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Paul Green

picture of paul

Title:

Senior Research Scientist, UMTRI, Human Factors Division
Adjunct Associate Professor, Industrial & Operations Engineering
Adjunct Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics

Research Interests:

Design and evaluation of visual displays, especially pictorial symbology and icons, and automotive instrumentation; rapid prototyping of user interfaces; person-computer interaction; design of controls; navigation interfaces.

Address:

University of Michigan
Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI)
Human Factors Division
2901 Baxter Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150 USA

phone: 313-763-3795
fax: 313-764-1221
email: PAGreen@umich.edu

This web page: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~pagreen
Alternative page: http://ott-outreach.engin.umich.edu/faculty/ioe/green,_paul_a.
Research tem web page: http://www.umich.edu/~driving

Education:

University of Michigan

  • Ph.D., 1st recipient of joint degree -Industrial & Operations Engineering and Psychology, 1979
  • M.A., Psychology, 1979
  • M.S.E., Industrial & Operations Engineering, 1974

Drexel University

  • B.S., Mechanical Engineering (co-op program), 1972

Continuing Education:

  • Basic Management Course I, III, IV, V; University of Michigan
  • Human Resources Division, 1994
  • other miscellaneous management classes
  • Skip Barber Advanced BMW Driving School (2-day course), 1994

Positions Held:

  • 1998-present Senior Research Scientist, Human Factors Division, UMTRI
  • 1998-1998 Professional Collaborator, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University
  • 1993-present Adjunct Associate Professor, Dept. of Industrial and Operations Engineering
  • 1993-present Adjunct Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engrg. & Applied Mechanics
  • 1992-1993 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engrg. & Applied Mechanics
  • 1988-1997 Associate Research Scientist, Human Factors Division, UMTRI
  • 1979-1988 Assistant Research Scientist, Human Factors Division, UMTRI
  • 1982-1993 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Dept. of Industrial and Operations Engineering
  • 1984-1985 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Industrial Design, School of Art
  • 1980-1982 Lecturer, Industrial and Operations Engineering
  • 1980-1980 Lecturer, Department of Psychology
  • 1972-1979 Teaching and Research Assistant, Dept. of Psychology and Department of Industrial & Operations Engrg.
  • 1972-1973 Engineer, Sterling Lighting Division, Scovill (summers)
  • 1967-1972 Co-op student (various positions), Design and Quality Assurance Divisions, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard

Professional Affilitations:

Awards

  • 1990 Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Oral Presentation Award
  • 1984 Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Oral Presentation Award
  • 1975-1978 National Safety Council Howard Pyle Fellowship for Safety Research, 1st recipient (only 1 new award made nationally each year)
  • 1974 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Fellowship
  • 1972-1973 National Science Foundation Fellowship
  • 1967-1972 Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Traineeship

University Service:

  • 1992-present Instructor - U of M Sailing Club
  • 1990-1992 Engineering College Committee on Computers & Video
  • 1982-1990 UMTRI Fellowship Committee
  • 1986-1989 UMTRI Public Relations Committee
  • 1980-1993 Faculty Advisory - U of M International Volleyball Club

Teaching:

  • 1992 lecturer, ME 599, Vehicle Dynamics and Human Factors
  • 1990-present lecturer, Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems Short Course
  • 1984 Art 391 (Industrial Design) fall semseter, 3 credits
  • 1983-present Industrial and Operations Engineering 436 (Human Factors in Computer Systems), originally listed as IOE 491, winter semesters, 3 credits
  • 1980-1982 Industrial and Operations Engineering 433 (Human Performance)
    winter semesters, 3 credits
  • 1979-present Industrial and Operations Engineering 334
    (Ergonomics Laboratory, formerly Human Performance Laboratory)
    fall and winter semesters, 1 credit, 2 sections
  • 1978, 1980 Psychology 560 (Human Performance and Technology)
    winter semester, 3 credits
  • 1974-present Human Factors Engineering Short Course
    course co-leader, 8 credits (continuing education)

Doctoral Committee Service (last 5 years):

  • Colleen Serafin, Industrial and Operations Engineering
    Committee committee co-chair (with Jim Miller), completion unknown
  • Stanley Driskell, Urban Technology and Environmental Planning,1994
  • Aaron Steinfeld, Industrial and Operations Engineering
    Committee member, completion expected 1998

In the past, Rackham (graduate school) rules did not allow research staff/adjunct faculty such as myself to serve as sole committee chairs or as cognate members, thus eliminating many opportunities to serve on Ph.D. committees.

