al-RAFIQA

City in modern day northern Iraq, outside of Mawsil. At approximately 39 degrees north latitude and 36 degrees east longitude. During the height of Tulunid eastern expansion, al-Rafiqa was at the point furthest east.

Rulers named in Tulunid Coins minted in al-Rafiqa

• Khumarawayh: 274, 277-278
• al-Mu`tamid: 274
• al-Muwwafid: 274

Rulers named in `AbbasidCoins minted in al-Rafiqa

• al-Mu`tamid: 261, 263, 272, 274
• Ja`rar (al-Mufawwid): 261, 263, 272, 274
• Ahmad b. al-Muwaffaq (al-Mu`tadid): 272, 274

BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Numismatic Society http://www.amnumsoc.org/

Grabar, Oleg. The coinage of the Tulunids. New York, American Numismatic Society, 1957.