PK fK6gӜ refs.MYD ? $ Abrahams, Peter W.
Parsons, Julia A. 1996, Geophagy in the tropics: A literature review 63-72 Geographical Journal 162 1 1996 6?
Aiello, L. C. 1992! Body size and energy requirements 41-45- The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution9 Bunney, Sarah
Jones, Steven
Martin, Robert
Pilbeam, David
Cambridge, UK F?
Aiello, L. C. 1997C Brains and guts in human evolution: The expensive tissue hypothesis Brazilian Journal of Genetics 20 1 August 15, 2006] http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84551997000100023&lng=pt&nrm=iso ? " Aiello, Leslie C.
Wheeler, Peter 1995b The expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution 199-221 Current Anthropology 36 2 ?? Anderson, G. H. 1995" Sugars, sweetness, and food intake 195S-202S& American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62 1 [Suppl 1]@ sugar, sweetness, food intake, obesity, food selection, appetiteK Sugars provide a strong, pleasant, sweet taste and at the same time deliver Using Smart Source Parsing ? Armelagos, George J. 1987" Biocultural aspects of food choice 579-594 Food and Evolution M. Harris
E. Ross Philadelphia, PA Temple Un 7? Armelagos, George J. 1990; Health and disease in prehistoric populations in transition 127-144V Disease in Populations in Transition: Anthropological and Epidemiological Perspectives# Swedlund, A. C.
Armelagos, G. J. New York, NY b W t? Armelagos, George J. 1998 The viral superhighway 24-29 The Scienc ? Armelagos, George J. 20042 Evolutionists and creationists at the dinner table 53-55 Evolutionary Anthropology 13 2 ?
$ Armelagos, George J.
Brown, Peter J. 2002* The body as evidence; The body of evidence 593-602G The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere Steckel, R.
Rose, Jerome C. New York, NY Cambridge Univ ~? - Armelagos, G. J.
Goodman, A. H.
Jacobs, K. H. 1991Q The origins of agriculture: Population-growth during a period of declining health 9-22 Population and Environment 13 1 evolution Fal The increase in the Neolithic human population following the development of agriculture has been assumed to result from improvements in health and nutrition. Recent research demonstrates that this assumption is incorrect. With the development of sedentism and the intensification of agriculture, there is an increase in infectious disease and nutritional deficiencies particularly affecting infants and children.Declining health probably increased mortality among infants, children and oldest adults. However, the productive and reproductive core would have been able to respond to this increase in mortality by reducing birth spacing. That is, agricultural populations increased in size, despite higher mortality, because intervals between births became shorter. English
Article ISI:A1991GF92300002 HAMPSHIRE COLL,AMHERST,MA 01002. UNIV MONTREAL,MONTREAL H3C 3J7,QUEBEC,CANADA.
ARMELAGOS, GJ, UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ANTHROPOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611 (? ' Armelagos, George J.
Harper, Kristen N. 2005a/ Genomics at the origin of agriculture, part one 68-77 Evolutionary Anth y8?
Audette, R. V.
Gilchrist, T. 1995G NeanderThin: Eat Like a Caveman to Achieve a Lean, Strong, Healthy Body
Dallas, TX Pa ? Baker, P. T.
Mazess, R. B. 19632 Calcium: Unusual sources in highland Peruvian diet 1466-1467 Science 142>? " Bankovi, G.
Forrai, G.
Tauszik, T. 19936 The age dependence of gustatory habits: A family study 303-9 Acta Biologica Hungarica 44 2-3m Adolescence
Adult
Age Factors
Child
Family Characteristics
Female
*Food Preferences
Human
Male
Questionnaires The authors continued their earlier studies in the field of human food favoritism. They collected family samples from two Hungarian towns. For the comparison of food choices of adults and children a quantity called Adults' Food Preference Score (AFPS) was constructed which seemed to be suitable to discriminate the gustatory habits. A family analysis has shown that the food preferences of mothers and children are much more connected than those of fathers and children. English Acta Biol Hung 94240927 ? Barker, Lewis M. 1982 Building memories for foods 85-99) The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection Barker, Lewis M. Westport, CT AVI Publishing Company, Inc. ?
Barnes, S. 19983 Evolution of the health benefits of soy isoflavones 386-92@ Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 217 3
Animal
*Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/pd [Pharmacology]
Genistein/pd [Pharmacology]
Human
Infant Food/an [Analysis]
*Isoflavones/pd [Pharmacology]
Menopause
Phenols/pd [Pharmacology]
Polymers/pd [Pharmacology]
*Soybeans
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Soy is a unique dietary source of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein. It has been part of the Southeast Asian diet for nearly five millenia, whereas consumption of soy in the United States and Western Europe has been limited to the 20th century. Heavy consumption of soy in Southeast Asian populations is associated with reduction in the rates of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease. Recent experimental evidence suggests that phytochemicals in soy are responsible for its beneficial effects, which may also include prevention of osteoporosis, a hereditary chronic nose bleed syndrome, and autoimmune diseases. Exposure of soy formula-fed infants to the potential estrogenizing effects of the isoflavones is limited by the first pass effect of the liver following the uptake of isoflavones from the gut. Several mechanisms of action of isoflavones have been proposed-both through estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent pathways. English Proc Soc Ek_ *? + Bates, S. L.
Sharkey, K. A.