Notes:

1. I do not keep track of minor items such as talks to classes (even at other universities), presentations at local chapter meetings (e.g., annual presentations at the local Human Factors chapter), and other activities that do lead to something in print.

2. For my research team and my colleagues at UMTRI, the order of authors for documents is based on impact of each person's contribution to the final document in terms of ideas and guidance, analysis of the data, and writing. Seniority (department head vs. professor vs. student) has no impact on the order.

Nonwork Activities:

Member - University of Michigan Ballroom Dance Club (ph: 734-763-6984)
volleyball, running, sailing, contra dancing (734 913-2076), swing (East and West Coast), Texas two step

Peer-Reviewed Publications

 
Steinfeld, A. and Green, P. (1998). Driver Responses to Navigation Information on Full-Windshield, Head-Up Displays, International Journal of Vehicle Design, 19(2), 135-149.
 
Reed, M. and Green, P. (1996). Comparison of Driving Performance on-Road and in a Low-Cost Driving Simulator Using a Concurrent Telephone Dialing Task, (accepted for publication in Ergonomics).
 
Green, P. (1996). Development of Easy-to-Understand Vehicle Malfunction Warnings, International Journal of Vehicle Design, 17(1), 27-39.
 
Bieliauskas, L.A., Roper, B.R., Trobe, J., Green, P., and Lacy, M. (1996). Cognitive Measures, Driving Safety, and Alzheimer Disease (abstract), Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 60 (also submitted for publication as paper).
 
Green, P. (1996). Warning Labels for Above-Ground Automotive Lifts: Development and Evaluation (in preparation).
 
Chatel, D.C., Bieliauskas, L.A., Green, P., Warner, J. and McSweeny, A.J. (1993). Cognitive Predictors of Driving Ability in the Elderly (abstract). The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 7, 330.
 
Green, P. and Brand, J. (1992). Future In-Car Information Systems: Input from Focus Groups (SAE paper 920614) Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. (also in SAE Transactions 1992, 1993, 101, 804-812.
 
Green, P., Paelke, G., and Boreczky, J. (1992). The "Potato Head" Method for Identifying Driver Preferences for Vehicle Controls. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 13(4), 352-364.
 
Green, P., Boreczky, J., and Kim, S. (1990). Applications of Rapid Prototyping to Control and Display Design. (SAE paper #900470, Special Publication SP-809), Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, (also published in SAE Transactions 1990, 1991, 99, 647-668).
 
Sivak, M., Olson, P., and Green, P. (1986). Human Factors Methods in the Design of Vehicle Components. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 7, 331-337.
 
Green, P. (1984). Driver Understanding of Fuel and Engine Gauges (SAE paper 840314), Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers (see also SAE Transactions 1984, 93, 1985, 566-684).
 
Green, P. (1984). Teaching a Course on Human Factors and Computer Systems. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 4(12), 43-45.
 
Green, P. and Pew, R.W. (1978). Evaluating Pictographic Symbols: An Automotive Application. Human Factors, 20(1), 103-114.
 
Green, P. and Davis, G. (1976). The Recognition Time of Rotated Pictographic Symbols for Automobile Controls. Journal of Safety Research, 8(4), 180-183.
 

Book Chapters

 
Waller, P.F. and Green, P. (1997). Human Factors in Transportation (chapter), in Salvendy, G. (ed.), Human Factors and Ergonomics Handbook (2nd ed.), New York: Wiley.
 
Green, P. (1995). AutomotiveTechniques (chapter), 165-208 in Weimer, J., (ed.) Research Techniques in Human Engineering (2nd ed.), New York, NY: Prentice-Hall.
 
Green, P. (1993). Tools and Methods for Developing Easy to Use Driver Information Systems, 959-970 in Haug, E.J. (ed.), Concurrent Engineering Tools and Technologies for Mechancal System Design. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
 
Green, P. (1993). Symbols for Controls and Displays (chapter), 237-268 in Peacock, B. and Karwowski, W. (eds.) Automotive Ergonomics , London, U.K.: Taylor and Francis.
 
