Database: MEDLINE <: biomedical, nursing & dental literature, 1966 - Aug 2000.> Search Strategy (You Saved Citations 1-300 From Set 32): ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 "root canal".mp. 4822 2 apicoectomy.mp. 1008 3 apicectomy.mp. 78 4 pulpectomy.mp. 809 5 endont:.mp. 7 6 (pulp adj3 extirpation:).mp. 75 7 Endodontics/ 815 8 Apicoectomy/ 983 9 Dental implantation, endosseous, endodontic/ 407 10 exp Root canal therapy/ 9841 11 (endodont: adj3 treatment).mp. 1145 12 (endodont: adj3 therapy).mp. 716 13 (pulp adj3 therapy).mp. 159 14 endodont:.ti,ab. 5988 15 or/1-14 14593 16 exp cohort studies/ 364432 17 prognosis/ 159858 18 exp mortality/ 109455 19 exp morbidity/ 104471 20 (natural adj history).ti,ab. 14498 21 prognos$.ti,ab. 126536 22 course.ti,ab. 191211 23 predict$.ti,ab. 233041 24 exp "Outcome assessment (health care)"/ 101532 25 outcome$1.ti,ab. 169832 26 (inception adj cohort$1).ti,ab. 370 27 disease progression/ 12534 28 exp survival analysis/ 27464 29 or/16-28 1165792 30 15 and 29 1253 31 limit 30 to (human and yr=1980-2000) 973 32 limit 31 to yr=1990-2000 694 33 from 32 keep 1-300 300 *************************** <1> UI - 20308818 AU - Caldwell RE AU - Freilich MM AU - Sandor GK IN - Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario. TI - Two radicular cysts associated with endodontically treated primary teeth: rationale for long-term follow-up. SO - Ontario Dentist 1999 Oct;76(8):29-33 AB - Although radicular cysts are relatively rare, they do occur. In addition, it appears that these lesions present in association with endodontically treated primary teeth. As shown in this paper and previous reports, cysts can be associated with a variety of pulp therapies. These lesions can lead to bony expansion and resorption. Radicular cysts may also cause displacement and damage to the developing permanent dentition. Given the severity of these sequelae it is prudent to recommend regular radiographic examination of primary teeth that have undergone pulp therapy. <2> UI - 20285585 AU - Finucane D AU - Kinirons MJ IN - Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. TI - Non-vital immature permanent incisors: factors that may influence treatment outcome. SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Dec;15(6):273-7 AB - This study examines the treatment of non-vital immature permanent incisors using the calcium hydroxide apexification technique. The objectives of the present study were to determine the speed and location of barrier formation and those factors discernible at presentation and during treatment which may be related to it. Forty-four non-vital immature incisors undergoing calcium hydroxide apexification were reviewed in detail. All cases were reviewed every 8-12 weeks for up to 18 months, or until apexification occurred. Details of the time and nature of the injuries and treatment were recorded. The degree of apical development prior to treatment was assessed, and barrier formation, location and time were noted. Mean time to barrier formation was 34.2 weeks (range 13-67 weeks). The strongest predictor of rapid barrier formation was the rate of change of calcium hydroxide and a barrier also formed more rapidly in cases with narrower initial apical width. There was evidence of displacement and a higher mean time for barrier formation in half of the cases. The presence of an abscess was the weakest predictor of rapid barrier formation and the effect was not significant (P = 0.280). The barrier was located at the apex in 28 cases (63.6%) and the distance from the barrier to the apex for the remaining 16 (36.4%) varied from 1 mm to 5 mm. The number of placements of calcium hydroxide varied from 1 to 4 with a mean of 1.9, and there was a higher mean number of calcium hydroxide placements in the cases where the barrier was located at the apex. <3> UI - 20285581 AU - Hulsmann M AU - Schinkel I IN - Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Gottingen, Germany. TI - Influence of several factors on the success or failure of removal of fractured instruments from the root canal. SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Dec;15(6):252-8 AB - The influence of several factors on the success rate of removal procedures of fractured endodontic instruments was evaluated postoperatively. In 105 teeth with 113 fragments removal attempts were undertaken using a wide range of techniques and instruments. All cases were analyzed with special regard to the following factors: type of tooth and root canal, site of fragment in relation to root canal curvature, length of fragment, and type of fractured instrument. Success of treatment was defined as removal or complete bypassing of the fragment. Of 82 instruments in molars (maxillary: 32, mandibular: 50), 56 were removed or bypassed (max.: 26, mand.: 30). Of 16 fragments in premolars (max.: 12, mand.: 4), 8 could be removed or bypassed (max.: 6, mand.: 2). Of 14 fragments in canines and incisors (max.: 7, mand.: 7), 13 could be removed completely (max.: 6, mand.: 7). When the fragment was localized before the curvature 2 of 18 cases failed, when localized inside the curvature 13 of 31 cases failed and when localized beyond the curvature 15 of 33 cases failed. Anatomical factors favorable for removal were: straight canals, incisors and canines, localization before the curvature, length of fragment more than 5 mm, localization in the coronal or mesial third of the root canal, reamer or lentulo spirales. In molars removal procedures were most successful in the palatal canals of maxillary molars. <4> UI - 20285580 AU - Potocnik I AU - Bajrovic F IN - Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. TI - Failure of inferior alveolar nerve block in endodontics. [Review] [36 refs] SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Dec;15(6):247-51 AB - Analgesia is essential for successful completion of modern dental procedures. Standard inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is the primary method used to achieve mandibular analgesia. Difficulty experienced in obtaining satisfactory analgesia after IANB, especially of an acutely inflamed mandibular molar, remains a common clinical problem. Even when a proper technique is employed, clinical studies show that IANB fails in approximately 30% to 45% of cases. The reasons for failure are not fully understood. Anatomical considerations and abnormal physiological responses in the presence of inflammation as explanations for IANB failure are discussed in this paper. [References: 36] <5> UI - 20285574 AU - Sidaravicius B AU - Aleksejuniene J AU - Eriksen HM IN - Stomatological Clinic, University of Vilnius, Lithuania. TI - Endodontic treatment and prevalence of apical periodontitis in an adult population of Vilnius, Lithuania. SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Oct;15(5):210-5 AB - Apical periodontitis is prevalent in many Western populations and is frequently detected in connection with inferior quality of endodontic treatment. However, information about endodontic conditions from eastern European countries is limited. The aim of the present investigation was to study the prevalence of apical periodontitis and the quality of endodontic treatment in 35-44-year-old Lithuanians. The prevalence of apical periodontitis was 70%. An overall success rate of 65% was found for root-filled teeth while 56% of pulp amputations (pulpotomies) were considered successful based on a radiographic evaluation. The quality of the root fillings showed little impact on the treatment results, except for over-extended fillings, which were associated with a high number of failures. <6> UI - 20285628 AU - Leonard RH Jr AU - Haywood VB AU - Eagle JC AU - Garland GE AU - Caplan DJ AU - Matthews KP AU - Tart ND IN - Department of Diagnostic Sciences and General Dentistry, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, USA. Ralph:Leonard@dentistry.unc.edu TI - Nightguard vital bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth: 54 months post treatment. SO - Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 1999;11(5):265-77 AB - PURPOSE: The purpose of this longitudinal whitening study was to determine the stability, post-treatment side effects, and patient satisfaction after 6 months of active treatment of tetracycline-stained teeth with 10% carbamide peroxide at 0 and 54 months post treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients who completed the study (80%) were contacted and asked to participate in a survey concerning their whitening experience. Subjects were asked whether there had been any change in the shade of their teeth after treatment, and if they had experienced any side effects that they believed were treatment-related. Eight of the twelve patients underwent clinical examination. RESULTS: Ten patients (83%) reported no obvious shade change or only a slight darkening not noticed by others. Two (17%) reported a slight darkening that is probably noticeable by other people, but no one reported moderate darkening or significant darkening back to original shade. All respondents (n = 12) denied having to have a crown or root canal that they believed was treatment-related. Examiners who compared preoperative and post-treatment photographs and Vita shade values were in agreement with the patient's perceptions of shade change. The degree of improvement was significant for both the immediate (0 mo) and the 54-month post-treatment comparison with the pretreatment shade (p < .005 and p < .01 respectively). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Results of this nightguard vital bleaching study indicate that tetracycline-stained teeth can be whitened successfully using extended treatment time, and that shade stability may last at least 54 months after treatment. Patients who participated in this study were overwhelmingly positive about the procedure in terms of shade retention and lack of post-treatment side effects. <7> UI - 20285618 AU - Garattini G AU - Crozzoli P AU - Brenna F IN - Universita degli Studi di Milano, Italy. TI - Bilateral dental fusion of the upper central incisors: a multidisciplinary approach. SO - Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 1999;11(3):149-54 AB - The multidisciplinary treatment of a case of bilateral dental fusion of the upper central incisors with maxillary constriction, crowding, and palatal inversion of one of the lateral incisors is reported. The rarity with which this anomaly appears, along with its complex characteristics, often make it extremely difficult to treat. It requires the involvement of different specialists to find the most suitable treatment for each individual patient. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This particular case of bilateral dental fusion required the involvement of orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, and restorative specialists. For the individual evaluation of these extremely complex cases, the esthetic and functional results to be reached must be assessed compared to treatment times and biologic and economical costs. The long-term prognoses of these complex therapies also must be borne in mind. <8> UI - 20282494 AU - Uyehara MY AU - Davis RD AU - Overton JD IN - 81st Dental Squadron, Keesler AFB, MS 39534, USA. TI - Cuspal reinforcement in endodontically treated molars. SO - Operative Dentistry 1999 Nov-Dec;24(6):364-70 AB - This in vitro study compared the ability of horizontal pins and a dental adhesive to reinforce the facial cusps of endodontically treated mandibular molars. Seventy-two mandibular molars were divided into six groups and mounted in acrylic blocks (n = 12). In Groups 1-5 standardized endodontic access and instrumentation in the coronal one-third of each root canal were completed. In Groups 1-4 the lingual cusps were reduced, leaving the buccal cusps intact. The facial cusps of the teeth in each group received one of the following modes of reinforcement: Group 1--no reinforcement; Group 2--dentin adhesive (Amalgambond Plus); Group 3--two horizontal TMS Minim pins; Group 4--two horizontal TMS Minim pins and Amalgambond Plus. Teeth in Group 5 were prepared for and restored with a complete cuspal coverage amalgam restoration using four vertical TMS Minim pins. Group 6 consisted of intact natural teeth. Using an Instron Universal Testing Machine, the lingual slope of the facial cusp of each specimen was loaded to failure using a compressive force applied at an angle 60 degrees to the long axis of the tooth. The mean fracture strengths for all groups were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test (alpha = 0.05). Fracture patterns and modes of failure were also evaluated. RESULTS: The intact teeth (Group 6) were significantly more fracture resistant than all other groups, with the exception of Group 4 (combination of pins and adhesive). Group 1 (non-reinforced teeth) was significantly weaker than all other groups. Groups 2-4 (specimens with reinforced cusps) were not significantly different from each other. The use of horizontal pins or a combination of horizontal pins plus dentin adhesive for cuspal reinforcement resulted in significantly more teeth demonstrating favorable fracture patterns than did the use of adhesives alone. CONCLUSION: The buccal cusps of endodontically treated mandibular molars reinforced with a combination of horizontal pins and dentin adhesive were not significantly weaker than intact teeth. Of the restored teeth, those which had buccal cusps reinforced with horizontal pins and those treated with complete cuspal coverage amalgam restorations exhibited the most favorable restorative prognosis following cusp fracture. <9> UI - 20258302 AU - Kane AW AU - Sarr M AU - Faye B AU - Wadji N TI - [Long term evaluation of results of endodontic treatments of dental pulp necrosis (74 cases obturated by the monoconal technique]. [French] SO - Dakar Medical 1998;43(2):216-9 AB - Various factors may affect the outcome of root canal therapy. In this study 74 endodontocally treated pulpless teeth were evaluated: (43 with periapical radiolucency and 31 without periapical lesions). These 74 non surgical treatment were performed in 60 patients (26 men and 34 women) by undergraduated students. The overall success rate was 71.62%; the rate of success for cases with no periapical radiolucency exceeded 80% whereas only 62.8% of the cases with perapical radiolucency had undergone partial resolution or complete resolution. Only 17.1% of lesions demonstrated complete radiographic resolution 12 to 16 months after the endodontic treatment. Reasons that may explain the low success rate are lake of asepty, root canal preparation and root canal filling technique. <10> UI - 20274749 AU - Walton TR IN - University of Sydney, Faculty of Dentistry, Australia. twalton@mail.usyd.edu.au TI - A 10-year longitudinal study of fixed prosthodontics: clinical characteristics and outcome of single-unit metal-ceramic crowns. SO - International Journal of Prosthodontics 1999 Nov-Dec;12(6):519-26 AB - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report on the clinical characteristics and outcome of 688 single-unit metal-ceramic crowns placed in a specialist prosthodontic practice between January 1984 and December 1992. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical and laboratory techniques were standardized and patients were recalled by the author between June and December of 1993. The outcome of all crowns was allocated to one of 6 fields in this assessment period. RESULTS: Clinical review examination by the author covered 87% of the crowns. Of these, 52% had been in service for 5 to 10 years and 48% for less than 5 years but more than 1 year; 67% of the crowns were placed on vital teeth and 94% were given a "good prognosis" rating at examination. The repair and failure rates of crowns in the 5 to 10 years in clinical service group were both 3%. Crowns on nonvital teeth in the same grouping had a significantly greater failure rate (5%) than crowns on vital teeth (1%), and anterior teeth had a significantly greater retreatment rate than posterior teeth. Retreatment for all 25 crowns occurred within 66 months after cementation. Tooth fracture accounted for 56% of retreatments, while caries and loss of retention accounted for only 24% of retreatments; 2% of initially vital teeth were endodontically treated during the survey period. CONCLUSION: Single-unit metal-ceramic crowns have a high expectancy of exceeding 10 years of clinical service when the described clinical and laboratory protocol is applied. <11> UI - 20205734 AU - Pohl Y AU - Filippi A AU - Tekin U AU - Kirschner H IN - Department of Oral Surgery and Dental Policlinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. TI - Periodontal healing after intentional auto-alloplastic reimplantation of injured immature upper front teeth. SO - Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2000 Mar;27(3):198-204 AB - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Conventional endodontic treatment results in high complication quota when performed in immature teeth. Intentional reimplantation with extraoral insertion of an endodontic implant (auto-alloplastic reimplantation) is an alternative. METHOD: In a retrospective study, the healing of 40 teeth reimplanted intentionally according to this method in patients aged 7 to 15 years was evaluated. Clinical tests (palpation, percussion sound, periotest values) and radiographical examinations were used to determine the type of periodontal healing (inflammatory resorption/periodontitis apicalis; replacement resorption/ankylosis; normal healing). RESULTS: Mean lifetime of the replanted teeth was 59.2+/-42.5 months, estimated survival time on the basis of the Kaplan-Meier analysis was 99.5 months. 17 teeth (42.5%) were classified as failures, mostly due to inflammatory resorption or periodontitis apicalis. Further investigations demonstrated that success rate and retention period of intentionally replanted teeth depend on the preoperative condition of the pulp. Teeth with preoperative infection suffered frequently from inflammatory resorption or periodontitis apicalis after being replanted (14 of 28 teeth). Estimated survival time according to Kaplan-Meier was 75.5 months. In contrast, inflammations or progressive resorptions were not observed in teeth without preoperative infection of the pulp. All these 12 teeth showed normal periodontal healing and regular tooth mobility. In the absence of any pathology in clinical or radiological findings after an average functional period of 72.3 months, the prognosis can be presumed excellent. Estimated survival time of 148.3 months according to Kaplan-Meier differs significantly from survival time of teeth infected preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: From the results of this investigation, it may be concluded that an infection of the pulp - due to delay of treatment or attempts at endodontic therapy - should be avoided before intentional replantation of immature front teeth with pulp necrosis. Periodontal healing of the autologous root is not impaired by the insertion of posts made of Al2O3-ceramics or titanium. The inserted posts do not ankylose. Orthodontic movement of auto-alloplastically replanted teeth is possible. <12> UI - 20258333 AU - Kane AW AU - Cisse D AU - Faye D AU - Toure B AU - Sarr M IN - Departement Odontostomatologie, Faculte de Medecine, Pharmacie et Odontostomatologie, UCAD, Dakar, Senegal. TI - [Importance of the number of treatment sessions in the success of root canal therapy]. [French] SO - Dakar Medical 1999;44(1):109-13 AB - Root canal therapy is usually performed in single or multiple-visit treatment. The choice of single or multiple visit depend on dentist and patient available time. In general dentistry, multiple-visit is widely chosen by dentist whereas endodontic speciality recommend single-visit. In this study we analyzed 120 root canal therapy performed by students, to determine the number of visits needed to achieve treatment from endodontic-cavity-access to root canal filling and its possible, influence in the successful rate. Results showed that globally, 60% of treatments were performed in multiple-visit. Results showed also hat 89.3% of anteriors teeth were performed in single-visit but there is a higher rate of fail: 31.78%. Nevertheless, these results do not condemn endodontic single visit therapy. <13> UI - 20262474 AU - Hulsmann M AU - Gambal A AU - Bahr R IN - Department of Operative Dentistry, Zentrum ZMK, University of Gottingen, Germany. TI - An evaluation of root canal preparation with the automated Excalibur endodontic handpiece. SO - Clinical Oral Investigations 1999 Jun;99(2):70-8 AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate several parameters for automated root canal preparation with the Excalibur handpiece compared with hand instrumentation. The parameters investigated were straightening of curved canals, cleaning ability, working safety (loss of working length, instrument separation, perforation), cross sectional diameter before and after enlargement, and working time. Sixty curved root canals were prepared using the Excalibur handpiece and 30 curved canals with conventional hand instruments to ISO-size 35. The Excalibur left significantly less debris and smear layer on the root canal walls, but hand preparation resulted in fewer unprepared regions. Root canal curvature was well maintained by either technique; the degree of straightening depended on original root canal curvature rather than on the preparation technique. The Excalibur removed significantly more dentin. In the coronal part of the root canal, hand instruments produced significantly more round and oval cross sections; in the middle and apical part no differences could be detected. Working time was shorter for hand preparation, but the difference was not significant. Manual instrumentation proved to be safe; no instrument fracture, perforation or loss of working length could be observed, whereas automated preparation resulted in one perforation and two cases of loss of working length. <14> UI - 20262479 AU - Stoll R AU - Sieweke M AU - Pieper K AU - Stachniss V AU - Schulte A IN - Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Medizinisches Zentrum fur ZMK, Abt. Zahnerhaltung, Germany. stoll@mailer.uni-marburg.de TI - Longevity of cast gold inlays and partial crowns--a retrospective study at a dental school clinic. SO - Clinical Oral Investigations 1999 Jun;99(2):100-4 AB - From 1963 to 1993, 890 patients were treated with 3518 cast gold restorations by students and postgraduate dentists. The longevity of these restorations was studied retrospectively using the patient files. Longevity was calculated using the method described by Kaplan and Meier. After the observation period, 111 (3.2%) of the examined restorations were not in place anymore. The most frequent reasons for failure were caries (33.7%), lack of retention (32.7%), endodontic treatment (29.6%), insufficient marginal adaptation (3.1%) and extraction (1%). The cumulative survival rate and a 95% interval of confidence was calculated for all restorations and for each of the locations and surfaces included in the trial. The 10-year survival rate for occlusal inlays was, 76.1% (12.1) for MO inlays 88.3% (4.2), for DO inlays 83.4% (4.6), for MOD inlays 87.5% (2.4), for partial crowns 86.1% (3.3) and 85.7% (1.7) for all restorations. Based on the statistical method used, the cast gold restorations demonstrated satisfactory longevity results. <15> UI - 20222951 AU - Perez M AU - Fernandez I AU - Marquez D AU - Bretana RM IN - Clinica Estomatologica Docente de Bauta, Provincia Habana; and Centre of Biomaterials of Havana University, Havanna, Cuba. TI - Use of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in oral surgery: biological and clinical evaluation. SO - Artificial Organs 2000 Mar;24(3):241-3 AB - N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate based tissue adhesive, Tisuacryl, was employed as a nonsuture method for closing wounds in oral surgery. One hundred thirty patients were treated with the adhesive and 30 with suture. The surgical procedures were apicectomy, extraction of molars, and mucogingival grafting. The studied product was well tolerated by the tissue and permitted immediate hemostasis and normal healing of incisions. When Tisuacryl was used as dressing material for donor sites and mucosal ulcerations, pain relief was observed. <16> UI - 20247911 AU - Silverstein LH AU - Moskowitz ME AU - Kurtzman D AU - Shatz PC AU - Gornstein RA IN - Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA. TI - Prosthetic considerations with periodontal root resective therapy, Part 2. Hemisections. SO - Dentistry Today 1999 Sep;18(9):86-9 AB - When a root and the overlying anatomic crown are removed as a unit, this procedure is referred to as a hemisection. Hemisection of a maxillary or mandibular molar is often a means of retaining teeth needed for restorative abutments or occlusal support. This treatment can yield predictable results using proper diagnostic, endodontic, surgical, and prosthetic techniques. <17> UI - 20232888 AU - Culbreath TE AU - Davis GM AU - West NM AU - Jackson A IN - Department of Fixed Prosthodontic and Restorative Dentistry, Howard University College of Dentistry, Washington, USA. TI - Treating internal resorption using a syringeable composite resin. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 2000 Apr;131(4):493-5 AB - BACKGROUND: Internal resorption is a pathological process initiated within the pulp space with the loss of dentin. It often is described as an oval shaped enlargement of the root canal space and usually is asymptomatic and detectable by routine radiographs. Treatment of internal resorption has included several materials--gutta-percha, zinc oxide eugenol and amalgam alloy. These materials do not provide strength to the tooth structure. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 29-year-old woman was referred to a dental clinic for treatment of a large internal resorptive defect in the coronal and middle one-third of the maxillary left central incisor root with no apparent periapical pathosis, as well as a large periapical radiolucency at the apex of the maxillary left lateral incisor that was associated with a necrotic pulp. The authors used a dual-cure syringable composite resin in conjunction with a bonding agent within the defect to treat it. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This technique seals the dentinal tubules and strengthens the remaining tooth structure. It also improves the outcome of resorptive defects and reduces operators' chair time. <18> UI - 20228597 AU - Aqrabawi J IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman-Jordan. TI - Five-year follow-up of successful intentional replantation. SO - Dental Update 1999 Nov;26(9):388-90 AB - Intentional replantation has been practised for many years as a treatment modality for pulpless teeth. Although the success ratio for intentional replantation is far below that for routine or surgical endodontics, one should consider this procedure as an alternative to tooth extraction. Two cases of mandibular second molars which were treated with intentional replantation and retrograde fillings are reported in this article. At the 5-year recall visit, the radiographs showed no evidence of pathological changes. <19> UI - 20221859 AU - Aqrabawi J IN - Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. TI - Sealing ability of amalgam, super EBA cement, and MTA when used as retrograde filling materials. SO - British Dental Journal 2000 Mar 11;188(5):266-8 AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare apical microleakage of MTA following reverse retrograde root filling with that following amalgam and EBA retrofilling. DESIGN: Prospective random control trial. SETTING: It was conducted at the University of Jordan in 1998. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The root canals of 79 extracted teeth were instrumented and obturated with vertically condensed gutta-percha. Each tooth was apically resected and the apex was prepared ultrasonically to 3 mm depth and the root surface isolated with nail varnish. Teeth were divided randomly into three groups of 25 teeth each. First group was retrofilled with amalgam, second group with EBA and the third group with MTA. Following immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 72 hours, the roots were sectioned and the depth of dye penetration was evaluated by a stereomicroscope at x10 magnification. INTERVENTIONS: Super EBA is a reinforced zinc oxide cement based on a mixture of 32% eugenol and 68% ethoxy benzoic acid (EBA). MTA is a mineral trioxide aggregate cement (MTA) based on a mixture of sterile water. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The sealing effectiveness of the retrograde filling materials used in this study was determined by their ability to inhibit dye penetration. RESULTS: 56% of the group filled with amalgam and 20% of the group filled with EBA showed dye leakage beyond the retrofilling material whereas the MTA group showed none, two samples from MTA group were eliminated because of their fractured roots. The chi-squared test revealed a statistically significant difference among all three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MTA cement provides a better seal than amalgam and EBA cement when used as retrograde filling, but the extrapolation of this result into a clinical practice may be questionable. <20> UI - 20221855 AU - Hollows P AU - Fasanmade A AU - Hayter JP IN - Leicester Royal Infirmary NHS Trust. philip@phollows.fsnet.co.uk TI - Ameloblastoma--a diagnostic problem. SO - British Dental Journal 2000 Mar 11;188(5):243-4 AB - A 50-year-old female was referred by her dental practitioner. She had a periapical radiolucency associated with the lower right second premolar tooth. The tooth was root treated and subsequently apicected. Tissue curetted at the time of surgery was shown to be a solid ameloblastoma which was managed initially by marginal excision. Histopathological examination of the resection specimen demonstrated tumour at the inferior margin. A segmental resection of the mandible with an immediate reconstruction using a free tissue transfer of the iliac crest was therefore performed. The case shows the need for vigilance in dealing with periapical pathology and underlines the importance of sending all tissue specimens for histopathological analysis. <21> UI - 20228614 AU - Germain LP IN - Louisiana State University School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, New Orleans 70115, USA. bsk.nolaQix.netcom.com TI - Mineral trioxide aggregate: a new material for the new millennium. SO - Dentistry Today 1999 Jan;18(1):66-7, 70-1 AB - A midroot strip perforation can be a difficult problem to treat. Surgical treatment is arduous and has a poor prognosis. Variable success has been seen with the classic repair materials for nonsurgical treatment. Mineral trioxide aggregate seems to have incredible promise for sealing these defects with a good long-term prognosis. <22> UI - 98073570 AU - Sussman HI IN - Department of Periodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, USA. TI - Cortical bone resorption secondary to endodontic-implant pathology. A case report. SO - New York State Dental Journal 1997 Nov;63(9):38-40 AB - A single implant was inserted to replace the mandibular right lateral incisor in a 50-year-old Caucasian woman. After one month, an endodontic lesion formed on the adjacent canine, which went on to engulf the fixture. Even though endodontic therapy was instituted expeditiously on the canine, the implant exfoliated spontaneously the following month. There was a large radiolucency afterwards, suggesting resorption of both the labial and lingual cortical plates. A follow-up radiograph four months later revealed a residual detect along with delayed wound repair. <23> UI - 20228679 AU - Harrison JW AU - Svec TA IN - Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, USA. TI - The hopeless tooth: when is treatment futile?. SO - Quintessence International 1999 Dec;30(12):846-50 AB - The decision to place a tooth in the hopeless category is by no means a simple one. There is always the possibility of being wrong, the possibility that this tooth may prove to be the exception and, against all odds, survive as a functioning component of the masticatory apparatus. These are the decisions that make us dentists rather than technicians. <24> UI - 20144768 AU - Lin H AU - Wang J AU - Yan W IN - School of Stomatology, Beijing Medical University. TI - [A three-year clinical evaluation of five light-cured composite resins in fillings of posterior teeth]. [Chinese] SO - Chung-Hua Kou Chiang i Hsueh Tsa Chih Chinese Journal of Stomatology 1997 Jul;32(4):242-5 AB - In order to study the clinical performance and the evaluation method of light-cured composite resin in filling for posterior teeth, two evaluation methods were used to evaluate 5 light-cured posterior composite resin fillings in 169 adult posterior class I cavity. Results showed that each evaluation method has its own advantages. The curative effect was declined with time in this study. Failures and defects were mainly occurred after 3 years. Secondary caries, loss of fillings and marginal stainings were the main reasons of failures. Compared with the effect of 1 year, the success rate after 3 years declined significantly, and further long-term clinical observation is needed. <25> UI - 20131017 AU - Reppel R AU - Goldbecher C AU - Schubert J IN - Klinik und Poliklinik fur Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Deutschland. TI - [The preparation of retrocavities in apicoectomies]. [German] SO - Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 2000 Jan;4(1):30-4 AB - The purpose of this in vitro and in vivo study was to compare the quality of retrograde cavities and retrofilling using various retrograde techniques (microhead, ultrasonic). The quality was evaluated on the basis of dye penetration, macroscopic control, and both light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examination. A total of 40 extracted teeth with a single canal were analyzed. The clinical result was evaluated in 25 patients with root-filled teeth and the indication of apicoectomy. Statistical analysis indicated that the seal was significantly better with ultrasonically prepared cavities than with microhead preparation. Retrofillings prepared ultrasonically also showed significantly fewer peripheral fissures. The scanning electron microscopic examination, however, demonstrated peripheral fissures in all filled teeth. Furthermore, the cavities prepared ultrasonically had a smoother surface and a lower smear layer. This preparation produced a more pleasing final result. The advantages of better accessibility during the preparation, namely, more precise preparation of the retrofilling and only minor substance loss were confirmed clinically. Using the ultrasonic equipment, absolutely sterile working conditions are present. <26> UI - 20194176 AU - Saunders WP AU - Chestnutt IG AU - Saunders EM IN - University of Glasgow Dental School. TI - Factors influencing the diagnosis and management of teeth with pulpal and periradicular disease by general dental practitioners. Part 1. SO - British Dental Journal 1999 Nov 13;187(9):492-7 AB - OBJECTIVE: To identify factors influencing the diagnosis and management of periradicular disease by general dental practitioners. DESIGN: The study was conducted in two stages. 1. Analysis of recent returns to the Scottish Dental Practice Board. 2. Data collection via a postal questionnaire distributed to 617 general dental practitioners in Scotland (33% of practitioners registered with the Dental Practice Board). RESULTS: 417 (69%) questionnaires were completed and returned. The majority of respondents undertook root canal treatment and the number of cases treated had increased in the last five years. The vast majority of the respondents (89.3%) were confident in their diagnosis of periradicular disease and 77.1% were confident of their treatment of the disease. A referral system for treatment was used by 31% of respondents of whom the majority used a specialist in a hospital. Over 50% of the respondents undertook surgical root canal treatment. Only 40% of respondents followed up their completed cases for longer than six months. Constraints on the provision of treatment included the time available and the low level of fees. CONCLUSIONS: Current arrangements for the treatment of periradicular disease in general dental practice are less than optimal. The fiscal arrangements for the provision of these treatments must be developed to encourage a high standard of treatment to be performed thereby maximising the likelihood of success. In addition, efforts to inform patients of the benefits of the treatment of periradicular disease should be increased. <27> UI - 20121154 AU - Nagase M IN - First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University. TI - [A clinical study on treatment results of apicoectomy]. [Review] [35 refs] [Japanese] SO - Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi - the Journal of the Stomatological Society, Japan 1999 Dec;66(4):339-50 AB - In this study, the treatment results of apicoectomy with orthograde filling were compared with those of apicoectomy with retrograde gutta-percha filling and retrograde sponge gold filling. The long-term follow-up results of the teeth treated by apicoectomy are presented, and the possible prognostic factors are discussed. The healing process of the apical bone cavity was analyzed with standard X-ray techniques and image analysis system. One hundred nineteen teeth were apicoectomized with orthograde filling, 196 teeth with retrograde gutta-percha root filling and 42 teeth with sponge gold filling. There was no significant correlation between the treatment results and the sex or age of the patients, kinds of teeth, preoperative radiolucent areas, the number of operations or histopathological diagnosis of apical lesion. The success rate of apicoectomy with orthograde filling or apicoectomy with retrograde gutta-percha root filling was significantly higher than that with retrograde sponge gold filling. The filling materials and the operation method were considered to be the most important factors for a successful outcome. Bone reconstruction was found to start from the periphery of the bone cavity and the bone defect became gradually reduced in a star-like pattern. At 4 months after operation, in the successful cases, the area of bone cavity decreased 46-64% compared with before operation, but in the unsuccessful cases, the area did not change or increased 75-120%. Thus at 4 months after operation, it is possible to determine whether or not apicoectomy is successful. [References: 35] <28> UI - 20174150 AU - Liewehr FR IN - Endodontic Residency Program, U.S. Army Dental Activity, Fort Gordon, GA 30905-5650, USA. TI - Endodontics and dental readiness. SO - Military Medicine 2000 Feb;165(2):127-30 AB - The primary mission of the Dental Corps--maintaining the dental health of our soldiers at an optimum level to ensure their readiness to deploy and fight--is more important than ever in today's downsized, high-operational-tempo Army. A review of the literature indicates that 20 to 25% of all soldiers will report on dental sick call during a 1-year deployment, and approximately half will require endodontic intervention. This could cost a division more than 18,000 man-days of combat effectiveness in a theater of battle, an unacceptable loss. Approximately three-fourths of these sick call visits could be prevented if selected conditions were identified and treated before deployment. Endodontic conditions, which result in the majority of dental sick call complaints, should be given priority for treatment in garrison, and the identified soldier should be placed in dental fitness class 3 until the tooth is definitively treated. <29> UI - 20190734 AU - Seltzer S IN - Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. TI - Long-term radiographic and histological observations of endodontically treated teeth. SO - Journal of Endodontics 1999 Dec;25(12):818-22 AB - Endodontic therapy was performed on 14 teeth in juveniles with inflamed or necrotic pulps. The patients were recalled at 6-month intervals for radiological and clinical examinations. After 1 yr, periapical surgery was performed on six teeth. After 18 months, 5 more patients were subjected to periapical surgery and, after 2 1/2 years, 3 more patients had periapical surgery. A small block section containing the root tip and surrounding tissues was removed from all of the patients. Radiographs showed reductions in size, but not elimination, of periapical lesions. Histological examinations revealed that most root canals were overfilled. Inflammation persisted around zinc oxide-eugenol particles beyond the tooth apexes. In addition, gutta-percha overfilling enhanced the proliferation of cell rests of Malassez. In some cases, dentin filings were found at and beyond the tooth apexes. The formation of new hard tissue was stimulated by the presence of dentin chips. <30> UI - 20190733 AU - Kvist T AU - Reit C IN - Department of Endodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Odontology, Goteborg University, Sweden. TI - Results of endodontic retreatment: a randomized clinical study comparing surgical and nonsurgical procedures. SO - Journal of Endodontics 1999 Dec;25(12):814-7 AB - Information of "success" rates after surgical or nonsurgical endodontic retreatment is abundant but inconclusive. Reported healing frequencies vary between 45% and 90%. The present study was designed to find any systematic difference between the methods. Nonsurgical and surgical retreatment was randomly assigned to 95 endodontically "failed" cases. The outcome of the procedures was clinically and radiographically recorded, and followed for 4 years. At the 12-month recall, a statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher healing rate was observed for cases surgically retreated. At the final 48-month examination, no such difference was found. These findings may be explained by (a) slower healing dynamics in the nonsurgical group and (b) the event of late "failures" in the surgical group. Within the latter category, four cases classified as healed after 1 yr failed at the final follow-up. Conclusively, this study failed to show any systematic difference in the outcome of surgical and nonsurgical endodontic retreatment. Surgical retreatment seems to result in more rapid periapical bone fill, but also may imply a higher risk of "late failures." From a scientific point of view, the length of the follow-up period is very important and may strongly influence the conclusions made. <31> UI - 20174316 AU - Bindl A AU - Mormann WH IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Zurich, Switzerland. bindl@zzmk.unizh.ch TI - Clinical evaluation of adhesively placed Cerec endo-crowns after 2 years--preliminary results. SO - Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 1999;1(3):255-65 AB - PURPOSE: Non-vital endodontically treated posterior teeth with complete loss of coronal hard tissues were prepared with a circular equigingival butt margin and central retention cavity of the entire pulp chamber ("endo-preparation"). Computer-generated ceramic corono-radicular restorations (Cerec endo-crowns) were bonded to these preparations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival rate and the clinical quality of CAD/CIM endo-crowns after 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 19 Cerec endo-crowns (4 premolars and 15 molars) in 13 patients were examined using modified USPHS criteria at baseline and after an average time of 26 months. The ratings of the two examinations were compared. RESULTS: The service time of the 19 endo-crowns was 14 to 35.5 (mean +/- SD: 26 +/- 6) months. One molar endo-crown failed after 28 months because of recurrent caries. CONCLUSION: The overall clinical quality of the Cerec endo-crowns was very good, and so far, the clinical concept appears feasible. <32> UI - 20162444 AU - Waterhouse PJ AU - Nunn JH AU - Whitworth JM IN - Department of Child Dental Health, The School of Dentistry, Newcastle upon Tyne. TI - An investigation of the relative efficacy of Buckley's Formocresol and calcium hydroxide in primary molar vital pulp therapy. SO - British Dental Journal 2000 Jan 8;188(1):32-6 AB - OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical and radiological outcomes following two different, single visit vital pulp therapy techniques, in cariously exposed primary molar teeth. SETTING: A paediatric dental clinic within the Dental Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. SUBJECTS: Fifty two child patients were sequentially enrolled in the clinical investigation, 26 males and 26 females with an age range of 3.3-12.5 years. Primary molar teeth requiring vital pulp therapy were randomly allocated to either the formocresol group (F) or the calcium hydroxide group (C). The total number of teeth treated was 84. DESIGN: Recruitment was on the basis of strict inclusion criteria. Coronal pulp amputation was prescribed only in teeth with vital, cariously exposed pulp tissue. Treatment was undertaken between October 1994 and December 1996. All cases were reviewed using predefined clinical and radiological criteria. The statistical tests used were logistic regression of a triple nested data structure, chi-squared analysis of equality of treatment and probability of success with relation to subject age. RESULTS: Eighty-four cariously exposed primary molars required vital pulp therapy. Forty six (55%) teeth were included in the F group and 38 (45%) allocated to the C group. Five teeth were lost to follow-up, leaving 79 teeth: forty four (56%) in group F and 35 (44%) in group C. Eighty four percent (37/44) of teeth treated with formocresol and 77 percent (27/35) treated with calcium hydroxide were classed as clinically and radiographically successful at the cut-off date, December 1997, after a mean clinical review of 22.5 months (range 6.1-38.5 months) and a mean radiographic review of 18.9 months (range 1.3-36.9 months). CONCLUSION: This investigation confirms the clinical efficacy of a one-fifth dilution of Buckley's Formocresol as an agent in pulp treatment of cariously exposed, vital primary molar teeth. However, calcium hydroxide in its pure, powder form is a clinically acceptable alternative when combined with strict selection criteria for this method of restorative care. There was a statistically insignificant difference in successful clinical and radiological outcome between the two treatment groups. Success was unrelated to the duration of time taken to achieve haemostasis and the presence or absence of bleeding after placement of the medicament. <33> UI - 20134693 AU - McLaren EA AU - White SN IN - School of Dentistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA. TI - Survival of In-Ceram crowns in a private practice: a prospective clinical trial. SO - Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2000 Feb;83(2):216-22 AB - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. Prior reports on some all-ceramic crown systems have indicated high failure rates through fracture. PURPOSE. This study prospectively evaluated the survival of infiltrated alumina crowns (In-Ceram) in a private practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS. All the In-Ceram crowns placed in a prosthodontic practice since its introduction in 1990 were serially included. Patients were recalled at 6 monthly intervals. Those who did not attend in the previous 6 months were contacted by telephone and a series of answers to standardized questions recorded. The few patients who were lost to follow-up or who died were removed from the study from the time of last contact. RESULTS. A total of 408 crowns in 107 patients were followed for periods from 1 to 86 months. As the 3-year data combined a meaningful period of service with a large sample size, these data were focused on. The 3-year survival rate was 96% for a sample size of 223. Three-year data indicated that core fracture and porcelain fracture occurred at rates of approximately 0.6% and 0.3% per year, respectively. Otherwise sound restorations were removed at a rate of approximately 0.3% per year for esthetic, endodontic, or prosthetic reasons. Anterior crowns tended to have a slightly higher 3-year survival rate (98%) than premolars or molars (94%). CONCLUSION. Clinical failure rate of In-Ceram crowns was low. Crowns were lost because of core fracture, porcelain fracture, and removal without failure. Failure tended to be more common for molar and premolar crowns than for anterior crowns. <34> UI - 20144639 AU - Behnia A AU - Strassler HE AU - Campbell R IN - Department of Endodontics, Dental School, University of Maryland at Baltimore 21201, USA. TI - Repairing iatrogenic root perforations. SO - Journal of the American Dental Association 2000 Feb;131(2):196-201 AB - BACKGROUND: Post preparation is an integral part of restoring endodontically treated teeth in indicated cases. Iatrogenic perforation of the root can result from preparing post space and can severely compromise the prognosis of the tooth. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two years after a patient's maxillary lateral incisor was restored with a post-retained composite resin, he went to a dental school emergency clinic with a chief complaint of soft-tissue swelling adjacent to the tooth. The authors took a periapical radiograph that revealed evidence of a circumscribed radiolucent lesion associated with the distal midroot area and a periapical radiolucency. Based on the radiograph, the authors suspected that the canal preparation for the post and the post placement had perforated the root at the base of the post. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The authors used a combined surgical and orthograde approach with a biocompatible restorative material and a clear, plastic light-transmitting post to repair the iatrogenic perforation. <35> UI - 20152134 AU - Tamse A AU - Fuss Z AU - Lustig J AU - Kaplavi J IN - Department of Endodontology, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. TI - An evaluation of endodontically treated vertically fractured teeth. SO - Journal of Endodontics 1999 Jul;25(7):506-8 AB - For this survey, 92 vertically fractured endodontically treated teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically before and after extraction. The maxillary second premolars (27.2%) and mesial roots of the mandibular molars (24%) were the most fractured teeth. In 67.4% of the teeth, a solitary buccal pocket was present; in 34.8%, a fistula frequently appeared closer to the gingival margin than to the apical area. A lateral radiolucency or a combination of lateral and periapical radiolucency was found in more than half of the cases. The general practitioners correctly diagnosed vertical root fracture in only one-third of the 92 fractured teeth in this survey. <36> UI - 20152056 AU - Certosimo FJ AU - Milos MF AU - Walker T IN - Comprehensive Dentistry Department, Naval Dental School, Bethesda, MD, USA. TI - Endodontic working length determination--where does it end?. [Review] [30 refs] SO - General Dentistry 1999 May-Jun;47(3):281-6; quiz 287-8 AB - Obtaining a correct working length is critical to the success of endodontic therapy. Failure to identify this crucial measurement can result in untoward treatment outcomes, which may include increased patient discomfort, possible infection or cyst development, and extrusion or intra-canal medication into the periradicular tissue. This article reviews the classical and current terminology, philosophies, and techniques that are used at present to determine endodontic working length accurately, and describes their clinical application. Recent clinical advances such as the electronic apex locator, direct digital radiography, and the surgical operating microscope also are discussed. [References: 30] <37> UI - 20113835 AU - Bader JD AU - Shugars DA AU - White BA AU - Rindal DB IN - Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7590, USA. jim:bader@unc.edu TI - Development of effectiveness of care and use of services measures for dental care plans. SO - Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1999 Summer;59(3):142-9 AB - OBJECTIVES: Standardized measures to assess clinical aspects of the performance of managed dental care plans are not available. This project sought to develop and evaluate measures for effectiveness of care and use of services that could be calculated using a plan's administrative data. METHODS: Two panels of stake holders representing dental plans, purchasers, and dental providers participated in a modified Delphi process to refine initial sets of effectiveness of care and use of services measures modeled after HEDIS measures for medical care. The refined measures were then pilot tested in two dental health maintenance organizations. RESULTS: The development process resulted in specification of seven effectiveness of care measures assessing disease activity classification, and prevention and outcomes for caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. Six use of services measures focusing on prophylaxes, third molar surgery, preventive, restorative, prosthetic, surgical, and endodontic care also were specified. Pilot testing of the measures indicated reasonable reliability and sensitivity, but also demonstrated the need for supervision or auditing of the process. CONCLUSIONS: These standardized measures for dental care plan performance are available for immediate use. However, because the measures depend on diagnostic information (periodontal probing data and diagnoses associated with restorative treatments) in the administrative data set, their adoption will require changes in most plans' data systems and data collection policies. <38> UI - 20099341 AU - Holan G IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hebrew University--Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. TI - Conservative treatment of severely luxated maxillary primary central incisors: case report. [Review] [10 refs] SO - Pediatric Dentistry 1999 Nov-Dec;21(7):459-62 AB - The treatment and follow-up evaluation of two orally luxated maxillary primary central incisors in a three-year-old girl is described. The injured teeth were displaced into a cross-bite with their mandibular opposing teeth. They were repositioned shortly after the injury and splinted with composite resin for two weeks. Oral hygiene instructions and antibiotic therapy were prescribed. Two weeks after the injury a necrotic pulp was removed and the root canals filled with a resorbable paste. Thirty months after the injury, the teeth and the surrounding tissues were clinically and radiographically asymptomatic and physiologic root resorption could be noted. The permanent successors erupted soon after natural exfoliation of the injured primary teeth. Only mild hypocalcified defects were observed on the permanent incisors. [References: 10] <39> UI - 20096860 AU - Wu MK AU - Wesselink PR AU - Walton RE IN - Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands. M.Wu@acta.nl TI - Apical terminus location of root canal treatment procedures. [Review] [50 refs] SO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, & Endodontics 2000 Jan;89(1):99-103 AB - The apical termination of root canal treatment is considered an important factor in treatment success. The exact impact of termination is somewhat uncertain; most publications on outcomes are based on retrospective findings. After vital pulpectomy, the best success rate has been reported when the procedures terminated 2 to 3 mm short of the radiographic apex. With pulpal necrosis, bacteria and their byproducts, as well as infected dentinal debris may remain in the most apical portion of the canal; these irritants may jeopardize apical healing. In these cases, better success was achieved when the procedures terminated at or within 2 mm of the radiographic apex (0 to 2 mm). When the therapeutic procedures were shorter than 2 mm from or past the radiographic apex, the success rate for infected canals was approximately 20% lower than that when the procedures terminated at 0 to 2 mm. Clinical determination of apical canal anatomy is difficult. An apical constriction is often absent. Based on biologic and clinical principles, instrumentation and obturation should not extend beyond the apical foramen. [References: 50] <40> UI - 20096390 AU - Wei PC AU - Geivelis M AU - Chan CP AU - Ju YR IN - Department of Periodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. TI - Successful treatment of pulpal-periodontal combined lesion in a birooted maxillary lateral incisor with concomitant palato-radicular groove. A case report. SO - Journal of Periodontology 1999 Dec;70(12):1540-6 AB - Palato-radicular groove (PRG) is a common developmental anomaly of maxillary incisors, whereas PRG associated with a birooted maxillary incisor is relatively infrequent. The clinical significance of PRG is related to the incidence of localized periodontitis with or without pulpal pathosis, depending on the depth, extent, and complexity of the groove. Successful treatments of PRG in single-rooted incisors have been reported in the literature. However, treatment of PRG in birooted incisors has often been ineffective. This case report describes a pulpal-periodontal combined lesion occurring on a birooted maxillary left lateral incisor with concomitant PRG in a 13-year-old boy which was successfully treated by conventional endodontic therapy in combination with periodontal treatment including accessory root resection, radiculoplasty and bone grafting. Seven-year follow-up is included in this report. The basis of a successful result is accurate diagnosis and elimination of inflammatory irritants and contributory factors. Awareness of the existence of this abnormality by the clinician is important. <41> UI - 20116153 AU - Seidman D TI - A general dentist's viewpoint of two new endodontic techniques. SO - Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ) 1999 Oct;20(10):921-4, 926, 928 passim; quiz 934 AB - Over 3 years ago, two new endodontic techniques were developed. The first was a straightforward, comprehensive approach for root canal instrumentation. The second was a simple and predictable obturation system. The combination of these systems lead to impressive results that were easily attained. The instrumentation method uses existing armamentarium, allowing nearly any canal to be shaped to ideal form to precisely match a tapered gutta percha point. The root canal sealer technique incorporates controlled placement of a modified epoxy-resin cement that allows for a thoroughly sealed, single-cone root canal fill. The results rival other available systems. This article presents a stepwise guide to achieve stress-free, successful case results that general dentists and endodontists desire. <42> UI - 20101130 AU - Mannocci F AU - Ferrari M AU - Watson TF IN - Department of Endodontics, University of Siena, Italy. TI - Intermittent loading of teeth restored using quartz fiber, carbon-quartz fiber, and zirconium dioxide ceramic root canal posts. SO - Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 1999;1(2):153-8 AB - PURPOSE: The purpose of the investigation was to compare the performances of teeth restored with quartz fiber, carbon-quartz fiber, and zirconium-dioxide posts covered with all-ceramic crowns when subjected to a cyclic loading test performed in a wet environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty single-rooted human lower premolars having similar dimensions were endodontically treated and mounted in acrylic resin blocks with a simulated periodontal ligament. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups and one control group. Post holes 8 mm long were prepared in the roots of the experimental groups in which quartz fiber, carbon-quartz fiber, and zirconium dioxide posts were cemented. In the control group, no posts were used. The crown buildup was made with composite resin. The teeth were covered with all-ceramic crowns and intermittently loaded at an angle of 45 degrees to the long axis of the tooth at a frequency of two loads per second. RESULTS: Only one failure (root fracture + post fracture) was observed in each of the fiber post groups, while in the zirconium dioxide post group, six failures were observed (one crown fracture and 5 root fractures + post fractures). The Kaplan-Meier analysis of the three experimental groups showed that the survival rate of zirconium dioxide posts was significantly lower than that of both types of fiber post. All the experimental groups showed a survival rate higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Fiber posts reduced to a minimum the risk of root fractures of teeth restored with composite cores and Empress crowns under the present experimental conditions (intermittent loading in a wet environment). <43> UI - 20101149 AU - Swift EJ Jr AU - Trope M IN - Department of Operative Dentistry, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill 27599-7450, USA. Ed:Swift@dentistry.unc.edu TI - Treatment options for the exposed vital pulp. SO - Practical Periodontics & Aesthetic Dentistry 1999 Aug;11(6):735-9; quiz 740 AB - The exposure of dental pulp generally occurs as the result of accidental trauma or preparation techniques utilized during the restoration of carious lesions. While frank carious exposures are optimally treated with pulpectomy and root canal therapy, the ideal treatment of mechanically exposed pulps has remained controversial. This article describes the indications, clinical techniques, and prognosis for direct pulp capping and partial pulpotomy. <44> UI - 20065233 AU - Sae-Lim V IN - Department of Restorative Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore. TI - A case report of a vital replanted tooth with unfavourable extra-alveolar condition: a 10-year follow-up. SO - Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1999 Sep;28(5):753-6 AB - This case report describes the survival of a maxillary left central incisor after an avulsion injury under unfavourable extra-alveolar condition, when the patient was 9 years old. At subsequent clinical follow-ups, the tooth maintained vitality 10 years after the injury. There was sign of gradual obliteration of the root canal space. Concomitantly, the replanted tooth manifested typical characteristics of ankylosis with minimally detectable resorption complication. <45> UI - 20099924 AU - Haas DA IN - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto. TI - Local and systemic therapeutics for the control of endodontic pain. [Review] [6 refs] SO - Alpha Omegan 1997 Winter;90(4):73-6 AB - Endodontic pain is best managed by eliminating the source as completely as possible. When it is determined that drugs are required, judicious use of local anesthetics and nonopioid analgesics can be beneficial and provide the first course of action. When it is determined that the pain will not be managed by these measures alone, the addition of an opioid analgesic may be considered with the understanding that more adverse side effects attend their use. [References: 6] <46> UI - 20101047 AU - Rodrigues JS AU - Damle SG IN - Dept of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai. TI - An epidemiological study on the prevalence of dental caries and treatment need in 12-15 year old children in Bhiwandi (Maharashtra). SO - Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry 1998 Sep;16(3):84-9 AB - An epidemiological survey of the prevalence of dental caries and treatment need in the powerloom township of Bhiwandi revealed a prevalence level of 56.93%. The overall mean DMFT score was 1.25 +/- 1.34. Decayed teeth accounted for the largest component of the reported DMF teeth followed by an almost equal proportion of missing and filled teeth. Single surface restorations were the most frequent type of treatment required, followed by the two or more surface restorations, extractions and pulp therapy. <47> UI - 20101063 AU - Berman LH TI - Endodontics in the '90s: old dogma and new tricks ... can we be re-taught?. SO - MSDA Journal 1997 Summer;40(3):121-4 AB - Endodontics has gone through many changes in the past several years. Electronic apex locators and surgical microscopes have taken a lot of the guess work out of doing root canal. Digital radiograpy has expanded our diagnostic abilities. Ultrasonic intrumentation and the advent of new filing systems have increased the efficacy of canal cleaning. There have also been some major refinements in how we can now obturate canals. Apicoectomies can now be performed with refined ultrasonic root end preparations, and we have increased our ability to better seal root ends with new filling materials. The result is that endodontic procedures can now be performed more expediently and with a more predictable outcome. This article is written from the perspective of a full-time practicing endodontist, and describes the various changes occurring within the specialty of endodontics. <48> UI - 20067062 AU - Anusavice KJ IN - Department of Dental Biomaterials, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0446, USA. kanusavice@dental.ufl.edu TI - Does ART have a place in preservative dentistry?. [Review] [17 refs] SO - Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1999 Dec;27(6):442-8 AB - The ART technique consists of hand excavating carious tissue and placing a highly viscous glass ionomer cement as a restoration material and as a sealant. Although the results of several studies are promising, the retention rates of these restorations for primary teeth are not impressive. Materials and methods that yield greater success rates are needed to improve long-term caries management outcomes. In principle, ART should yield outcomes similar to those associated with preservative dentistry, including the potential for minimal surgical intervention, conservation of sound tooth structure, avoidance of pain and need for local anesthetic injections, reduced risk for subsequent endodontics and tooth extraction, and increased survival time of the affected teeth. The ideal direct-filling ART material would be biocompatible and tooth colored; "forgiving" in its handling properties; insensitive to moisture or desiccation; hardenable without special equipment; able to form stable bonds to enamel and dentin; able to seal marginal gaps against bacteria; capable of releasing fluoride or remineralization and antibacterial agents when demineralization is most likely; and resistant to chemical attack. The highly viscous glass ionomer materials currently used for ART meet several of this criteria, though they may be deficient in their ability to seal marginal gaps against bacteria and in their sensitivity to desiccation. Furthermore, although they release fluoride over the lifetime of the restoration, this fluoride release alone may not prevent caries progression in all cases. It is necessary for cases of high caries risk to use chlorhexidine in conjunction with fluoride to achieve caries arrest and remineralization of adjacent areas of the affected teeth. Thus, while the ART technique offers some benefits in restoring function and reducing the rate of caries progression, it is unlikely that current materials will be able to arrest caries progression completely in high-risk persons. [References: 17] <49> UI - 20065041 AU - Sim CK IN - Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, Singapore. TI - Endodontic interappointment emergencies in a Singapore private practice setting: a retrospective study of incidence and cause-related factors. SO - Singapore Dental Journal 1997 Aug;22(1):22-7 AB - One thousand and sixteen consecutive records of patients treated by the author for endodontic treatment was surveyed for the incidence of endodontic interappointment emergencies (EIE) and the major factors contributing to it. The overall incidence of EIE was 3.15% and unrelated to the patients' sex or tooth location. Caucasians were more likely to experience flare-ups than Chinese (p < 0.01). Patients < 20 years and > 60 years were less likely to experience EIE (p < 0.05). EIE was significantly higher in necrotic teeth than in vital teeth (p < 0.01). A clinical diagnosis of necrotic pulp with acute apical abcess (NP/AAA) increased the incidence of flare-ups significantly (p < 0.05). Retreatment cases also had a higher incidence of EIE and this was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The possibility of EIE was the highest after the first visit (p < 0.01) and this was reduced significantly with subsequent visits. <50> UI - 20037893 AU - Debeljak A AU - Sorli J AU - Music E AU - Kecelj P IN - Clinical Department for Respiratory Diseases and Allergy Golnik, Slovenia. TI - Bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies in adults: experience with 62 patients from 1974-1998. SO - European Respiratory Journal 1999 Oct;14(4):792-5 AB - The authors reviewed their experience with therapeutic bronchoscopy for removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in the adult. Bronchoscopy records and collection of foreign bodies in the endoscopic department were retrospectively examined. Among 37,466 bronchoscopies performed between 1974-1998, 62 (0.2%) were performed for the removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies. Medical history was suggestive of foreign body aspiration in 33 patients and the chest radiograph was suggestive in 10 patients. The procedure was performed with the flexible bronchoscope in 42 patients (68%), rigid bronchoscope in 4 (6%), and with both in 16 (26%) patients. Foreign bodies were found in the right bronchial tree on 42 occasions, in the left on 20 and in the trachea once. In 39 patients, inflammatory granulations were found around the foreign body. The origins of the foreign bodies included: bone fragments (n=31), vegetable (n=10), broncholith (n=8), a part of dental prosthesis (n=7), endodontic needle (n=2), a metallic (n=2), or plastic (n=1) particle, a tracheostomy tube (n=1) and a match (n=1). In one patient, 2 foreign bodies were found. The foreign bodies were successfully removed in all but 2 patients (3%). The most useful instruments for removal were alligator forceps and the wire basket. Foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial system are rare in adults. They can be successfully removed in the majority of patients under either flexible or rigid bronchoscopy. <51> UI - 20023996 AU - Fietz RJ TI - Predictably restoring endodontically treated teeth [letter]. SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1999 Oct;65(9):484-5 <52> UI - 99437103 AU - Forgie AH AU - Pine CM AU - Longbottom C AU - Pitts NB IN - Unit of Dental and Oral Health, Dundee Dental Hospital and School, UK. a.h.forgie@dundee.ac.uk TI - The use of magnification in general dental practice in Scotland--a survey report. SO - Journal of Dentistry 1999 Sep;27(7):497-502 AB - OBJECTIVES: This study had two aims, first, to quantify the level of the use of magnification in general dental practice in Scotland and second, to determine the current and potential areas of clinical use of magnification by general dental practitioners. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all general dental practitioners in Scotland with a Health Board list number (n = 1790). The questionnaire asked the practitioners about their experience of magnification and their opinions on possible areas for clinical use. An information sheet and a prepaid envelope were included with the questionnaire. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred and eighty (72%) of the dentists replied to the questionnaire. Nine percent of the respondents routinely used magnification. The level of routine use of magnification by practitioners increased with time since qualification. The suggested areas of clinical use of magnification by all the respondents were crown and bridge work, diagnosis and radiography. The routine users of magnification had a more positive view of magnification than non-users. CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of magnification was associated with the length of time the practitioner had been qualified and the attendance at a course at which magnification was discussed. The perceived uses of magnification depended on the experience of the practitioner with magnification. It was considered suitable for all clinical procedures except orthodontics and prosthodontics. <53> UI - 99408160 AU - Ahlqwist M AU - Bengtsson C AU - Hakeberg M AU - Hagglin C IN - Department of Oral Diagnostic Radiology, Goteborg University, Sweden. Margareta. Ahlqwist@adm.gu.se TI - Dental status of women in a 24-year longitudinal and cross-sectional study. Results from a population study of women in Goteborg. SO - Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 1999 Jun;57(3):162-7 AB - The aim of the study was to describe dental health status among middle-aged and elderly women over a 24-year period. Because of the design of the study it was possible to make both longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons. The study started in 1968-69 with a combined medical and dental examination of women aged between 38 and 60 years. New dental examinations of these same women were performed in 1980-81 and again in 1992-93, and included new cohorts of 38-year-old women on both occasions. In the cross-sectional perspective, it was shown that the number of edentate individuals decreased significantly during the 24-year period. Among dentate women, the number of remaining teeth and restored teeth increased significantly cross-sectionally. However, the youngest age group, women of 38 years, showed a lower number of restored teeth in the latest study (in 1992-93). There was also a lower number of crowns, root-fillings, and pontics in the latest study for the youngest age group. The two older age groups studied cross-sectionally showed similar numbers in all studies. In the longitudinal study, there was a decrease with time in incidence of edentulism. Among the dentate women in the longitudinal study the number of restored teeth related to those remaining was high (range 76-90%) and did not change much between the studies in the different age groups. There was a clear tendency during the 24-year period in all age groups for more teeth to be restored with crowns rather than different fillings. In conclusion, this population study, with a follow-up of 24 years, shows that dental status improved in that fewer individuals lost all their teeth and younger age groups have more remaining teeth and fewer restorations than previously. <54> UI - 99448356 AU - Koton D TI - The prevention of endodontic failures. [Review] [40 refs] SO - SADJ 1999 Feb;54(2):109-13 <55> UI - 99167121 AU - Sekhar LN AU - Schessel DA AU - Bucur SD AU - Raso JL AU - Wright DC IN - Department of Neurological Surgery, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA. TI - Partial labyrinthectomy petrous apicectomy approach to neoplastic and vascular lesions of the petroclival area. SO - Neurosurgery 1999 Mar;44(3):537-50; discussion 550-2 AB - OBJECTIVE: To study the value of an improvement of the presigmoid petrosal approach to the petroclival area by the addition of partial labyrinthectomy and petrous apicectomy and to document hearing and other results. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients treated by this technique during a 2-year period were studied prospectively. The lesions treated included 33 petroclival neoplasms (25 meningiomas, 5 chordomas, 1 chondrosarcoma, 1 trigeminal schwannoma, and 1 epidermoid cyst) and 3 vertebrobasilar aneurysms. The patients underwent clinical, radiological, and neuro-otological examinations. RESULTS: There was no perioperative mortality. Cranial nerve deficits involving Cranial Nerves III, IV, V, and VI occurred in 17 patients (47%) postoperatively. Cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in 12 patients (33%). Four of these patients were treated by lumbar drainage, two patients were treated by lumboperitoneal shunt, and six patients required reoperation and repacking of the middle ear. Hydrocephalus occurred in five patients (13.9%). There was one case of meningitis and another of systemic sepsis. All 36 patients underwent postoperative audiometric evaluation. When serviceable hearing was present preoperatively (Gardner-Robertson Grades I or II), it was determined to be preserved at postoperative follow-up in 81% of the patients (26 of 32 patients). CONCLUSION: The partial labyrinthectomy petrous apicectomy approach provided improved access to neoplasms of the clivus and petrous apex and the posterior cavernous sinus area and to vertebrobasilar aneurysms in the midclival area. This improvement in access permits more controlled and thorough treatment of these lesions, with reduced brain retraction and acceptable morbidity with respect to auditory function. <56> UI - 99381468 AU - Moule AJ AU - Kahler B IN - Brisbane Endodontic Research Group, Queensland. TI - Diagnosis and management of teeth with vertical root fractures. [Review] [54 refs] SO - Australian Dental Journal 1999 Jun;44(2):75-87 AB - Vertical fractures in teeth can present difficulties in diagnosis. There are, however, many specific clinical and radiographical signs which, when present, can alert clinicians to the existence of a fracture. In this review, the diagnosis of vertical root fractures is discussed in detail, and examples are presented of clinical and radiographic signs associated with these fractured teeth. Treatment alternatives are discussed for both posterior and anterior teeth. [References: 54] <57> UI - 99381495 AU - Telli C AU - Gulkan P AU - Raab W IN - Department of Endodontics, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey. TI - Additional studies on the distribution of stresses during vertical compaction of gutta-percha in the root canal. SO - British Dental Journal 1999 Jul 10;187(1):32-7 AB - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the effect of certain pathological alterations of the dental structures (diminishing bone support, internal resorption, root perforation, periapical lesion) on stress distribution during root canal filling procedures by the warm vertical compaction technique. DESIGN: The computer stress analyses were done for a maxillary canine tooth model which was based on dimensions recovered from a human cadaveric maxilla scanned by CT. METHODS: The finite element method was used to calculate the stresses generated during root canal filling procedures by warm vertical compaction technique. Patterns of stress distribution associated with various alterations in dental structures were investigated. For this purpose 60 cases were simulated. The hypothetical force of 10 N is taken as a unit representation. For other magnitudes of applied force, the corresponding stresses would be scaled directly because the calculations were made for linear materials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It is found that, when diminishing bone support and internal resorption are concurrently simulated, a marked increase in stress magnitudes occur (maximum von Mises stress 5.37 N/mm2). However, these values still remain much below the most frequently reported tensile strength of dentine (50-100 N/mm2). If dentist's handwork is transformed into equivalent edge tractions on gutta-percha, then stresses in dentine, even when they are corrected for 3-kg applied force, appear to remain below fracture strengths of this material. This result leads us to conclude that when warm vertical compaction technique is skillfully performed and inadvertent undue force is not applied, a premature root fracture in a large rooted maxillary anterior tooth with straight root canal anatomy is not likely to occur, even for the unfavourable conditions simulated in our model. This result, like all results derived from modelling applications, is of course contingent upon agreement between the way in which the clinical operations are performed and the way in which they are mirrored for computer representation. We believe that the approach described here avoids the spurious stresses that have been reported in similar investigations. <58> UI - 99354687 AU - Gutmann ME AU - Gutmann JL IN - Caruth School of Dental Hygiene, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75266-0677, USA. TI - The dental hygienist as a co-therapist in the endodontic practice. SO - Journal of Endodontics 1999 Apr;25(4):272-4 AB - This paper explores the potential contributions to patients, the practice, the endodontist, and the dental hygienist that may be realized by the employment of one or more dental hygienists to serve as endodontic co-therapists in the delivery of endodontic treatment. An endodontic co-therapist is an individual who participates with the endodontist in the assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of treatment much like the periodontal co-therapist relationship that exists between periodontists and dental hygienists. Dental hygienists are ideal individuals for this role because of their education in basic, clinical, and behavioral sciences. Suggestions are provided for which services could be delegated by the endodontist to the dental hygienist during each phase of care. Advantages of this contemporary approach to the delivery of endodontic treatment are also addressed. <59> UI - 99337992 AU - Goldstein S AU - Sedaghat-Zandi A AU - Greenberg M AU - Friedman S IN - SUNY Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine, Department of Endodontics, USA. TI - Apexification & apexogenesis. SO - New York State Dental Journal 1999 May;65(5):23-5 AB - When there is pulpal involvement of permanent teeth with incompletely formed roots, techniques for the induction of apical closure should be completed before endodontic therapy is begun. Apexification is a method of inducing a calcified barrier at the apex of a nonvital tooth with incomplete root formation. Apexogenesis refers to a vital pulp therapy procedure performed to encourage physiological development and formation of the root end. <60> UI - 99337993 AU - Bruder GA 3rd AU - Mastromihalis N AU - Foroughi K AU - Friedman S IN - SUNY at Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine, USA. TI - Perforation repairs. SO - New York State Dental Journal 1999 May;65(5):26-7 AB - Management of instrument perforations in the periodontal ligament space during endodontic or restorative procedures is an ongoing problem in dentistry. The introduction of microscopes, new instruments and materials has resulted in more controllable and predictable surgical and nonsurgical outcomes. This paper discusses some of the newer techniques and materials used to manage perforations effectively. <61> UI - 99337995 AU - Mastromihalis N AU - Goldstein S AU - Greenberg M AU - Friedman S IN - State University at Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine, Department of Endodontics, USA. TI - Applications for guided bone regeneration in endodontic surgery. SO - New York State Dental Journal 1999 May;65(5):30-2 AB - Regeneration of apical bony defects remains a significant problem in endodontic surgery. When a resorbable membrane is placed over a defect, it acts as a barrier between the defect and the overlying gingival tissue. This barrier membrane provides sufficient time for bone to regenerate while preventing the faster growing connective tissue from invaginating into the area. When new tissue replicates the structure and function of the lost tissue, then apical regeneration has occurred. <62> UI - 99308088 AU - Delbem AC AU - Cunha RF AU - Percinoto C AU - da Silva LB IN - Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State Paulista University-UNESP, Aracatuba, Brazil. TI - Severe lateral luxation and root fracture: report of a case with 5-year follow-up. SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Apr;15(2):91-3 AB - A case of severe lateral luxation and root fracture in upper incisors is reported. Treatment involved the repositioning and fixation of the injured teeth and endodontic treatment with calcium hydroxide. The importance of long-term follow-up is emphasized. <63> UI - 99305369 AU - Kramer N AU - Frankenberger R AU - Pelka M AU - Petschelt A IN - University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. kraemer@dent.uni-erlangen.de TI - IPS Empress inlays and onlays after four years--a clinical study. SO - Journal of Dentistry 1999 Jul;27(5):325-31 AB - OBJECTIVE: Ceramic inlays are used as esthetic alternatives to amalgam and other metallic materials for the restoration of badly damaged teeth. However, only limited clinical data are available regarding adhesive inlays and onlays with proximal margins located in dentine. In a prospective, controlled clinical study, the performance of IPS Empress inlays and onlays with cuspal replacements and margins below the amelocemental junction was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six IPS Empress fillings were placed in 34 patients by six clinicians. The restorations were luted with four different composite systems. The dentin bonding system Syntac Classic was used in addition to the acid-etch-technique. At baseline and after 6 months, one, two and four years after placement the restorations were assessed by two calibrated investigators using modified USPHS codes and criteria. A representative sample of the restorations was investigated by scanning electron microscopy to evaluate wear. RESULTS: Seven of the 96 restorations investigated had to be replaced (failure rate 7%; Kaplan-Meier). Four inlays had suffered cohesive bulk fractures and three teeth required endodontic treatment. After four years in clinical service, significant deterioration (Friedman 2-way Anova; p < 0.05) was found to have occurred in the marginal adaptation of the remaining restorations. Seventy-nine percent of the surviving restorations exhibited marginal deficiencies, independent of the luting composite. Neither the absence of enamel margins, nor cuspal replacement significantly affected the adhesion or marginal quality of the restorations. CONCLUSION: After four years, extensive IPS Empress inlays and onlays bonded with the dentin bonding system Syntac Classic were found to have a 7% failure rate with 79% of the remaining restorations having marginal deficiencies. <64> UI - 99308080 AU - Zmener O AU - Banegas G IN - Department of Adult Dental Care, Faculty of Odontology, University of Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. TI - Clinical experience of root canal filling by ultrasonic condensation of gutta-percha. SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Apr;15(2):57-9 AB - Ninety human teeth with a total of 181 prepared root canals were filled with the use of ultrasonically energized spreaders as an aid for lateral condensation of gutta-percha cones. The results were evaluated on the basis of clinical and radiographic criteria. Adequate fillings were found in 93% of the canals and the overall success rate was 93%. All of the recalled patients were clinically comfortable. <65> UI - 99340737 AU - Stockton LW IN - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, USA. TI - Vital pulp capping: a worthwhile procedure. [Review] [43 refs] SO - Journal / Canadian Dental Association. Journal de l Association Dentaire Canadienne 1999 Jun;65(6):328-31 AB - Despite the progress made in the field of pulp biology, the technique and philosophy of direct vital pulp capping remains a controversial subject. Clinicians are well aware of the immediate and long-term success rates after root canal therapy, but are less certain of the success of vital pulp capping. Researchers have demonstrated that exposed pulps will heal and form reparative dentin. It is realized now that the variable prognosis of vital pulp capping is predominately a restorative issue. The factors that can produce a successful vital pulp cap are discussed in conjunction with two popular techniques. [References: 43] <66> UI - 99294526 AU - Izumi Y AU - Taniguchi T AU - Maruyama Y AU - Sueda T IN - Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Dental School, Japan. izumiyu@dentb.hal.kagoshima-u.ac.jp TI - Effective periodontal treatment in a patient with type IIA von Willebrand's disease: report of a case. SO - Journal of Periodontology 1999 May;70(5):548-53 AB - von Willebrand's disease (vWD) is one of the most common hereditary hemorrhagic disorders. A mild to moderate deficiency of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWf) often is associated with gingival bleeding. In this case report, the periodontal treatment of a patient with vWD is described. A 45-year-old woman with type IIA vWD was referred for periodontal therapy because of an episode of gingival hemorrhage and percussion pain of teeth :18 and :47. The periodontal findings included probing depths ranging from 2 to 6 mm, horizontal bone loss, and Class II furcation involvement of tooth :46. After consultation with a hematologist, apically positioned flap surgery and hemisection were performed on tooth :46 following completion of oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing, and endodontic therapy. The patient was given 500 units of factor VIII including vWf multimer 30 minutes before surgery. After healing of the periodontal tissue, prosthodontic treatment was undertaken on the posterior mandibular sextants. At follow-up, the probing depths ranged from 2 to 3 mm, and gingival bleeding on probing was minimal. The patient's children all had vWD. They had mild to moderate periodontitis with probing depths ranging from 2 to 5 mm and gingival bleeding on probing. With the combined efforts of the periodontist and hematologist, effective periodontal treatment can be provided to patients with von Willebrand's disease. <67> UI - 99240165 AU - Chan CP AU - Lin CP AU - Tseng SC AU - Jeng JH IN - Dental Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. TI - Vertical root fracture in endodontically versus nonendodontically treated teeth: a survey of 315 cases in Chinese patients. SO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, & Endodontics 1999 Apr;87(4):504-7 AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare endodontically versus nonendodontically treated teeth with respect to clinical features, including patient age and gender and tooth types of vertical root fractures. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 315 consecutive cases of vertical root fracture occurring in 274 Chinese patients during a 1 3-year period were reviewed. Age and gender, as well as tooth type and root distribution of vertical root fractures, were presented and compared in endodontically versus nonendodontically treated teeth. RESULTS: Most patients (87%) had 1 fractured tooth; the others had 2 or 3 fractured teeth. Of all vertical root fractures, 40% occurred in nonendodontically treated teeth. In comparison with those in endodontically treated teeth, vertical root fractures in nonendodontically treated teeth tended to occur in patients with a higher mean age (55 years vs. 51 years) and were more frequent in male patients (78% vs. 58%). Vertical root fractures occurred in nonendodontically treated teeth more often in molars (84% vs. 53%), less often in premolars (16% vs. 33%), and seldom in anteriors (1 tooth vs. 27 teeth). CONCLUSIONS: Vertical root fractures in nonendodontically treated teeth are not uncommon and comprise a large proportion of such fractures in Chinese patients. Differences between endodontically and nonendodontically treated teeth in patient age and gender, as well as in tooth types of vertical root fractures, were demonstrated. <68> UI - 99240163 AU - Testori T AU - Capelli M AU - Milani S AU - Weinstein RL IN - School of Dentistry, S. Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy. TI - Success and failure in periradicular surgery: a longitudinal retrospective analysis. SO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, & Endodontics 1999 Apr;87(4):493-8 AB - The objective of the present study was to compare the success rates of 2 different periapical surgical techniques, the traditional technique with rotary instruments and the ultrasonic technique, which uses ultrasonic retrotips. A longitudinal retrospective study was carried out on 302 apices (181 teeth) that had undergone periapical surgery. Surgical outcome was evaluated by 2 independent operators using standardized periapical radiographs. Each radiographic finding was classified into 1 of 4 groups: complete healing, incomplete healing, uncertain healing, and unsatisfactory outcome (failure). An SAS statistical analysis system was used for data management and analysis. Prognostic factors were determined by means of the Fisher exact test. Complete healing after 4.6 years (the average follow-up period) was observed in 68% of the teeth treated through the use of the standard technique and 85% of those treated through the use of the ultrasonic technique. The success rate increased as the follow-up period lengthened (68.4% at 2 years vs 80% at 6 years). The success rate was higher in maxillary (77.9%) than in mandibular (66.1%) teeth. A comparison between the retrofilling materials was not feasible because all teeth in the standard technique group were retrofilled with amalgam and all teeth in the ultrasonic group were retrofilled with Super-EBA. <69> UI - 99287067 AU - Fuzzi M AU - Rappelli G IN - SAOS-FUZZI@mail.asianet.it TI - Ceramic inlays: clinical assessment and survival rate. SO - Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 1999;1(1):71-9 AB - PURPOSE: This study evaluates the clinical behavior of ceramic inlays placed during the past decade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighty-two inlays were examined in 66 patients. The interval between placement and assessment was on average 5.9 years +/- 2.7, ranging from 2 to 11.7 years. Restorations still present at the time of evaluation were clinically assessed according to modified USPHS criteria. Kaplan-Meier statistical analysis was used to assess the survival rate. RESULTS: According to USPHS criteria, good results were obtained for color match, marginal discoloration, recurrent caries, contour, and marginal integrity. Six inlays failed: four for endodontic reasons, one due to recurrent caries, and the other due to fracture. The results indicate that a success rate of 95% could be predicted at 11.5 years. CONCLUSION: The lack of recurrent caries, the only slight changes in marginal discoloration and color match, combined with the excellent longevity prove that ceramic inlays are a valuable tool for the restoration of posterior teeth. <70> UI - 99284952 AU - Koch MJ IN - Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany. TI - Formaldehyde release from root-canal sealers: influence of method. SO - International Endodontic Journal 1999 Jan;32(1):10-6 AB - AIM: To examine formaldehyde release from three different root-canal sealers: one phenol resin, one epoxy resin and one paraformaldehyde containing zinc oxide eugenol cement. METHODOLOGY: Formaldehyde was measured from freshly mixed material and from specimens allowed to set for 2 days or 2 weeks. Different mixing ratios and sample sizes were tested. Analysis was performed by reacting formaldehyde with acetylacetone and ammonia to form diacetyldihydrolutidine, which was revealed by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that mixing ratio, time after mixing and surface:weight ratios of specimens had different influences on the formaldehyde release from different materials. CONCLUSIONS: From the results of this study it is difficult to define a standardized in-vitro test that can be applied universally for the definitive determination of formaldehyde release from endodontic sealers. Prediction of in-vivo formaldehyde release from endodontic sealers is difficult. <71> UI - 99284954 AU - Blum JY AU - Cohen A AU - Machtou P AU - Micallef JP IN - School of Dentistry, University of Montpellier, France. TI - Analysis of forces developed during mechanical preparation of extracted teeth using Profile NiTi rotary instruments. SO - International Endodontic Journal 1999 Jan;32(1):24-31 AB - AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse the vertical forces and torque developed in the root canal system of extracted teeth during mechanical preparation using ProFile NiTi instruments. METHODOLOGY: Instrument wear and fracture is in great part due to the repeated application of forces and torque during the course of root-canal preparation but research into the direct relationship has been hampered by the lack of adequate measuring devices. Measurements of these forces and torque were made with a new force analyser device, the Endographe, that was equipped with a holder to record and generate graphs of the vertical forces and torque exerted during the preparations. These preparations was performed by endodontists or students either with a series of instruments of increasing size or with the crown-down pressureless technique. RESULTS: The mean values for the endodontists of the generated vertical forces and torque varied, respectively, from 4 to 6N and from 7.105 to 12.105 Nm for the step-back technique and from 2.9 to 4.2 N and from 18.105 to 20.105 Nm for the crown-down technique. This suggested that the crown-down technique generated lower stresses (lower torque and lower vertical forces), although these findings also depend on the shape of individual canals. The students initially showed wide variations in generated forces, with significantly lower vertical force the torque values. By the end of the experimental sessions their values were similar to those of the endodontists, which indicated improvement in the efficiency of manipulation. CONCLUSIONS: Further work is needed to investigate the relationship between the force and the torque data from this study and the incidence of instrument fracture with the two techniques, as the clinical implications are considerable. It must be noted, however, that the Endographe is unable to take into account the cutting efficiency of the instruments. The use of graphs provides a new approach to the analysis of mechanical preparation. <72> UI - 99294554 AU - von Arx T AU - Kurt B IN - Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, State Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland. vonarx@uthscsa.edu TI - Root-end cavity preparation after apicoectomy using a new type of sonic and diamond-surfaced retrotip: a 1-year follow-up study. SO - Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 1999 Jun;57(6):656-61 AB - PURPOSE: This study evaluated the outcome of periradicular surgery using a new set of retrotips for root-end cavity preparation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients who had 50 consecutively treated teeth with periradicular pathology were enrolled in this prospective study. After apicoectomy, root-end cavity preparation was performed, using diamond-surfaced retrotips driven by a sonic handpiece; EBA-cement was used as the root-end filling material. Healing assessment was based on clinical and radiographic criteria. RESULTS: At the 1-year follow-up, 82% of the reexamined surgical cases presented with successful healing. Fourteen percent of the treated teeth were deemed as improved (partial healing), and 4% were classified as failures. CONCLUSION: The new retrotips were found to be ideal for root-end cavity preparation. They simplify the surgical approach to root ends where the working space is limited by restricted access. Root-ends prepared with this new sonoabrasive technique yielded excellent results at the 1-year follow-up examination. <73> UI - 99300497 AU - Peters O AU - Barbakow F IN - Department of Preventive Dentistry, Cariology and Periodontology, University of Zurich, Switzerland. TI - Apical transportation revisited or 'where did the K-file go'?. SO - International Endodontic Journal 1999 Mar;32(2):131-7 AB - CASE REPORT: This case report describes the outcome of a number of retreatments on a failed root filling in a maxillary first molar. The patient wanted all amalgams replaced by tooth-coloured Cerec restorations, including one in a symptomless maxillary molar. This tooth had a pulpotomy or a poorly done root-canal treatment 10 years earlier. The molar was root-canal retreated before placing the Cerec restoration and the palatal canal was filled 5 mm short of the radiographic apex. About 1 year later the patient presented with pain. Suspecting that a second mesiobuccal canal (MB-2) had not been located, a second non-surgical retreatment was instituted. MB-2 was not found and the palatal canal was retreated a third time, setting the working length 2 mm short of the radiographic apex. Because pain persisted palatally an apicectomy was performed and the tooth became symptomless. The resected palatal root apex was subsequently serially cross-sectioned, photographed and the canals analysed. Obvious apical transportation occurred during the cleaning and shaping procedures. Analyses of the canals showed that despite the retreatments, 11% of the canal cross-sectional area remained uncleaned although 7% of the root area was 'shaped'. Radiographically, the obturated palatal canal appeared reasonably well centred. However, this was disproved by the cross-sections, indicating that in this case, the clinician did not know where the K-Files had 'gone'. Apically, the obturated canal was certainly not within the natural canal. The pain located palatally was probably due to inadequate cleaning and shaping of the apical part of the root canal and its accessory canals. <74> UI - 99300498 AU - Tidwell E AU - Witherspoon DE AU - Gutmann JL AU - Vreeland DL AU - Sweet PM IN - Department of Restorative Sciences, Texas A & M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas 75246, USA. TI - Thermal sensitivity of endodontically treated teeth. SO - International Endodontic Journal 1999 Mar;32(2):138-45 AB - CASE REPORTS: The problem of thermal sensitivity following non-surgical root-canal treatment is explored and case reports are presented. Possible causes for post-treatment discomfort from endodontic and restorative aetiologies are discussed, as are the mechanisms to explain the patients' painful experiences. Treatment of this problem may vary from the simple replacement of a defective restoration to a more extensive non-surgical retreatment of the case, despite radiographic evidence of an acceptable root filling and normal periradicular tissues. <75> UI - 99300499 AU - Caliskan MK AU - Turkun M AU - Gomel M IN - Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. TI - Surgical extrusion of crown-root-fractured teeth: a clinical review. SO - International Endodontic Journal 1999 Mar;32(2):146-51 AB - AIM: In this clinical study combined surgical and endodontic treatment was performed in 20 cases of crown-root fracture and the outcomes reviewed. METHODOLOGY: Surgical treatment involved a conventional extraction and stabilization technique. Root canal treatment using calcium hydroxide was performed. Before root canal obturation, a calcium hydroxide dressing was maintained for 3 months. RESULTS: Follow-up examinations, which varied between 6 and 36 (mean 14.5) months, showed that there were no radiographic and clinical signs of progressive root resorption, marginal bone loss or periapical disease in all except one case. CONCLUSIONS: The favourable results of this study demonstrate that surgical extrusion in teeth with crown-root fractures may be an alternative treatment to orthodontic extrusion. <76> UI - 99256531 AU - Ne RF AU - Witherspoon DE AU - Gutmann JL IN - Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate Endodontics, Texas A & M University System, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas 75214, USA. TI - Tooth resorption. [Review] [49 refs] SO - Quintessence International 1999 Jan;30(1):9-25 AB - Tooth resorption is a common sequela following injuries to or irritation of the periodontal ligament and/or tooth pulp. The course of tooth resorption involves an elaborate interaction among inflammatory cells, resorbing cells, and hard tissue structures. The key cells involved in resorption are of the classic type, which include osteoblasts and odontoclasts. Types of tooth resorption include internal resorption and external resorption. There are two types of internal resorption: root canal (internal) replacement resorption and internal inflammatory resorption. External resorption can be classified into four categories by its clinical and histologic manifestations: external surface resorption, external inflammatory root resorption, replacement resorption, and ankylosis. External inflammatory root resorption can be further categorized into cervical resorption with or without a vital pulp (invasive cervical root resorption) and external apical root resorption. Other variations of resorption include combined internal and external resorption and transient apical breakdown. [References: 49] <77> UI - 99241424 AU - Loshkarev VP AU - Bauchenkova EV TI - [The use of the TefGen membrane in periodontology]. [Russian] SO - Stomatologiia 1999;78(2):57-8 AB - A nonabsorbed TefGen barrier membrane was left for 21 days for bone defect regeneration and preventing epithelial ingrowth after open curettage in 15 patients. No wound infection, inflammation, or pain at the site of operation was recorded in any of the cases, which confirms absolute biocompatibility of the membrane. In none of the cases was the membrane lost during the immediate postoperative period (21 days). Membranes were removed without intervention, with a sharp instrument (probe); this demonstrates the advantages of TefGen over other nonabsorbed membranes which require primary closing. X-Ray photographs after 3 months showed repair of osteoid structures in osseous pouches without loss of bone profile at the site of intervention and no mobile teeth. <78> UI - 99241425 AU - Lapshin SD TI - [Experience in using hydroxyapatite in operative dentistry practice]. [Russian] SO - Stomatologiia 1999;78(2):59-61 AB - Hydroxyapol, hapcol and colapol were used to repair the postoperative defects in the jaws in 83 patients of different sex and age. Ossification of bone cavities was more rapid and complete than in the reference group. Complications observed in 7 patients resulted from strategic or technological errors. <79> UI - 99159745 AU - Danin J AU - Linder LE AU - Lundqvist G AU - Ohlsson L AU - Ramskold LO AU - Stromberg T IN - Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden. TI - Outcomes of periradicular surgery in cases with apical pathosis and untreated canals. SO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, & Endodontics 1999 Feb;87(2):227-32 AB - OBJECTIVE: Surgical management is intended to eliminate or block infection originating in the root canals. The root end is customarily sealed to prevent pathogenic products remaining in the root canal from reaching the periradicular tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiologic and radiographic outcomes of surgical treatment of periradicular pathosis associated with teeth with necrotic pulps. STUDY DESIGN: One tooth from each of 10 patients was root-end resected and root-end filled without prior root canal treatment. One year postoperatively, the outcomes were assessed radiographically and the root canals were sampled for bacteria. RESULTS: Radiographic examination showed complete or incomplete (scar tissue) healing in 5 teeth and uncertain healing in the other 5 teeth. Bacteriologic samples from the root canals were positive in 9 of the 10 cases. CONCLUSIONS: In teeth with necrotic pulps, treatment of periradicular pathosis by surgery and root-end filling may show radiographic evidence of satisfactory healing 1 year postoperatively. However, viable bacteria may persist in the canals, constituting a potential risk factor for recurrence of periradicular pathosis. <80> UI - 99204516 AU - Eggert C AU - Peters O TI - [Procedural challenges in endodontics. Continuing education course (CEC) 6 May 98 (news)]. [German] SO - Schweizer Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin 1999;109(2):206-8 <81> UI - 99160666 AU - Sirimai S AU - Riis DN AU - Morgano SM IN - Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Mass. 02118, USA. TI - An in vitro study of the fracture resistance and the incidence ofvertical root fracture of pulpless teeth restored with six post-and-coresystems. SO - Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 1999 Mar;81(3):262-9 AB - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Posts and cores are often required with pulpless teeth to provide retention and resistance form for complete crowns. Nevertheless, conventional posts may increase the potential for root fracture. PURPOSE: This study compared the resistance to vertical root fracture of extracted teeth treated with post-core systems that were modified with polyethylene woven fibers (Ribbond) with those treated with conventional post-and-core systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Canal instrumentation was performed for 60 maxillary central incisors, and complete crown preparations were made. The coronal portion of each tooth was amputated, and 6 post-and-core systems were studied. Specimens were mounted in acrylic resin blocks with a layer of polyvinyl siloxane covering the roots. Loads were applied at an angle of 130 degrees and measured with a universal testing machine. Results were analyzed statistically with 1-way analysis of variance with Student-Newman-Keuls grouping and chi-square analysis. RESULTS. Cast posts and cores resulted in significantly higher failure thresholds than all others, except for prefabricated, comparably sized, parallel-sided posts with composite cores. All failures in the group with cast posts involved fracture of the teeth, whereas 70% of the teeth with comparably sized parallel-sided posts and composite cores failed as a result of tooth fractures and 30% experienced core fractures. The woven fiber post-core system was significantly lower in strength than all others, and exhibited significantly fewer vertical root fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Polyethylene woven fiber and composite resin without a prefabricated post resulted in significantly fewer vertical root fractures, but mean failure load was the lowest. Smaller diameter prefabricated posts combined with the polyethylene woven fiber and composite cores improved resistance to failure. Traditional cast posts and cores were the strongest of the 6 post-core systems. <82> UI - 99174812 AU - Raghoebar GM AU - Vissink A IN - Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands. g.m.raghoebar@kchir.azg.nl TI - Results of intentional replantation of molars. SO - Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 1999 Mar;57(3):240-4 AB - PURPOSE: This study evaluated the treatment outcome of intentional replantation of molars. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients were treated with intentional replantation because conventional apicoectomy was not possible. The success rate was judged by clinical and radiographic parameters. RESULTS: One molar (3%) had to be removed because of pain and mobility 4 weeks postsurgery, and three molars (11%) had to be removed during the first year because of periodontal problems. Four molars (14%) showed periodontal problems or root resorption, but are still in function and causing no obvious problems to the patients. Twenty-one molars (72%) were successfully treated. CONCLUSION: Intentional replantation is a reliable and predictable treatment for those cases in which conventional apicoectomy is hampered because of anatomic limitations or patient factors. <83> UI - 99449863 AU - Sumi Y AU - Nakamura Y AU - Mitsudoh K AU - Ueda M IN - The National Chubu Hospital, Division of Dental Surgery, Obu-City, Japan. TI - Application of titanium-alloy endodontic implants in conjunction with periradicular surgery. SO - Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, & Endodontics 1999 Oct;88(4):484-7 AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of placement of titanium-alloy endodontic implants in conjunction with periradicular surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-four teeth were treated with endodontic implants with corresponding periradicular surgery by using SuperEBA cement (Harry J Bosworth Co, Skokie, Ill) as a sealer. The results of the endodontic implant surgery were evaluated clinically and radiographically from 2 to 4 years after treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-two teeth were treated successfully, whereas 2 teeth were treated unsuccessfully, for a success rate of 92%. CONCLUSIONS: Titanium-alloy endodontic implants in conjunction with periradicular surgery may provide good short-term results. Sealing between the endodontic implant and the dentin is likely an important factor for success. <84> UI - 99459714 AU - Petersson K AU - Soderstrom C AU - Kiani-Anaraki M AU - Levy G IN - Department of Endodontics, Malmo University, Sweden. kerstin.petersson@od.mah.se TI - Evaluation of the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp vitality. SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Jun;15(3):127-31 AB - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp vitality. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were calculated by comparing the test results with a "gold standard". The thermal tests studied were a cold test (ethyl chloride) and a heat test (hot gutta-percha). For the electrical test, the Analytic Technology Pulp Tester was used. The examined teeth were 59 teeth with unknown pulpal status in need of endodontic treatment and 16 intact teeth, all with radiographically normal periapical bone structures. In total 46 teeth with vital pulps and 29 teeth with necrotic pulps were tested. This gave a disease prevalence of 39%. The gold standard was established by direct pulp inspection of the 59 teeth in need of endodontic treatment. In the 16 intact teeth the pulp was judged as vital. The number of true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN) and false negative (FN) test results was calculated for each method as compared to the gold standard. Based on this, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for each method. The sensitivity was 0.83 for the cold test, 0.86 for the heat test and 0.72 for the electrical test. The specificity was 0.93 for the cold test, 0.41 for the heat test and 0.93 for the electrical test. The positive predictive value was 0.89 for the cold test, 0.48 for the heat test and 0.88 for the electrical test, and the negative predictive value was 0.90 for the cold test, 0.83 for the heat test and 0.84 for the electrical test. This indicated that the probability of a non-sensitive reaction representing a necrotic pulp was 89% with the cold test, 48% with the heat test and 88% with the electrical test. It also indicated that the probability of a sensitive reaction representing a vital pulp was 90% with the cold test, 83% with the heat test and 84% with the electrical test. <85> UI - 99459715 AU - Poi WR AU - Sonoda CK AU - Salineiro SL AU - Martin SC IN - Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, Brasil. TI - Treatment of root perforation by intentional reimplantation: a case report. SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Jun;15(3):132-4 AB - Intentional reimplantation is defined as a procedure in which an intentional tooth extraction is performed followed by reinsertion of the extracted tooth into its own alveolus. In this paper, intentional reimplantation is described and discussed as a treatment approach to root canal instrument separation in conjunction with root perforation. An 8-year follow-up case report is presented. The reimplanted tooth is now a fixed bridge abutment. Although successful in this case, the intentional reimplantation procedure should be considered a treatment of last resort, that is, when another treatment option is not viable for the treatment of root perforation/instrument retrieval. <86> UI - 99459716 AU - Casterline AC IN - Dental Department, Phoenix Indian Medical Center, Indian Health Service, Arizona, USA. TI - Replantation of avulsed central incisor with advanced periodontal disease: a case report. SO - Endodontics & Dental Traumatology 1999 Jun;15(3):135-7 AB - This paper describes the case of a 31-year-old woman with advanced periodontal disease who lost a tooth due to trauma. The avulsed tooth had minimal bony support of only 4-5 mm. The patient described was under good periodontal maintenance. The tooth was kept moist, and replantation occurred within an hour of avulsion. The tooth was returned to its position, splinted, and later endodontically treated. After 2 years the tooth appears and functions normally as it did before avulsion. <87> UI - 20018816 AU - Fuss Z AU - Lustig J AU - Tamse A IN - Department of Endodontology, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. TI - Prevalence of vertical root fractures in extracted endodontically treated teeth. SO - International Endodontic Journal 1999 Aug;32(4):283-6 AB - AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of vertical root fractures (VRF) in extracted endodontically treated teeth and to correlate the findings to previous studies and surveys. METHODOLOGY: Root-canal-treated teeth were referred for extraction from a public dental clinic. The endodontic therapy had been completed by a variety of dentists. Each tooth was evaluated following extraction by the oral surgeon who performed the procedure: the exact aetiology for the clinical diagnosis that led to the extraction was recorded. RESULTS: The major reasons for extraction were restorative (43.5%) and endodontic (21.1%), followed by vertical root fractures (10.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high prevalence of vertical root fractures in this survey compared with previous clinical and radiographic surveys was probably related to the difficulties in making a clinical diagnosis of vertical fractures before extraction. <88> UI - 20018805 AU - Hamilton RS AU - Gutmann JL IN - Department of Restorative Sciences, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas 75246, USA. TI - Endodontic-orthodontic relationships: a review of integrated treatment planning challenges. [Review] [131 refs] SO - International Endodontic Journal 1999 Sep;32(5):343-60 AB - Literature review There is a paucity of information on the concise relationship between endodontics and o