Meddings, J. B. 1998= Vagal involvement in dietary regulation of nutrient transport G552-G560 American Journal of Physiology 274 3 [Pt 1] Intestine Absorption
Vagus Nerve
Food Composition
Glucose Transport
Nutrient
Carbohydrate Diet
Guinea Pig
Intestine Cell
Adaptation
Intestine Brush Border
Nonhuman
Animal Experiment
Controlled Study
Animal Tissue
Article
Priority Journal
Glucose
Carbohydrate
Capsaicin In omnivores, gradual alterations in dietary nutrient composition are observed. To efficiently absorb dietary nutrients these animals alter intestinal nutrient transporter expression to match the pattern of nutrient intake. This often involves reprogramming the crypt cell to express greater numbers of the relevant transport system. The aim of this study was to determine whether vagal afferents are involved in this adaptive process. Guinea pigs were habituated to a low-carbohydrate diet and then switched to a high-carbohydrate diet. The resultant increase in glucose transporter expression was assessed by determining rates of glucose transport in jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles. Ablation of vagal afferents was accomplished by application of capsaicin to exposed cervical vagi and confirmed using Fast blue tracer studies. We found that animals in which vagal afferents were ablated with capsaicin were unable to alter rates of glucose transport in response to an increase in dietary carbohydrate. This suggests that vagal afferents are involved in this adaptive process. These findings support a role for the vagus nerve in regulating intestinal transport function, which may be important to consider in clinical disease that involves the vagus nerve. [References: 29] J.B. Meddings, Gastrointestinal Research Group, 1705 Health Sciences Center, Univ. of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta. T2N l ? Beale, C. L. 2000) A century of population growth and change 16-22 Food Review 23 1 R? Beauchamp, G. K. 1989 Human salt preference 72 Appetite 12 ? + Beauchamp, G. K.
Bachmanov, A.
Stein, L. J. 19986 Development and genetics of glutamate taste preference 412-6) Annals of the New York Academy of Science 855 Adult
Animal
Child
Child, Preschool
Human
Infant
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Rats
*Sodium Glutamate
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
*Taste/ge [Genetics]
*Taste ThresholdV The sodium salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and certain other amino acids and ribonucleotides impart a unique taste sensation often called 'umami.' We have been studying preference for umami substances in two systems: inbred mice and human infants. In 48-hr tests, C57BL/6J (C57) mice exhibit a lower preference threshold for MSG than do 129/J mice. Moreover, C57 mice show a greater preference across a wide range of concentrations and, at high (e.g., 300-600 mM) concentrations, consume greater amounts of MSG. To examine whether the strain difference in MSG preference might be related to a similar strain difference in preference for sucrose and other sweeteners, as might be suggested from studies with rats, preferences for MSG and sucrose in the second (F2) generation were examined. Preferences for sucrose and for MSG were not positively correlated in the F2 indicating that these strain differences depend on different genes. For human adults, unlike mice, the taste of aqueous MSG is not palatable. Our studies of human infants also indicate that MSG alone is not preferred to plain water, but, when it is added to soup, the soup plus MSG is preferred to soup alone. Ongoing studies are designed to determine whether simple mixtures of MSG with other tastants, in particular NaCl, are preferred to water alone, NaCl alone, and MSG alone. English Ann N Y Acad Sci ? Beidler, L. M. 1982" Biological basis of food selection 1-15) The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection
Baker, L. M. Westport, CN AVI Publishing Company, Inc. ? Bellisle, F. 1999 Glutamate and the UMAMI taste: Sensory, metabolic, nutritional and behavioural considerations. A review of the literature published in the last 10 years 423-38& Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23 3 Animal
*Feeding Behavior/ph [Physiology]
*Glutamic Acid/me [Metabolism]
Human
Nutritive Value
Ribonucleotides/me [Metabolism]
Sodium Glutamate/me [Metabolism]
*Taste/ph [Physiology]
*Taste Threshold/ph [Physiology] Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used increasingly often in processed foods and in home cooking in the Western world. This substance is responsible for a pleasurable taste sensation, the Umami taste. This review covers recent developments in sensory studies of glutamate effects, and traces the Umami taste from sensory receptors on the tongue to the brain. The metabolism of glutamic acid, as revealed from recent literature, is described. A specific section is devoted to safety issues. In addition, effects of glutamic salts on nutrition and ingestive behaviours are shown to be potent. Animal and human works are treated separately, with special attention to the specific methods used in both cases. Future areas of research include further investigation of sensory physiology, role of glutamate as an excitatory substance in the brain, acquisition of food likes and impact on long-term food selection, food intake, and body weight control. English Neurosci Bm>? Bernstein, I. L. 19993 Taste aversion learning: A contemporary perspective 229-34 Nutrition 15 3 Animal
Anorexia/et [Etiology]
Conditioning (Psychology)/ph [Physiology]
Food
Food Poisoning/pc [Prevention & Control]
Human
*Learning/ph [Physiology]
Neoplasms/co [Complications]
Neuronal Plasticity/ph [Physiology]
Odors
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
*Taste/ph [Physiology] Food aversion learning has attracted widespread interest because it is a highly adaptive, powerful type of learning with both practical and theoretical ramifications. It has features that make it unusual and robust when compared with other learning paradigms. It has relevance to human problems in that it is likely to contribute to food choice and appetite problems in certain clinical situations. And the robustness of this learning makes it a promising model for neurobiologists interested in understanding neural mechanisms of plasticity. This review provides a broad overview of these aspects of taste aversion learning and points to areas where questions remain and additional research is needed. English Nutrition 99215132 ohn Wiley ondon, UK August 31 . Bourgogne, 6 bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France. 5 ttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/11
ropologicum X II, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre 307 2 ] rie II, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre 239 11 W
rie II, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre 243 ntale 2
eog.ucla.edu.
e Gallimard N?} N Adams, O.
Besken, K.
Oberdorfer, C.
MacKenzie, C. R.
Takikawa, O.
Daubener, W. 2004 Role of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in alpha/beta and gamma interferon-mediated antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus infections 2632-6 Journal of Virology 78 5 ProCite Record Number: Journal Short Form workform
?~ Agarwal, A. K.
Shah, A. 1997 Menstrual-linked asthma 539-45 Journal of Asthma 34 6 ProCite Record Number: Journal Short Form workform 9 n vivo in an infected patient with bipolar depression 1g
? W Ahmed, A. A.
Osman, H.
Mansour, A. M.
Musa, H. A.
Ahmed, A. B.
Karrar, Z.
Hassan, H. S. 2000y Antimicrobial agent resistance in bacterial isolates from patients with diarrhea and urinary tract infection in the Sudan 259-631 American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 63 5-6 ProCite Record Number: Journal Short Form workform ? k B Ahren, I. L.
Williams, D. L.
Rice, P. J.
Forsgren, A.