Green, P. and Baker, D. (1987). Page Format and User Understanding of Command Language Computer Manuals. 259-265 in Mark, L.S., Warm, J.S., and Huston, R.L. (eds.), Human Factors and Ergonomics: Recent Research. New York: Springer-Verlag, Inc.
 

Other Publications

 
Green, P., Fleming, J., and Katz, S. (1998). Driving Performance Evaluation of the AliScout Navigation System: A Preliminary Analysis, Intelligent Transportation Society of America Eighth Annual Meeting Conference Proceedings (CD, 15 pages).
 
Green, P., Waller, P.F., Blow, F.C., Olson, P., Barends, B., Freund, D., and Katz, S. (1997). Effects of Alcohol, Age, and Gender on Measures of Driving Performance in a Simulator, poster presented at the Research Society on Alcoholism, San Francisco, CA (for abstract see Alcoholism 21(3), May 1997, 111A).
 
Green, P. (1997). Potential Safety Impacts of Automotive Navigation Systems, paper presented at the Automotive Land Navigation Conference, June 18, 1997, Detroit, Michigan.
 
Green, P. (1996). In-Vehicle Information: Design of Driver Interfaces for Route Guidance, paper presented at TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board.
 
Green, P. and Olson, A. (1996). Practical Aspects of Prototyping Instrument Clusters, (SAE paper 960532), Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
 
Moroney, W.F., Green, P., and Konz, S. (1996). Providing the Team Experience to Human Factors and Ergonomics Students, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 445-448.
 
Green, P. (1996). Driver Interfaces for Vehicles of the Future, Inside Automotives, November/December, 3(6), 33-36.
 
Green, P. (1996). Customer Needs, New Technology, Human Factors, and Driver Science Research for Future Automobiles (in Japanese), Journal of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers 99(926), 15-18.
 
Green, P. (1996). What We Need to Learn to Build Usable Driver Information Systems for Future Vehicles, OSAT's Focus on the Future, Fall, p 6-7, Ann Arbor, MI, The University of Michigan Transportation Research Insitute.
 
Green, P. (1995). Human Factors and New Driver Interfaces: Lessons Learned from a Major Research Project, Proceedings of the 1995 Annual Meeting of ITS-America, Washington, D.C., 1001-1011.
 
Green, P. and Bagian, T. (1995). Teaming Turnpikes and Trajectories: Opportunities for NASA-Automotive Industry Collaboration (paper AIAA-95-LS-178), presented at the Life Sciences and Space Medicine Conference and Exhibition'95, Houston, TX: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
 
Green, P. and George, K. (1995). When Should Auditory Guidance Systems Tell Drivers to Turn?, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 1072-1076.
 
Green, P. (1995). A Driver Interface for a Road Hazard Warning System: Development and Preliminary Evaluation, Proceedings of the Second World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 4, 1795-1800
 
Serafin, C., Wen, C., Paelke, G., and Green, P. (1993). Car Phone Usability: A Human Factors Test, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting, 220-224.
 
Sweet, R.E. and Green, P. (1993). UMTRI's Instrumented Car, UMTRI Research Review, January-February, 1-11.
 
MacAdam, C.C., Green, P.A., and Reed, M.P. (1993). An Overview of Current UMTRI Driving Simulators, UMTRI Research Review, July-August, 24(1), 1-8.
 
Paelke, G. and Green, P. (1992). Development of a Traffic Information System Driver Interface. Proceedings of the IVHS-America 1992 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.: IVHS-America, 793-802.
 
Green, P. (1992). Safety in IVHS: What Is Real? Proceedings of the IVHS-America 1992 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.: IVHS-America, 832-834.
 
Green, P. and Williams (1992). Perspective in Orientation/Navigation Displays: A Human Factors Test, Conference Record of Papers, the Third International Conference on Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems (VNIS'92), (IEEE Catalog # 92CH3198-9), Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 221-226.
 
Green, P., Serafin, C., Williams, M., and Paelke, G. (1991). What Functions and Features Should Be in Driver Information Systems of the Year 2000? Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference (VNIS'91), (SAE paper 912792), 483-498, Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
 
Serafin, C. and Green, P. (1991). Instrument Panel Lighting Levels Preferred by Drivers, Queinnec, Y. and Daniellou, F. (ed.) Designing for Everyone and Everybody (Proceedings of the 11th Congress of the International Ergononics Association), London, UK: Taylor and Francis, 1456-1458.
 
