chirapiwat -- web presentation
Joe Holtrop -- overhead presentation
Erik Wetzler -- web presentation
Qiang Hong and Tamar Noam Glazer -- web presentation
Da-Mi Maeng -- PowerPoint presentation
Erez Bar-Nur and Karen Lawrence -- poster maps, overhead, and slide projector presentation.

Regional
Myloc Nguyen and Elizabeth Worzalla -- poster maps and web presentation
Jennifer Abdella -- web presentation
Stephen Perrine -- overhead presentation, pin map, and web presentation

International
Suzanne Brunzell -- poster maps, PowerPoint, and web presentation
Mark Elwell -- web presentation
Kenneth MacLean -- web presentation

LECTURE 9--GIVEN BY STUDENTS IN CLASS, 18 PRESENTATIONS, 5-7 MINUTES EACH, NEW PRESENTATION EVERY 10 MINUTES (I WILL BRING A TIMER).  PLEASE KEEP YOUR PRESENTATION TO WITHIN THE LIMIT.  PRACTICE IT, WITH A TIMER, AHEAD OF TIME.  LEAVE TIME FOR SOME FEEDBACK FROM THE CLASS.  LIST OF PRESENTATIONS:

Chemistry application
Stephanie Motyka and Jennifer Rifkin -- web presentation

Astronomy application
Raymond Stemitz -- web presentation
Amy McCullouch and Anna Mosher -- web presentation

Mathematics application
Beatrice Lloyd -- web presentation

Biology
John Ley -- web presentation

History application
Matthew Austin and Mary Ann Villar -- web presentation
Gabrielle Burba and George Darden IV -- web presentation

Local Michigan
Kevin Collins, Millicent Fisher, Renne Rosingana, and Brian Toth -- web presentation
William Thompson -- web presentation
Steven Eschrich and Lily Le Whitney  --

LECTURE 10 --the process of project development
Theory and Practice

• Large datasets, that are standardized (held to some known standard), offer an interesting set of issues (illustrated using Joe Holtrop's work):
• Obtaining data from the web and saving it as an Excel spreadsheet
• Highlight the data and go to Edit|Copy in Netscape
• Then, open up Excel and go to Edit|Paste--this pastes a text copy of the website information into Excel.
• To make the text in Excel convert to a spreadsheet, go to the Data pulldown, choose "text to columns" and choose "fixed width"--now the spreadsheet can be manipulated easily.
• Making a master spreadsheet from multiple downloaded smaller spreadsheets.
• Open up a new spreadsheet and enter the names of geographic units in the first column (counties in Michigan, for example).
• Then, highlight columns of data corresponding to each county--note, that you will need to convert this to row (as opposed to column) data.  Use the Control key to highlight disjoint sets of data.  Now, go to Edit|Copy.
• Go to the master spreadsheet.  Click on the left hand end of the row into which you wish to paste the data.  Pull down Edit|Paste Special and choose "Transpose" and hit OK.  Now the columnar data has become row data:  a column vector had the matrix transpose operator applied to it to make it a row vector.
• Repeat the process as needed to make a complete spreadsheet.
• Save the spreadsheet as a .dbf file and it is an easy matter to link it up to existing boundary files in a GIS (ArcView used here) available from various sources (such as the Census).
• Small datasets and those that are not standardized exhibit a different set of issues (illustrated using Tamar Noam Glazer and Qiang Hong's work):
• Data was obtained from field work
• define spatial regions using "spider diagrams"--origin/destination data offers insight into spatial linkage patterns and these offer "spot elevations" around which to contour--each spider lies wholly within a region.
• bring in established data sets and boundary files to overlay on the newly-regionalized map.
• query the data base to create buffers of various sorts as a way to group data in relation to the regions and distinguished points/lines in them.
• consider using dot density maps to look for pattern within the spider-generated units.  Scale transformation is critical with dot density maps.
• if the data is randomized at the block group level, then the pattern of clustering of dots is meaningless at that scale.
• shift to a smaller scale map, such as a tract map, to assign meaning to the pattern of clustering.
• choice of randomization level depends on the eventual view one wishes to have:  randomizing at the block group level might not make sense if what one wished were a national view (the dots would all blend together).  However, always choose a randomization level of larger scale that the "view" scale.

• Spatial Autocorrelation.  How are regions clustered in space?  Are similar ones next to each other or are dissimilar ones next to each other.

        On this map, all non-white Block Groups whose adjacent Block Groups are also only non-white are light green.
All non-white Block Groups adjacent to white Block Groups are darker green
All white Block Groups adjacent to non-white Block Groups are darker purple.
All white Block Groups adjacent to only white Block Groups are light purple.
        This map shows a pattern similar to the first one, but with adjacency counted through two stages.