Reisbeck, K. 2001 The importance of a beta-glucan receptor in the nonopsonic entry of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae into human monocytic and epithelial cells 150-8 Journal of Infectious Diseases 184 ProCite Record Number: Journal Short Form workform 5 ܀? 5 Al-Mobireek, A. F.
Darwazeh, A. M. G.
Hassanin, M. B. 2000~ Experimental induction of rheumatoid arthritis in temporomandibular joint of the guinea pig: A clinical and radiographic study 286-90 Dento-Maxilla-Facial Radiology 29 ? Birch, L. L. 19877 The acquisition of food acceptance patterns in children 107-1305 Eating Habits: Food, Physiology and Learned Behaviour* Boakes, R.A.
Popplewell, D.A.
Burton, M.J. Chichester, UK Joh jP? Birch, L. L.
Fisher, J. A. 1996G The role of experience in the development of children's eating behavior 113-1410 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological ? $ Blass, E. M.
Shide, D. J.
Weller, A. 1989B Suckling: Opioid and non-opioid processes in mother-infant bonding 75 Appetite 12
? Booth, D. A. 1987- Cognitive experimental psychology of appetite 175-2095 Eating Habits: Food, Physiology and Learned Behaviour9 Boakes, Robert A.
Popplewell, David A.
Burton, Michael J. Chichester, UK John W ? Capaldi, Elizabeth D. 1996 Conditioned food preferences 53-800 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological Association ^ O kh?
Caplan, P. 1997 Food, Health and Identity 280 New York,!? Casey, Rosemary
Rozin, Paul 19895 Changing children's food preferences: Parent opinions 171-182 Appetite 12 3 *Parental Attitudes
*Food Preferences
*Behavior Change
Preschool Age Children
School Age Children
Parent Child Relations
Adulthood Examined the beliefs and practices of 76 parents (primarily White mothers) with at least 1 child (aged 3+ yrs) regarding the creation of food likes or dislikes in their children. A questionnaire assessed suggestions about ways to create likes and dislikes and the effectiveness of methods for creating likes and dislikes. Results suggest a perceived importance for positive social context (including participation in preparation) for producing likes. Ss also preferred "a reward for eating" to "use of food as a reward" as a method of inducing preferences. Ss with children who were problem eaters showed no characteristic differences in training practices or attitudes. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) Using Smart Source Parsing
Jun| ?! ( Chaudhari, N.
Landin, A. M.
Roper, S. D. 2000G A metabotropic glutamate receptor variant functions as a taste receptor 113-9 Nature Neuroscience 3 2 Amino Acid Sequence
Animal
Base Sequence
Brain/me [Metabolism]
*Chemoreceptors/me [Metabolism]
Cloning, Molecular
Cyclic AMP/me [Metabolism]
CHO Cells
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
DNA, Complementary/ge [Genetics]
Forskolin/pd [Pharmacology]
*Glutamic Acid/me [Metabolism]
Glutamic Acid/pd [Pharmacology]
GTP-Binding Proteins/me [Metabolism]
Hamsters
Molecular Sequence Data
Organ Specificity
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Propionic Acids/pd [Pharmacology]
Protein Isoforms/ge [Genetics]
*Protein Isoforms/me [Metabolism]
Rats
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/ge [Genetics]
*Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/me [Metabolism]
RNA, Messenger/bi [Biosynthesis]
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
*Taste/ph [Physiology]
*Taste Buds/me [Metabolism]
Transfection Sensory transduction for many taste stimuli such as sugars, some bitter compounds and amino acids is thought to be mediated via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), although no such receptors that respond to taste stimuli are yet identified. Monosodium L-glutamate (L-MSG), a natural component of many foods, is an important gustatory stimulus believed to signal dietary protein. We describe a GPCR cloned from rat taste buds and functionally expressed in CHO cells. The receptor couples negatively to a cAMP cascade and shows an unusual concentration-response relationship. The similarity of its properties to MSG taste suggests that this receptor is a taste receptor for glutamate. English Nat Neurosci %?" Clydesdale, F. M. 1993 Color as a factor in food choice 83-101. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 33 1j Carbohydrates
*Color
*Food Preferences
Human
Sodium Chloride
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Taste/ph [Physiology] From birth, nature teaches us to make judgements on our environment based in large measure on color. As such, it plays a key role in food choice by influencing taste thresholds, sweetness perception, food preference, pleasantness, and acceptability. Its role is elusive and difficult to quantify, however, which at times has placed color in a secondary role to the other sensory characteristics, a position not entirely consistent with the facts. Color, in a quantitative sense, has been shown to be able to replace sugar and still maintain sweetness perception in flavored foods. It interferes with judgments of flavor intensity and identification and in so doing has been shown to dramatically influence the pleasantness and acceptability of foods. Studies in the literature have used cross-sectional population panels to study these effects, but a recent investigation of color-sensory interactions in beverages has compared the response of a college age group with the response of a panel consisting of a more mature population. Interestingly, the older group showed significant differences from the college age group in their response to the effects of color on several sensory parameters as well as showing a direct correlation between beverage consumption and color. Color is often taken for granted, but this position must be reevaluated in view of such studies and the need to create more appealing foods for different segments of our society. English Crit Rev F m _ L?# Cohen, Mark N. 1977 The Food Crisis in Prehistory
New Haven, CN Yale Un s g |?$ Cohen, Mark N. 1989# Health and the Rise of Civilization
New Haven, CN Yale Univ { x?% % Cohen, Mark N.
Armelagos, George J. 1984, Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture Orlando, FL ?& Colson, Elizabeth 1979@ In good years and bad: Food strategies in self-reliant societies 18-29# Journal of Anthropological Research 35 1 ?' Cordain, L. 2002W The Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Food You Were Designed to Eat New York, NY John Vx?( o q Cordain, L.
Eaton, S.B.
Sebastian, A.
Mann, N. J.
Lindeberg, S.
Watkins, B. A.
O'Keefe, James H.
Brand-Miller, J. 2005S Origins and ?) 9 Cordain, L.
Gotshall, R. W.
Eaton, S. B.