Green, P., Williams, M., Serafin, C., and Paelke, G. (1991). Human Factors Research on Future Automotive Instrumentation: A Progress Report, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, 1120-1124.
 
Green, P. (1990). Instrument Panel Displays and Ease of Use. Body Engineering Journal, 18(1), 40-41.
 
Green, P. (1990). Readings on Human Factors in Computer Systems: The 1989 List. SIGCHI Bulletin, 21(4), 20-26.
 
Green, P. (1989). Instrument Panel Displays and Ease of Use. UMTRI Research Review, 19, 1-14.
 
Boreczky, J. and Green, P. (1989). Review of MicroSaint Simulation Software. Human Factors Society Bulletin, 32(11), 9-11.
 
Sayer, J.R. and Green, P. (1988). Current ISO Automotive Symbols vs. Alternatives: A Preference Study. (Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE paper #880057), SAE Special Publication SP-752), Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
 
Sayer, J.R. and Green, P. (1988). Student-Initiated Human Factors Research at Michigan: A Guide for Research on a Shoestring, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, 485-489.
 
Green, P. (1988). Human Factors and Automobile Instrument Panel Display Design. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Optical Engineering and Industrial Sensing for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies. Dearborn, MI, Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
 
Green, P. (1987). Tips on Writing a Good Paper Proposal. Human Factors Society Computer Systems Technical Group Newsletter, 14(2), 6-10 (also reprinted in the Human Factors Society Consumer Products Newsletter, October 1987, 12(3), 3-6).
 
Saldana, N., Elkerton, J., and Green, P. (1987). User Memory Load and Procedural Manipulation with a Window Interface. Paper presented at the Fourth Mid-Central Ergonomics/Human Factors Conference.
 
Green, P. (1987). Readings on Human Factors in Computer Systems. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 19(2), 15-20.
 
Green, P. (1986). Review Process for Proposals. Human Factors Society Computer Systems Technical Group Newsletter, 13(1), 6-14.
 
Green, P. and Baker, D. (1986). Page Format and the Understanding of Command Language Documentation. Paper presented at the 1986 Mid-Central Ergonomics/Human Factors Conference, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.
 
Sivak, M., Olson, P.L., and Green, P. (1985). Human Factors Methods in the Design of Vehicle Components. Paper presented at the IAVD Congress on Vehicle Design and Components, Geneva, Switzerland.
 
Green, P. and Wei-Haas, L. (1985). The Rapid Development of User Interfaces: Experience with the Wizard of Oz Method. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society-29th Annual Meeting, 470-474. (Accompanied by Green, P., Wei-Haas, L., Reifeis, S., and Ottens, D. A Brief Demonstration of the Wizard of Oz Rapid Prototyper (videotape).)
 
Green, P., Butler, K.H., Overmeyer, S.P., Thompson, D., Cochran, D.R., and Phillips, M.D. (1984). Red Group Report (In Human Factors in Computer Systems Current Trends and Recommended Directions: Proceedings of the Vail Workshop, Mike Atwood (Ed.)). Santa Monica, CA, Human Factors Society.
 
Green, P. (1983). Future Directions in HF and Computer Systems: A Meeting Report. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, 51.
 
Green, P. (1982). The Gaithersburg Meeting (and Beyond). Human Factors Society Bulletin, 25(5), 1-2.
 
Green, P. (1981). Displays for Automotive Instrument Panels: Production and Rating of Symbols. HSRI Research Review, 12(1), 1-12.
 
Green, P. (1979). Development of Pictographic Symbols for Vehicle Controls and Displays (SAE paper #790383), Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
 
Green, P. (1979). What Do We Do? Human Factors Society Bulletin, 23(5), 2.
 
Green, P. and Olson, P.L. (1979). Eye Fixations of Drivers in Response to Various Retroreflective Treatments of a Semitrailer. HSRI Research Review, 10(3), 19-24.
 

