Appendix A Foreign Assistance Act, 1961 Assistance to Pakistan a) Congressional policy, findings, and goals The Congress recognizes that Soviet forces occupying Afghanistan pose as security threat to Pakistan. The Congress also recognizes that and independence and democratic Pakistan with continued friendly ties to the United States is in the interest of both nations. The Congress finds that US assistance will help Pakistan maintain its independence. Assistance to Pakistan is intended to benefit the people of Pakistan by helping meet the burdens imposed by the presence of Soviet forces in Afghanistan and by promoting economic development in authorizing assistance to Pakistan, it is the intent of Congress to promote the expeditious restoration of full civil liberties and representative government in Pakistan. The Congress further recognizes that it is in the mutual interest of Pakistan and the United States to avoid the profoundly destabilizing effects of the proliferation of nuclear explosive devices or the capacity to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear devices. b) Reaffirmation of 1959 Bilateral Agreement The United States reaffirms the commitment made in its 1959 bilateral agreement with Pakistan relating to aggression from a communist or communist-dominated state. c) Availability; Defensive Aspects of Assistance Security assistance for Pakistan shall be made available in order to assist Pakistan in dealing with the threat to its security posed by the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. The United States will take appropriate steps to ensure that defensive articles provided by the United States to Pakistan are used for defensive purposes. d) Waiver of Limitation Respecting Nuclear Transfers The President may waive the prohibitions of section 2429 of this title at any time during the period beginning on December 29, 1981, and ending on April 1, 1990, to provide assistance to Pakistan during that period if he determines that to do so is in the national interest of the United States. The Pressler Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act October 1, 1985 No assistance shall be furnished to Pakistan and no military equipment or technology shall be sold or transferred to Pakistan, pursuant to the authorities. Continued in this chapter or any other Act, unless the President shall have certified in writing to the speaker of the House of Representatives and the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, during the fiscal year in which assistance to be furnished or military equipment or technology is to be sold or transferred, that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive device and that the proposed United states assistance program will reduce significantly in risk that Pakistan will possess a nuclear explosive device. Endnotes 1. Klare, Micheal Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws (Hill & Wang, New York, 1995); p.23 2. Jervis, Lebow, Stein Psychology & Deterrence (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1991); p155 3. Ibid, p.18 4. Ibid, p.18 5. Ganguly, Sumit, Avoiding War in Kashmir, Foreign Affairs:69:57-73 Winter 90/91, p.65 6. Ibid, p.16 7. Klare, p.16 8. Hersh, Seymour, On the Nuclear Edge The New Yorker: March 29, 1993, p.56 9. Klare, p.156 10. Jha, Nalini Kant, reviving US-India Freinship In a Changing Intl Order Asian Survey:34:1035-46, Dec. 94, p. 1038 11. Klare, p. 156 12. Ibid, p.186 13. Hersh, p.57 14. Ibid, p.58 15. Klare, p.157 16. Ibid 17. Haniffa, Aziz, Indian & Paksitani Missiles Worry US India Abroad: March 29, 1996, p.1 18. Klare, p.188 19. Ibid, p.210 20. Jervis, Lebow, Stein, p.154 21. Ibid, p.155 22. Klare, p.177 23. Ibid, p.118 24. Hersh, p.58 25. Jervis, Lebow, Stein, p.154 26. Position on Nuclear Non-Proliferation, http://www.imran.com.Pakistan/Nuclear.html 27. Haniffa, http://Indiaabroad.com/ia/open/960329/s_2 28. Ganguly, p.70