Eaton III, S. B. 1998N Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: An evolutionary perspective 328-35( International Journal of Sports Medicine 19 5 Animal
*Energy Metabolism
*Evolution
*Exercise
Female
Hominidae/ah [Anatomy & Histology]
Hominidae/ph [Physiology]
Human
Male
*Physical Fitnessg The model for human physical activity patterns was established not in gymnasia, athletic fields, or exercise physiology laboratories, but by natural selection acting over eons of evolutionary experience. This paper examines how evolution has determined the potential for contemporary human performance, and advances the experience of recently-studied hunter-gatherers as the best available (although admittedly imperfect) indicator of the physical activity patterns for which our genetically determined biology was originally selected. From the emergence of the genus Homo, over 2 million years ago (MYA), until the agricultural revolution of roughly 10000 years ago our ancestors were hunter-gatherers, so the adaptive pressures inherent in that environmental niche have exerted defining influence on human genetic makeup. The portion of our genome that determines basic anatomy and physiology has remained relatively unchanged over the past 40 000 years. Thus, the complex interrelationship between energy intake, energy expenditure and specific physical activity requirements for current humans remains very similar to that originally selected for Stone Age men and women who lived by gathering and hunting. Research investigating optimal physical activity for human health and performance can be guided by understanding the evolution of physical activity patterns in our species. English Int J Sports Med 3' ?* & Cordain, L.
Watkins, B. A.
Mann, N. J. 2001 Fatty acid composition and energy density of foods available to African hominids. Evolutionary implications for human brain development 144-61' World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 903 Africa
Animals
*Brain/gd [Growth & Development]
Brain Chemistry
*Diet/hi [History]
Diet/st [Standards]
Energy Intake
*Evolution
*Fatty Acids/an [Analysis]
Fatty Acids/hi [History]
Fishes
Food Analysis
Food Supply/hi [History]
History of Medicine, Ancient
*Hominidae/gd [Growth & Development]
Hum ?+ Cordain, L.
Friel, J. 2005P The Paleo Diet for Athletes: A Nutritional Formula for Peak Athletic Performance
Emmaus, PA Rodale?, , Crystal, S. R.
Bowen, D. J.
Bernstein, I. L. 1999C Morning sickness and salt intake, food cravings, and food aversions 181-7 Physiology & Behavior 67 2 Adult
Analysis of Variance
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
*Food Preferences/ph [Physiology]
Human
*Hyperemesis Gravidarum/ep [Epidemiology]
*Nausea/ep [Epidemiology]
*Pregnancy/ph [Physiology]
Pregnancy/px [Psychology]
Pregnancy/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data]
Prevalence
Retrospective Studies
Severity of Illness Index
*Sodium, Dietary/ad [Administration & Dosage]
Taste/ph [Physiology]2 Evidence for an association between early pregnancy sickness and offspring salt (NaCl) preference has been obtained from studying offspring as young adults and as infants. To determine whether the association between early pregnancy sickness and salt preference of offspring is secondary to familiar similarity in salt preference, the present study examined the self-reported salt intake and dietary cravings and aversions of pregnant women. Women who reported little or no vomiting (n = 108) were compared to women who reported moderate to severe vomiting (n = 21) during pregnancy. The women's self-reported salt use and reported cravings and aversions for common food were measured via survey for time periods prior to and during their current pregnancy. Women did not differ in reported salt use prior to pregnancy as a function of their pregnancy symptoms. Women reported more aversions during, than prior to, pregnancy (p < 0.05). Women with more severe vomiting reported a greater number of aversions (p < 0.05) both prior to and during pregnancy. There was a significant association between experiencing cravings and aversions prior to pregnancy and experiencing craving and aversions during pregnancy (p < 0.05). These findings do not provide evidence for an association between dietary levels of sodium and the likelihood of experiencing severe pregnancy symptoms. Therefore, these data do not support the suggestion that reported elevations in salt preference in offspring of women with moderate to severe vomiting during pregnancy are mediated by familial dietary practices. English
Physiol Behav (?- ! D'Adamo, Peter
Whitney, Catherine 1996w Eat Right 4 Your Type: The Individualized Diet Solution to Staying Healthy, Living Longer & Achieving Your Ideal Weight New York, NY G.P. Pu u g ?; Drewnowski, A. 1997b Why do we like fat? S58-S62, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97 Suppl 7) Dietary Carbohydrates/ad [Administration & Dosage]
*Dietary Fats/ad [Administration & Dosage]
Dietary Fats/ec [Economics]
*Food Preferences/px [Psychology]
Human
Income
Obesity/et [Etiology]
Obesity/pp [Physiopathology]
Obesity/px [Psychology]
Opioid Peptides/ph [Physiology]
Taste/ph [Physiology] Dietary choices are strongly influenced by the taste and texture of foods. Fats are responsible for the sensory properties of many foods and greatly contribute to eating pleasure. Although diets rich in fats tend to be more flavorful and varied, they also are high in energy. Because excessive fat consumption has been associated with higher rates of obesity and coronary heart disease, nutrition education efforts have focused on replacing dietary fats with grains, vegetables, and fruit. However, preference for high-fat foods appear to be a universal human trait, and in the absence of efficient physiologic mechanisms regulating fat intake, fat consumption appears to be determined simply by the amount of fat available in the food supply. Fat consumption at national levels is determined largely by economic variables such as urbanization or income. The question is whether these barriers can be surmounted by appropriate nutrition education and intervention programs. English J Am Diet Assoc 97359654?< E Drewnowski, A.
Krahn, D. D.
Demitrack, M. A.
Nairn, K.