Computer Software

 
Green, P. (1995). Vid-Eval.bas, Video Display Evaluation Program, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Peterson, S., Green, P., and Bos, T. (1991). Vid-Time.bas, Reaction Time to Video Displays, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Boreczky, J., Green, P., Wesselman, H., and Beattie, C. (1990). Wizard of Oz - User Interface Prototyper, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Bos, T. and Green, P. (1991). RT.exe, Response Time Software, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Bos, T. (1991). TY119.bas, Typing Test Written in Basic, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 

Education Materials (Notes)

 
Green, P. (1998). Human Factors/Ergonomics of Driver-Operated Controls and Displays: Short Course Notes (notes for Chrysler Corporation), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1995). Human Factors (notes for Carpenter Technologies), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1994). Human Factors and Process Control: A Special Course for PPG, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1993). Human Factors and In-Vehicle Information Systems Short Course Notes (notes for Motorola), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1989). Human Factors Considerations in the Design of Controls and Displays (Tutorial T30 notes), Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical and Instrumentation Engineers.
 
Green, P. (1989). Human Factors Considerations in the Design of Controls and Displays (Tutorial T74 notes), Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical and Instrumentation Engineers.
 
Green, P. (1988). Ergonomics of Automotive Displays (Tutorial T26 notes), Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical and Instrumentation Engineers.
 
Pew, R.W. and Green, P. (eds.) (1978-1997). Human Factors Engineering Short Course Notes. Engineering Summer Conference, Chrysler Center for Continuing Engineering Education, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan (issued annually, 2 volumes, 1300 pages).
 

Reports

 
Fleming, J., Green, P., and Katz, S. (1998). Driver Performance and Memory for Traffic Messages: Effects of the Number of Messages, Audio Quality, and Relevance (Technical Report UMTRI-98-22), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (sponsor review).
 
Green, P. (1998). Visual and Task Demands of Driver Information Systems (Techical Report UMTRI-98-16), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (in preparation).
 
Fitzpatrick, K., Wooldridge, M.D., Tsimhoni, O., Collins, J.M., Green, P., Bauer, K., Parma, K.D., Koppa, R., Harwood, D.W., Krammes, R.A., and Poggioli, B. (1998). Alternative Design Consistency Rating Methods for Two-Lane Rural Highways (Technical Report FHWA-RD-98-xxx), McLean, VA: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (under review).
 
Manes, D., Green, P., and Hunter, D. (1998). Prediction of Destination Entry and Retrieval Times Using Keystroke-Level Models, (Technical Report UMTRI-96-37, also released as EECS-ITS LAB FT97-077), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Brooks, A. and Green, P (1998). Map Design: A Simulator Evaluation of the Time to Read Electronic Navigation Displays (Technical Report UMTRI-98-7), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (in preparation).
 
Nowakowski, C. and Green, P. (1998). Map Design: An On-the-Road Evaluation of the Time to Read Electronic Navigation Displays (Technical Report UMTRI-98-4), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (sponsor comments being incorporated).
 
Li, C., Sumie, M., and Green, P. (1997). Repeatability of Secondary Task Workload Assessments between Driving Simulators in Two Countries (Technical Report UMTRI 97-17), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (in preparation).
 
Manes, D. and Green, P. (1997). Evaluation of a Driver Interfaces: Effects of Control Type (Knob Versus Buttons) and Menu Structure (Depth Versus Breadth) (Technical Report UMTRI-97-42), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Sumie, M., Li, C., and Green, P. (1997). Usability of Menu-Based Interfaces for Motor Vehicle Secondary Functions (Technical Report UMTRI-97-19), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Damouth, D. and Green, P. (1997). Influence of Warning Message Content on Message Understandabilty and When Drivers Respond (Technical Report UMTRI-97-22), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Olson, A. and Green, P. (1997). A Description of the UMTRI Driving Simulator Architecture and Alternatives (Technical report UMTRI-97-15), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Olson, A. (1997). A Technical Description of the UMTRI Driving Simulator Family-1996 Implementation (Technical Report UMTRI 97-12), Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (in preparation).
 
Katz, S., Fleming, J., Green, P., Hunter, D.R., and Damouth, D. (1997). On-the-Road Human Factors Evaluation of the Ali-Scout Navigation System (Technical Report UMTRI-96-32), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Manes, D., Green, P., Steinfeld, A., Katz, S., and Fleming, J. (1996). Glance Frequencies to the Ali-Scout Navigation System, (Technical Report UMTRI-96-42), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (in preparation).
 