        Policy makers and municipal authorities may find maps such as these useful.
Practice

One procedure for making such maps involves using the query tool (in Atlas, for this example.

To pick out all block groups in which Nonwhite population dominates (layer test)
        Query|Select by Layer :  choose the blockgroup layer
        Query|Select by Value:  choose blockgroups; select subset, by expression,
                nonwhite-white>0
        Edit|Copy to Layer, Selected features only, copy features to new layer--region, called "test"

To pick out all block groups in which White population dominates (layer test2)
        Query|Select by Layer :  choose the blockgroup layer
        Query|Select by Value:  choose blockgroups; select subset, by expression,
                nonwhite-white<0
        Edit|Copy to Layer, Selected features only, copy features to new layer--region, called "test2"

To pick out all block groups that are touching a dissimilar blockgroup:  use test and test 2.
        Query|Select by Location|Touching:  then, use test followed by test2 to select nonwhite block groups touching white block groups.
        Query|Select by Location|Touching:  then, use test2 followed by test to select white block groups touching nonwhite block groups.
        Note the lack of symmetry in adjacency once content is assigned to the blockgroups even though strict adjacency is symmetric (if A is adjacent to B then B is adjacent to A).

• Animated maps:  surrogate variables.
• Diffusion of an innovation
• Animated diffusion

• Fractal geometry and minimax principles; human use of environment.  Reprint of selected material from article from the Geographical Review, published by the American Geographical Society; January, 1990.  Article appears on pages 21-31 of that journal.  Selected material: page 1; page 2; page 3; page 4; page 5.

• Map Appreciation--classical cartographical tools--hands-on display
• Web strategy
• If you link to another site, inform that site by e-mail and offer to disconnect if your site becomes a high volume site...at their request.
• Grabbing an image
• request permission to use and behave according to answer to request;
• give cutoff date;
• put in own directory to avoid bandwidth drain
• cite source
• Do not use an image if there are disclaimers on it;
• U.S. Government materials; these do not generally require written requests for printed materials...so, apparently, use them...cite source and so forth and send a request if it indicates that one should be sent.
• Link to search engines...do not inform them.  Cite them:  "here's what Yahoo says about Leelanau...", copy link and paste...pass along your search skills...can increase traffic on your site.
• Enter course web page and individual web pages separately in search engines.
• Assemble on 530 web page and list that in search engine.
• Student UM accounts can be kept past graduation (contact Alumni Association)
• Outside US copyright and related laws/ethics vary.
• Citations...be clear about where in the documents references are used.
• Concepts...tie to concepts...those listed above as well as a host of other:  centrality, hierarchy, density, to name a few.
• Trouble-shooting session

DECEMBER 9, 1998
   Student final presentations.  Order that appears as of Sunday, December 6, 11:59 p.m. is the final order.
Presentations related to mathematics and physical sciences:
jrifkin and smotyka
bblloyd
akmosher and almc
rstemitz
Presentation related to social science, history, and planning:
gburba and gwdiv
lilypad and eschrich
qhong and tamarng
dmaeng

DECEMBER 16, 1998
  Student final presentations.  All final projects are due.
Presentations related to biological sciences:
jaley
eworzall and mnguyen
jholtrop
jena
smp
Presentations with an international character:
maclean
moelwell
suzyb
Presentations related to social science, history, and planning:
erikwetz
mvillar and mcaustin
kcollins, btoth, fisherma, and rarosing
erezbzzz and kjlawren
rosscaff
tnac
dkdipert

PARTY AFTER THE LAST PRESENTATION AT SANDY'S HOUSE, DECEMBER 16.

GIS PACKAGES AVAILABLE FOR USE:

• Atlas GIS, ESRI
• ArcView GIS, ESRI
• MapInfo GIS
• Excel in Office 97

• DeLorme Street Atlas and related packages
• CelAssembler for making animated maps
• MapEdit for making clickable maps
• Visual Explorer from WoolleySoft for making 3D maps

• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Excel
• Adobe Photoshop
• Microsoft Power Point

Reductionist approach:

• Use of a GIS using on-board data and maps
• Use of a GIS using imported data with on-board maps
• Use of a GIS using imported (or on-board) data with imported maps

• Strategies for saving files
• Use of real-world databases and spreadsheets
• Use of Photoshop
• Use of PowerPoint

• Single variable thematic maps
• Choosing reasonable ranges for mapping themes
• Default color selection and alteration of the default
• Two variable thematic maps
• Layers and problems in handling multiple layers
• Inverse and direct relationships displayed cartographically
• Alternate coloring; problems associated with making black and white maps
• Analysis using buffers
• Maps in PhotoShop
• Animated maps
• Clickable maps
• 3D maps