Gosnell, B. A. 1992Y Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: Evidence for opioid involvement 371-379 Physiology & Behavior 51 2 *Food Preference
*Anorexia
*Opiate Receptor
*Taste
Human
Female
Clinical Article
Controlled Study
Adult
Intravenous Drug Administration
Priority Journal
Article
*Bulimia
*Naloxone
*Butorphanol
Placebo Preferences and cravings for sweet high-fat foods observed among obese and bulimic patients may involve the endogenous opioid peptide system. The opioid antagonist naloxone, opioid agonist butorphanol, and saline placebo were administered by intravenous infusion to 14 female binge eaters and 12 normal-weight controls. Eight of the binge eaters were obese. During infusion, the subjects tasted 20 sugar/fat mixtures and were allowed to select and consume snack foods of varying sugar and fat content. Naloxone reduced taste preferences relative to baseline in both binge eaters and controls. Total caloric intake from snacks was significantly reduced by naloxone in binge eaters but not in controls. This reduction was most pronounced for sweet high-fat foods such as cookies or chocolate. No consistent effects on taste preferences or food intakes were observed with butorphanol. Endogenous opioid peptides may be involved in mediating taste responses and preferences for palatable foods, notably those rich in sugar and fat. Using Smart Source Parsing
(pp ?= Duffy, V. B.
Bartoshuk, L. M. 1996 Sensory factors in feeding 145-1720 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological Association 4?> Dufour, Darna L. 1995D A closer look at the nutritional implications of bitter cassava use 149-165. Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia, Sponsel, Leslie
Tucson, AZ University >?? 5 Dufour, D. L.
Staten, L. K.
Reina, J. C.
Spurr, G. B. 1997[ Living on the edge: Dietary strategies of economically impoverished women in Cali, Colombia 5-15) American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102 1b Adaptation, Psychological
Adult
Anthropology
Colombia
Diet/ec [Economics]
*Diet/st [Standards]
Dietary Carbohydrates/st [Standards]
Female
Human
Medical Indigency/ec [Economics]
Medical Indigency/eh [Ethnology]
*Medical Indigency/px [Psychology]
Nutritional Status
Socioeconomic Factors
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
*Women's HealthZ Economically impoverished women in Cali, Colombia, have restricted access to food in a city where food is abundant. Ethnographic observations, interviews and 2 day food records were used to better understand the coping strategies used by a group of these women (n = 85) to maintain adequate levels of energy intake. Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status were normal for the group. Interview data revealed that the ability to purchase food was a concern for 58% of the women. When faced with a restricted ability to purchase food, the women indicated they made compromises in meal composition, reduced portion sizes, and/or reduced the number of meals. They also relied on relatives, friends, neighbors, store credit, or local government programs for access to food. Changes in meal composition were identified in 17.1% of all diet records (n = 509). Low energy intake (defined as energy intake < or = 1.27 x BMR) was identified in 17.1% of all diet records. Carbohydrate consumption was significantly greater on low-energy intake days. The adequate nutritional status of this group of women suggests that their coping strategies are usually adequate to maintain energy intake, but the presence of uncertainty, the frequency of compromises in diet composition, and the frequency of low-energy intake days suggest that these women are at risk for undernutrition. English Am J Phys Anthropol 97186460 ?@ Eaton, S. B. 1990! Fibre intake in prehistoric times 27-404 Dietary Fibre Perspectives: Reviews and Bibliography 2 Leads, A.R.
London, UK ?A Eaton, S. B. 1992 Humans, lipids and evolution 814-820 Lipids 27 10k higher plant (0697)
plant (0699)
mammal (0738)
human (0888)
priority journal (0007)
article (0060)
Evolution
Fat Intake
Lipid Diet
Cholesterol Blood Level
Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Composition
Nutrition
Animal Food
Nutritional Value
Vegetable
Food Processing
Bread
Meat
Human
Priority Journal
Article
Lipid
Cholesterol
Saturated Fatty Acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid The genetically ordered physiology of contemporary humans was selected over eons of evolutionary experience for a nutritional pattern affording much less fat, particularly less saturated fat. Current dietary recommendations do not accord exactly with those generated by an understanding of prior hominoid/hominid evolution. Similarly, widely advocated standards for serum cholesterol values fail to match those observed in recently studied hunter- gatherers, whose experience represents the closest living approximation of 'natural' human lipid metabolism. The evolutionary paradigm suggests that fats should comprise 20-25% of total energy intake, that the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat should exceed 1.0, and that total serum cholesterol levels should be below 150 mg/dL ( [similar] Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, West Paces Ferry Hospital, 3200 Howell Mill Road, N.W.,Atlanta, GA 30327; United States of America ?B ) Eaton, S. B.
Eaton III, S. B.
Cordain, L. 2002 Evolution, diet, and health 7-17$ Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution Ungar, P. S.
Teaford, M. F. Westport, CT Bergin & Garvey K
?C + Eaton, S. B.
Eaton III, S. B.
Konner, M. J. 1997\ Paleolithic nutrition revisited: A twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications 207-16& European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51 4R Animal
Anthropology
Diet/hi [History]
*Diet
Dietary Carbohydrates/hi [History]
Dietary Carbohydrates/st [Standards]
Dietary Fats/hi [History]
Dietary Fats/st [Standards]
Dietary Fiber/hi [History]
Dietary Fiber/st [Standards]
Dietary Proteins/hi [History]
Dietary Proteins/st [Standards]
Evolution
History of Medicine, Ancient
Human
Meat/hi [History]
Meat/st [Standards]
Minerals/hi [History]
Minerals/st [Standards]
*Nutrition Surveys
Nutritional Requirements
Nutritive Value
Retrospective Studies
Vegetables/hi [History]
Vegetables/st [Standards]
Vitamins/hi [History]
Vitamins/st [Standards] English Eur J Clin Nutr ?D Eaton, S. B.