Steinfeld, A., Manes, D., Green, P., and Hunter, D. (1996). Destination Entry and Retrieval with the Ali-Scout Navigation System (Technical Report UMTRI-96-30), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Yoo, H., Hunter, D., and Green, P. (1996). Automotive Collision Warning Effectiveness: A Simulator Comparison of Text vs. Icons (Technical Report UMTRI-96-29), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Katz, S., Green, P. , and Fleming, J. (1995). Calibration and Baseline Driving Data for the UMTRI Driver Interface Research Vehicle, (Technical Report UMTRI-95-2), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
George, K., Green, P., and Fleming, J., (1995). Timing of Auditory Route Guidance Instructions, (Technical Report UMTRI-95-6), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (available from NTIS as PB-96-187190).
 
Steinfeld, A. and Green, P. (1995). Driver Response Times to Full-Windshield, Head-Up Displays for Navigation and Vision Enhancement (Technical Report UMTRI-95-29), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Davis, B.T. and Green, P. (1995). Benefits of Sound for Driving Simulation: An Experimental Evaluation (Technical Report UMTRI-95-16), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Reed, M. and Green, P. (1995). Validation of a Low-Cost Driving Simulation Using a Telephone Dialing Task (Technical Report 95-19), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Bagian, T. (eds.) (1995). National ITS Safety and Human Factors Research Needs (technical report), Washington, D.C.: ITS-America.
 
Paelke, G. and Green, P. (1993). Development and Testing of a Traffic Information System Driver Interface Technical Report UMTRI-93-20), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Serafin, C., Wen, C., Paelke, G. and Green, P. (1993). Development and Human Factors Tests of Car Telephones. (Technical Report UMTRI-93-17), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1993). Measures and Methods Used to Assess the Safety and Usability of Driver Information Systems, (Technical Report UMTRI-93-12), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (also published as FHWA-RD-94-088, McLean, VA: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, August, 1995).
 
Green, P. (1993). Suggested Procedures and Acceptance Limits for Assessing the Safety and Ease of Use of Driver Information Systems (Technical Report UMTRI-93-13), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (also published as FHWA-RD-94-089, McLean, VA: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, December, 1995).
 
Green, P. (1993). Human Factors of In-Vehicle Driver Information Systems: An Executive Summary (Technical Report UMTRI-93-18), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (also published as FHWA-RD-95-014, McLean, VA: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, December, 1995).
 
Green, (1993). Technical Summary: Assessment of Effect of In-Vehicle Display on Driver Performance, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P., Levison, W., Paelke, G., and Serafin, C. (1993). Preliminary Human Factors Guidelines for Driver Information Systems (Technical Report UMTRI-93-21), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (also published as FHWA-RD-94-087, McLean, VA: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, December, 1995).
 
Hoekstra, E., Williams, M., and Green, P. (1993). Development and Driver Understanding of Hazard Warning and Location Symbols for IVSAWS (Technical Report UMTRI-93-16), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Williams, M., Hoekstra, E., and Green. P. (1993). Development and Evaluation of a Vehicle Monitor Driver Interface (Technical Report UMTRI-93-22), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P., Hoekstra, E., and Williams, M. (1993) On-The-Road Tests of Driver Interfaces: Examination of a Navigation System and a Car Phone (Technical Report UMTRI-93-35), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P., Hoekstra, E., Williams, M., Wen, C., and George, K. (1993). Examination of a Videotape-Based Method to Evaluate the Usability of Route Guidance and Traffic Information Systems (Technical Report UMTRI93-31), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute .
 
Green, P., Williams, M., Hoekstra, E., George, K. and Wen, C. (1993). Initial On-the-Road Tests of Driver Information System Interfaces: Examination of Navigation, Traffic Information, IVSAWS, and Vehicle Monitoring (Technical report UMTRI-93-32), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P., Lin, B., and Bagian, T. (1993). Effect of Road Geometry on Driving Workload: A Pilot Experiment (Technical Report UMTRI-93-39, GLCTTR 22-91/01), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Paelke, G. and Green, P. (1993). Entry of Destinations into Route Guidance Systems: A Human Factors Evaluation (Technical Report UMTRI-93-45), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1992). Review of Eye Fixation Recording Methods and Equipment (Technical Report UMTRI9228, IVHS Technical Report 92-20), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1992). American Human Factors Research On In-Vehicle Navigation Systems (Technical Report UMTRI-92-47), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Hoekstra, E., Williams, M., Green, P. and Paelke, G. (1992). Usability of Text, Graphic, and Video In-Car Traffic Information for Diversion Decisions (Technical Report UMTRI-92-40), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, October.
 
