472NOT19.DOC					September 8, 1996

National Security Decision-Making

Origins Of The NSC

WW II Standing Liaison Committee Of State, War, (Army) And Naval
Departments Facilitated Flow Of Information But Without Power To
Coordinate.

Post WW II Need For Military Service Unification: Department Of Defense
(Dod) Created.

Post WW II  Need For Political/Military Coordination, So National Security
Act Of 1947 Created:

	Council: Advise The President On Integration Of Domestic, Foreign,
And Military Policies. But Truman Opposed An Entity That Would 	Undercut
His Authority.

	CIA,	Joint Chiefs Of Staff (JCS)
	Council

	Four Statutory Members: 

		President, VP, Secretary Of State And Defense

Principal Advisors

	Director Of Central Intelligence, DCI

	Chairman Of The Joint Chiefs Of Staff, CJCS

	Assistant To The President For National Security Affairs, NSC
Director

Councils And Presidents 

Truman: Failed To Use Council Much Except Perhaps During Korean War, 1950.

Ike: Used Council More Than Truman, But Too Much Formalism.

Kennedy: Used Council Less Than Ike, But Set Up Situation Room After The
Bay Of Pigs Fiasco, 1961.

Johnson: Used Council Less Than JFK, And Instituted Tuesday Lunch As
Coordinating Mechanism.

Nixon: Used Council More Than LBJ, But As A Tool Of Power For Kissinger,
Who Set Up A Formal System To Keep The Bureaucracy Preoccupied While He
And Nixon Made Policy. National Security Study Memoranda (Nssms) Gave
Bureaucracies Something To Do. Secretary Rogers Resigned, Kissinger
Succeeded Rogers At State And Also Held Onto His Job At The White House.
 
Carter: Council Not As Powerful As Its Director Brzezinski, Who Used It In
His Warfare With State. Brzezinski Chaired Special Coordinating Committee
(Scc) That Included Secretaries Of State And Defense.

Reagan: Cabinet Government Touted. Council Downplayed Relative To State
And Defense; Council Director Demoted. Secretary Of State Haig V.
Secretary Of Defense Weinberger Fights Dominated First Reagan Term. Shultz
Replaced Haig, And Fights Continued With Weinberger. And In Second Reagan
Term, Council Directors Seized Bureaucratic Power From Shultz And
Weinberger In Iran-Contra Arms For Hostages Affair. Special Situations
Group Set Up To Handle Crisis Management. Reagan Had 5 Council Directors.

Bush: Council Gave Way To Strong President, Who Relied On Strong
Departmental Heads To Run The Show. In Gulf War, Bush Eventually Provided
Political Direction And Let The Generals Run The War. Secretary Of State
Baker, Secretary Of Defense Cheney, And Council Director Scowcroft Were
Friends And Policy Consensus Was Order Of The Day Relative To Bureaucratic
Warfare Of Reagan Days.

Clinton: State And Defense Dominate; Council Advisor Strong In Both
Advocacy And In Coordination. Secretary Of State Christopher And Secretary
Of Defense Perry Are Low Keyed Policy Wonks Who Are Not Prone To
Ideological In-Fighting. Struggle For Bosnian Policy Pits Lake Against
Holbrooke. Were/Are Fights About Iran, Somalia, Iraq, And Haiti.

Roles For NSC Director

	Honest Broker/ Custodial Manager Model: Coordinator And
Facilitator Of Process

		Brent Scowcroft

		Frank Carlucci

		Colin Powell

	Policy Advocate

		Henry Kissinger V. William Rogers

		Zbig Brzezinski V. Cyrus Vance

		Tony Lake & Warren Christopher