Eaton III, S. B. 2000F Paleolithic vs. modern diets: Selected pathophysiological implications 67-70 European Journal of Nutrition 39 2 Adaptation, Biological
Bone and Bones/pp [Physiopathology]
*Diet/hi [History]
*Evolution
Exercise
*Food Habits/ph [Physiology]
History of Medicine, Ancient
Human
Insulin Resistance/ph [Physiology]
*Nutrition
Nutrition Policy
Paleopathology< The nutritional patterns of Paleolithic humans influenced genetic evolution during the time segment within which defining characteristics of contemporary humans were selected. Our genome can have changed little since the beginnings of agriculture, so, genetically, humans remain Stone Agers--adapted for a Paleolithic dietary regimen. Such diets were based chiefly on wild game, fish and uncultivated plant foods. They provided abundant protein; a fat profile much different from that of affluent Western nations; high fibre; carbohydrate from fruits and vegetables (and some honey) but not from cereals, refined sugars and dairy products; high levels of micronutrients and probably of phytochemicals as well. Differences between contemporary and ancestral diets have many pathophysiological implications. This review addresses phytochemicals and cancer; calcium, physical exertion, bone mineral density and bone structural geometry; dietary protein, potassium, renal acid secretion and urinary calcium loss; and finally sarcopenia, adiposity, insulin receptors and insulin resistance. While not, yet, a basis for formal recommendations, awareness of Paleolithic nutritional patterns should generate novel, testable hypotheses grounded in evolutionary theory and it should dispel complacency regarding currently accepted nutritional tenets. English
Eur J Nutr vD?+ Pear, R. 2006$ Weight loss surgery comes with risks Orlando Sentinel A4 Orlando, FL July 24 ] G R ?, Wikipedia 2006d Pizza Hut 2006& http://en.wikipe v ?F ! Eaton, S. Boyd
Konner, Melvin J. 1985M Paleolithic nutrition: A consideration of its nature and current implications 283-289 New England Journal of Medic
?G & Eaton, S. B.
Konner, M. J.
Shostak, M. 1988W Stone agers in the fast lane: Chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective 739-49 American Journal of Medicine 84 4 Alcohol Drinking/ph [Physiology]
Animal
Chronic Disease/ep [Epidemiology]
*Chronic Disease
Culture
Diet/ae [Adverse Effects]
Evolution
Exertion
Haplorhini/ge [Genetics]
Human
*Life Style
Smoking/ae [Adverse Effects]H From a genetic standpoint, humans living today are Stone Age hunter-gatherers displaced through time to a world that differs from that for which our genetic constitution was selected. Unlike evolutionary maladaptation, our current discordance has little effect on reproductive success; rather it acts as a potent promoter of chronic illnesses: atherosclerosis, essential hypertension, many cancers, diabetes mellitus, and obesity among others. These diseases are the results of interaction between genetically controlled biochemical processes and a myriad of biocultural influences--lifestyle factors--that include nutrition, exercise, and exposure to noxious substances. Although our genes have hardly changed, our culture has been transformed almost beyond recognition during the past 10,000 years, especially since the Industrial Revolution. There is increasing evidence that the resulting mismatch fosters "diseases of civilization" that together cause 75 percent of all deaths in Western nations, but that are rare among persons whose lifeways reflect those of our preagricultural ancestors. Engli| ?H Eaton, S. B.
Konner, M. J. 1986+ Stone age nutrition: Implications for today 300-3& ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 53 4 Animal
Diet
Energy Intake
History of Medicine, Ancient
History of Medicine, 20th Cent.
Human
Meat
*Nutrition
*Paleontology
Vegetables< The nutritional elements appropriate for contemporary humans reflect genetically determined biochemical and physiological factors, which have evolved over hundreds of millions of years. Stone Age humans, however, derived nearly all of their nutrients from just two of the four major food groups we select from today. English ASDC J Dent ChildU?I Eaton, S. B.
Nelson, D. A. 1991# Calcium in evolutionary perspective 281S-287S& American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54 Suppl 1 Agriculture
Animal
Body Height
*Bone and Bones/me [Metabolism]
Bone Development
*Calcium/me [Metabolism]
Calcium, Dietary/ad [Administration & Dosage]
*Evolution
Exertion
Hominidae/gd [Growth & Development]
*Hominidae/me [Metabolism]
Human
Mammals/me [Metabolism]
*Nutrition The nutritional requirements of contemporary humans were almost certainly established over eons of evolutionary experience and the best available evidence indicates that this evolution occurred in a high-calcium nutritional environment. The exercise and dietary patterns of humans living at the end of the Stone Age can be considered natural paradigms: calcium intake was twice that for contemporary humans and requirements for physical exertion were also greater than at present. Bony remains from that period suggest that Stone Agers developed a greater peak bone mass and experienced less age-related bone loss than do humans in the 20th Century. English Am J Clin Nutr
? 0 Ferreira, Mariana K. Leal
Lang, Gretchen Chesley 2006C Indigenous Peoples and Diabetes: Community Empowerment and Wellness
xxvii, 549 p.
Durham, s ?K j ?^ K Hawkes, K.
O'Connell, J. F.
Blurton Jones, N. G.
Alvarez, H.
Charnov, E. L. 1998D Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories 1336-9O Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 3 Animal
*Evolution
Family Characteristics
Female
Human
*Longevity/ph [Physiology]
Models, Psychological
*Mother-Child Relations
*Postmenopause/ph [Physiology]h Long postmenopausal lifespans distinguish humans from all other primates. This pattern may have evolved with mother-child food sharing, a practice that allowed aging females to enhance their daughters' fertility, thereby increasing selection against senescence. Combined with Charnov's dimensionless assembly rules for mammalian life histories, this hypothesis also accounts for our late maturity, small size at weaning, and high fertility. It has implications for past human habitat choice and social organization and for ideas about the importance of extended learning and paternal provisioning in human evolution. English Proc Natl Acad Sci U ?_ T Hedley, A. A.
Ogden, C. L.
Johnson, C. L.
Carroll, M. D.
Curtin, L. R.
Flegal, K. M. 2004Z Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002 2847-2850+ Journal of the American Medical Association 291 23 d >?` Hetherington, M. M.