Williams, M. and Green, P. (1992). Development and Testing of Driver Interfaces for Navigation Displays (Technical Report UMTRI-92-21), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Serafin, C., Williams, M., Paelke, G., and Green, P. (1991). Functions and Features of Future Driver Information Systems (Technical Report UMTRI-91-16). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Williams, M., Green, P., and Paelke, G. (1991). Further Development of Warnings for Automotive Lifts (Technical Report UMTRI-91-43). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Serafin, C. and Green, P. (1990). Driver Preferences for Instrument Panel Lighting Levels (Technical Report UMTRI-90-5). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Chong, M., Clauer, T., and Green, P. (1990). Development of Candidate Symbols for Automobile Functions (Technical Report UMTRI-90-25). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Boreczky, J. and Green, P. (1990). Photometric Measurement of Aydin Controls 8980 CRTs (Technical Report UMTRI-90-28). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Finnegan, P. and Green, P. (1990). The Time to Change Lanes: A Literature Review (Technical Report UMTRI-90-34). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Williams, M. and Green, P. (1990). Interfacing the Nintendo Power Glove to a Macintosh Computer (IVHS Technical Report-90-14). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Goldstein, S. (1989). Further Analysis of Driver Preferences for Secondary Controls (Technical Report UMTRI-89-4). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 90 149782/AS)
 
Green, P., Paelke, G., and Clack, K. (1989). Instrument Panel Controls in Sedans: What Drivers Prefer and Why (Technical Report UMTRI-89-15). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 90 184235/AS)
 
Green, P. and Olson, A. (1989). The Development and Use of the UMTRI Driving Simulator (Technical Report UMTRI-89-25). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 90 115940/AS)
 
Eberhard, J. and Green, P. (1989). The Development and Testing of Warnings for Automotive Lifts (Technical Report UMTRI-89-26). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Adams, S., Goldstein, S., Zeltner, K., Ratanaproeksa, P., and Green, P. (1988). Legibility Abstracts from the UMTRI Library (Technical Report UMTRI-88-4). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 89 182653/AS)
 
Bos, T., Kerst, J., and Green, P. (1988). Response Time System for Instrument Panel Evaluation (Technical Report UMTRI-88-9). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute .
 
Sayer, J.R. and Green, P. (1988). Automobile Instrument Panel Symbols: Do Drivers Prefer Alternatives Over Those in the ISO Standard? (Technical Report UMTRI-88-10). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 88 181911/AS)
 
Zeltner, K., Ratanaproeksa, P., Goldstein, S., Adams, S., and Green, P. (1988). Selected Abstracts and Reviews of the Legibility Literature (Technical Report UMTRI-88-22). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 89 182646/AS)
 
Green, P., Goldstein, S., Zeltner, K., and Adams, S. (1988). Legibility of Text on Instrument Panels: A Literature Review (Technical Report UMTRI-88-34). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 90 141342/AS).
 
Bos, T., Green, P., and Kerst, J. (1988). How Should Instrument Panel Display Legibility Be Tested? Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (Technical Report UMTRI-88-35). (NTIS No. PB 90 141375/AS)
 
Boreczky, J., Green, P., Bos, T., and Kerst, J. (1988). Effects of Size, Location, Contrast, Illumination, and Color on the Legibility of Numeric Speedometers (Technical Report UMTRI-88-36). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 90 150533/AS)
 
Green, P. (1988). Human Factors and Gauge Design: A Literature Review (Technical Report UMTRI8837). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS as PB 90 141334/AS)
 
Green, P. and Adams, S. (1987). Who Are the Potential Users of a CAD System? (Technical Report UMTRI-87-15). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 89 182935/AS)
 
Turner, C. and Green, P. (1987). Human Factors Research on Automobile Secondary Controls: A Literature Review (Technical Report UMTRI-87-20). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 90 149675/AS)
 