Rolls, B. J. 1996L Sensory-specific satiety: Theoretical frameworks and central characteristics 267-2900 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating 1 Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological Association Adult
Appetite/ph [Physiology]
*Eating/ph [Physiology]
Energy Metabolism/ph [Physiology]
Female
Human
Male
Taste/ph [Physiology] Pleasantness is important in influencing food choice, and may play a role in determining the amount of food consumed. Judgements of pleasantness decrease as the food is eaten. It has been proposed that his reflects the development of satiety to a specific food. However, consumers may not rate these changes as important in meal termination. Fifty-seven subjects were given ad lib access to a test meal of cheese on crackers and at the end of this meal recorded the main reason for stopping from a possible seven statements. They then rank ordered the importance of each reason. One hour later, subjects were offered a choice of the same food, a different food, or no second course. Again reasons for stopping were recorded by those who selected a second course. The most common reason given for a meal termination in the first course was "I got tired of eating that food" (40%) and for the second course "I felt full" (48%). Subjects were divided into those who rated fatigue and changes in pleasantness as important and those who rated fullness as more important. Significant differences in intake between these groups indicated that those who rated fatigue/hedonics as important consumed significantly fewer calories (275 +/- 23 kcal) than those who rated fullness as more important (424 +/- 65 kcal). It is argued that fatigue experienced by subjects may reflect sensory fatigue and that this is an important part of the development of sensory-specific satiety. Since subjects who rated gastric fullness as the most important reason for terminating the meal consumed more calories, it is suggested that this index of satiety may be relatively more crude than sensory or hedonic variables. English Neurosci Biobehav Rev 96193019: >?a Hudson, R.
Distel, H. 1999G The flavor of life: Perinatal development of odor and taste preferences 176-81) Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 129 5 Adult
Animal
Comparative Study
Cross-Cultural Comparison
Female
*Food Preferences/px [Psychology]
Human
Infant, Newborn
Male
*Odors
Pregnancy
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Rabbits
*Smell
*Taste Despite the importance of chemosensation in the regulation of ingestive behavior, we still know surprisingly little about the development of the olfactory, trigeminal and gustatory systems. All three, however, are functional to some degree prenatally, and by birth infants are able to respond to a wide range of odors and can clearly distinguish between the tastes of sweet, sour and bitter. Based on findings from our work in the rabbit, we report that learning of odors associated with the mother's diet can occur very early in development, even prenatally, that it can have a long-term influence on later food choice, and may even lead to enhanced, stimulus-specific sensitivity of the basic sensory apparatus. Whether comparable phenomena exist in human infants is not known, although our recent findings that nationalities differ in judgements of the pleasantness of food odors depending on whether these are recognized as representing familiar, culture-typical foods, suggests that it might. A cross-cultural study is currently in progress examining the influence of culture-specific childhood eating experiences on adult preferences for food-associated odors. English Schweiz Med Wochenschr 99180916 ?b " Hunt, C.
Eades, M. R.
Eades, M. D. 19990 Charley Hunt's Diet Evolution: Eat Fat, Get Fit. Beverly Hills, CA" Maximum Human Potential Production ?c Hunter, J. M 1973I Geophagy in Africa and the United States: A cultural nutrition hypothesis 170-195 Geographic Re o % ?d Jabs, Jennifer
Devine, Carol M. 2006+ Time scarcity and food choices: An overview 196-204 y?e Jekanowski, M. D. 19991 Causes and consequences of fast food sales growth 11-16 Food Review 22 1 ?f Katz, Solomon H. 1982) Food, behavior, and biocultural evolution 171-188) The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection Barker, Lewis M. Westport, CT AVI Publishing Company, Inc. d?g Katz, Solomon H. 1987\ Food and biocultural evolution: A model for the investigation of modern nutritional problems 41-63 Nutritional Anthropology Johnston, Francis E. New York, NY Alan rT?h C Laska, M.
Scheuber, H. P.
Salazar, L. T. H.
Luna, Ernesto-Rodriguez 20039 Sour-taste tolerance in four species of nonhuman primates 2637-2649 Journal of Chemical h ?i Le Coutre, Johannes 2003 Taste: The metabolic sense 34-37 Food Technology 57 8 ?j Leathwood, P. D.
Ashley, D. V. 19837 Behavioural strategies in the regulation of food choice 171-1965 Nutritional Adequacy, Nutrient Availability and Needs
Mauron, J. Basel, Switzerland Birkhauser Verlagt Animal
Appetite/ph [Physiology]
Avoidance Learning
Brain/me [Metabolism]
Conditioning (Psychology)
Culture
*Diet/st [Standards]
*Dietary Proteins/ad [Administration & Dosage]
*Energy Metabolism
*Feeding Behavior/ph [Physiology]
Female
Food Poisoning/pc [Prevention & Control]
Food Preferences
Human
Learning
Male
Rats
Social Environment
Thiamine Deficiency/me [Metabolism] The maintenance of nutrient and energy balance in the body depends on both metabolic and behavioural mechanisms, and is integrated by the brain. The regulatory system was developed by natural selection and not by mechanical engineers. Thus, rather than having unitary mechanisms regulating intake of each nutrient, evolution has incorporated and used a multitude of behavioural traits and metabolic adaptations. The criterion for inclusion was that each one conferred a persisting advantage in the prevailing environment. Behavioural strategies in food choice include: innate preference for sweetness and an aversion towards bitter tastes, a hesitancy towards unknown foods, preference for variety among familiar foods, and a special ability (long delay learning) to acquire information about both positive and negative metabolic consequences of eating different foods. In man, these more basic mechanisms interact with and are complemented by cognitive, social and cultural influences on food choice. In a very few cases, such as regulation of energy, sodium and (perhaps) protein intakes, feeding behaviour is also guided by signals from specific internal receptors. However, for most nutrients, appetites seem to be non-specific and learned. Using studies on the regulation of protein intake from our own and other laboratories as examples, this review illustrates how innate preferences, learning, social interactions, metabolic adaptation and diet-induced changes in brain neurotransmitter metabolism can all play a role in subjective decisions about what to eat. English E p?k LeMagnen, J. 19872 Palatability: Concept, terminology, and mechanisms 131-1545 Eating Habits: Food, Physiology and Learned Behaviour9 Boakes, Robert A.
Popplewell, David A.
Burton, Michael J. Chichester, UK John c W x?l Levi-Strauss, Claude 1969 The Raw and the Cooked. New York, NY D?m Levi-Strauss, Claude 1978D The Origin of Table Manners: Introduction of a Science of Mythology The culinary triangle 3 Levi-Strauss, Claude
London, UK Jonathan Cape Ltd.. cal role played by an b?n Li, E. T. S.
Anderson, G. H. 1989 Control of protein intake 70 Appetite 12 ?o Lupton, Deborah 1994G Food, memory and meaning: The symbolic and social nature of food events 664-685 Sociological Review 42 4 1994 ?p Ly, A.