Green, P., Ottens, D., and Adams, S. (1987). Secondary Controls in Domestic 1986 Model Year Cars (Technical Report UMTRI-87-21). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 90 149642/AS)
 
Green, P., Ottens, D., Kerst, J., Goldstein, S., and Adams, S. (1987). Driver Preferences for Secondary Controls (Technical Report UMTRI-87-47). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 90 150541/AS)
 
Bos, T., Green, P., and Boreczky, J. (1987). Videotape Analysis of a CAD System User Interface: A Case Study (Technical Report UMTRI-87-49). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 89 181903/AS)
 
Green, P. (1986). Customer Setup of the NCR-PC-8 Personal Computer: A Case Study (Technical Report UMTRI-86-25). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Wesselman, H. and Green, P. (1986). Wizard of Oz User's Manual Version 4.0 (Technical Report No. UMTRI-86-50). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Wesselman, H. (1986). Design Rationale for the Wizard of Oz User Interface Prototyper (Technical Report UMTRI-86-51). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Wei-Haas, L. (1985). The Wizard of Oz: A Tool for the Rapid Development of User Interfaces (Technical Report UMTRI-85-27). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1985). Human Factors Test of a Driver Alertness Device (Technical Report UMTRI-85-49). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 86 181229/AS)
 
Green, P. (1984). Preliminary Design of the Ford TM-3 Tripcomputer (Technical Report UMTRI-84-6). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Miller, D.E., Peterson, E.A., and Green, P. (1984). Comparison of CRT Antireflection Filters (Technical Report UMTRI-84-8). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 84 202753)
 
Green, P., Gillespie, T., Reifeis, S., Wei-Haas, L., and Ottens, D. (1984). Subjective Evaluation of Steering Effort Levels (Technical Report UMTRI-84-39). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. (NTIS . PB 86 135019/AS)
 
Green, P. (1983). A Critique of the Ford Multigauge (Ford confidential). Technical Report. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1983). What Do Drivers Say They Use Speedometers and Tachometers For? (Technical Report UMTRI-83-49). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Miller, D. (1983). A Human Factors Evaluation of a Vehicle Maintenance Monitor. Videotape report produced for Ford Motor Company (Electrical & Electronics Division and Automotive Safety Office). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Levine, R.E. (1982). Driver Understanding of Fuel and other Basic Gauges (Technical Report UM-HSRI-82-46). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.
 
Gingold, M., Shteingart, S., and Green, P. (1981). Truck Drivers' Suggestions and Preferences for Instrument Panel Symbols (Technical Report UM-HSRI-81-30). Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute. (NTIS No. PB 82 224379)
 
Green, P. and Burgess, W.T. (1981). Windshield Damage and Driving Safety (Technical Report UMHSRI81-35). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1980). A Computer Simulation of Headlamp Variables and Drivers' Sight Distances: Operating Instructions (Technical Report UM-HSRI-80-44). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.
 
Green, P. and Burgess, W.T. (1980). Debugging a Symbol Set for Identifying Displays: Production and Screening Studies (Technical Report UM-HSRI-80-64). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1979). Automobile Multifunction Stalk Controls: Literature, Hardware and Human Factors Review (Technical Report UM-HSRI-79-78). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1979). Rational Ways to Increase Pictographic Symbol Discriminability. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Industrial & Operations Engineering and Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Dissertation Abstracts International (University Microfilms No. 79-25, 156).
 
Green, P., Kubacki, M., Olson, P.L., and Sivak, M. (1979). Accidents and the Nighttime Conspicuity of Trucks (Technical Report UM-HSRI-79-92). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.
 
Green, P. (1977). The Prediction of Choice Response Times for Pictographic Symbols. Department of Industrial & Operations Engineering technical report, University of Michigan. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, August 1980, p.77 (manuscript 2102).
 
Green, P. (1975). UM/AMP K Press Guarding Project, Field Study 2. Department of Industrial & Operations Engineering Technical report, University of Michigan.
 
Green, P., Allen, B., Appalucci, L., and Conroy, P. (1972). Design of a New Dashboard for the Ford Pinto-Human Factors Considerations. Unpublished report submitted in conjunction with the Drexel University entry into the Urban Vehicle Design Competition.

version of July 17, 1998