Drewnowski, A. 2001{ PROP (6-n-Propylthiouracil) tasting and sensory responses to caffeine, sucrose, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and chocolate 41-7 Chemical Senses 26 1, Adolescence
Adult
Cacao
Caffeine
Chalcone/aa [Analogs & Derivatives]
Eating/ph [Physiology]
Female
Food Preferences/ph [Physiology]
Hesperidin/aa [Analogs & Derivatives]
Human
*Propylthiouracil
Solutions
Sucrose
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Sweetening Agents
Taste/ge [Genetics]
*Taste/ph [Physiology] The genetically determined ability to taste 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) has been linked with lowered acceptance of some bitter foods. Fifty-four women, aged 18-30 years, tasted and rated PROP-impregnated filter paper and seven solutions of PROP. Summed bitterness intensity ratings for PROP solutions determined PROP taster status. Respondents also tasted five sucrose and seven caffeine solutions, as well as seven solutions each of caffeine and PROP that had been sweetened with 0.3 mmol/l neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC). Respondents also rated three kinds of chocolate using 9-point category scales. PROP tasters rated caffeine solutions as more bitter than did non-tasters and liked them less. PROP tasters did not rate either sucrose or NHDC as more sweet. The addition of NHDC to PROP and caffeine solutions suppressed bitterness intensity more effectively for tasters than for non-tasters and improved hedonic ratings among both groups. PROP tasters and non-tasters showed the same hedonic response to sweetened caffeine solutions and did not differ in their sensory responses to chocolate. Genetic taste markers may have only a minor impact on the consumption of such foods as sweetened coffee or chocolate. English w ?q MacClancy, Jeremy 1992+ Consuming Culture: Why You Eat What You Eat 252 New York, NY Henry Hol [ O ?r McNeil, William 1976 Plagues and Peoples New York, NY *>?s Mela, D. J. 1999( Food choice and intake: The human factor 513-21$ Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58 3J Behavior
Cognition
*Eating
Environment
Food Habits
*Food Preferences
Human1 Human perceptions and selection of food are derived from the prevailing and momentary food, agro-economic and cultural environment, cognitive and biological characteristics of individuals, and the real and perceived intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of foods themselves. The range of items typically chosen and consumed within a given population is largely determined by interaction of the external environmental context with guiding sets of implicit and explicit social and psychobiological 'rules'. Within the rather broad limits of biology, individual food choices and intake behaviours relate to and reflect aspects of food availability, existing habitual behaviours, learning mechanisms, and individual beliefs and expectations. Many of the relevant features of these variables are uniquely human, together determining what is 'food', when, how, by and with whom it is chosen and eaten, and in what quantities. They also provide the opportunities for individuals to establish and maintain a relatively stable set of culturally and biologically determined affective responses ('likes') and intake behaviours. Understanding of the potential contribution of these influences under different conditions can serve to explain many of the observed characteristics of human eating, and highlight potential avenues for intervention. English
Proc Nutr Soc 20071849 ?t % Mennella, Julie A.
Beauchamp, Gary K. 1998( Early flavor experience: Research update 205-211 Nutrition Reviews 56 7 ?u Mennella, J. A.
Beauchamp, G. K. 19961 The early development of human flavor preferences 83-1120 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological AssociationN?v
Messer, Ellen 1986p Some like it sweet: Estimating sweetness preferences and sucrose intakes from ethnographic and experimental data 637-647 American Anthropologist 88 3} Food--Sensory evaluation
Nutrition--Mexico--Oaxaca
Diet--Mexico--Oaxaca
Food habits--Mexico--Oaxaca
Sugars in human nutrition 0002-7294 ?w
Milton, K. 1999t Nutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: Do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us? 488-98 Nutrition 15 6 Animal
*Animal Nutrition
Comparative Study
*Diet
Dietary Fiber
Dietary Proteins
*Food
Fruit
Gastrointestinal System/ah [Anatomy & Histology]
Human
Minerals
*Primatest The widespread prevalence of diet-related health problems, particularly in highly industrialized nations, suggests that many humans are not eating in a manner compatible with their biology. Anthropoids, including all great apes, take most of their diet from plants, and there is general consensus that humans come from a strongly herbivorous ancestry. Though gut proportions differ, overall gut anatomy and the pattern of digestive kinetics of extant apes and humans are very similar. Analysis of tropical forest leaves and fruits routinely consumed by wild primates shows that many of these foods are good sources of hexoses, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances, vitamin C, minerals, essential fatty acids, and protein. In general, relative to body weight, the average wild monkey or ape appears to take in far higher levels of many essential nutrients each day than the average American and such nutrients (as well as other substances) are being consumed together in their natural chemical matrix. The recommendation that Americans consume more fresh fruits and vegetables in greater variety appears well supported by data on the diets of free-ranging monkeys and apes. Such data also suggest that greater attention to features of the diet and digestive physiology of non-human primates could direct attention to important areas for future research on features of human diet and health. English Nutritions?x
Milton, K. 2000Q Back to basics: Why foods of wild primates have relevance for modern human health 480-3 Nutrition 16 7-8 Animal
*Diet
Dietary Fats/ad [Administration & Dosage]
Dietary Fiber/ad [Administration & Dosage]
Energy Intake
Evolution
*Food
*Health Promotion
Human
*Nutrition
Paleontology
Plants, Edible
*Primates English Nutrition q?y j
Milton, K. 2003I ?z Mintz, S. W. 1996K Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture and the Past
Boston, MA Beacon Press ?{ Morrill, A. C.
Chinn, C. D. 2004) The obesity epidemic in the United States 353-66 Journal of Public Health Policy 25 3-4g Adolescent
Adult
Advertising/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence]
Aged
Child
Comparative Study
Cross-Cultural Comparison
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Disease Outbreaks/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data]
Energy Intake
Female
Food Habits
Humans
Incidence
Male
Middle Aged
Nutritional Requirements
Nutritive Value
*Obesity/ep [Epidemiology]
United States/ep [Epidemiology] We describe the epidemic of obesity in the United States: escalating rates of obesity in both adults and children, and why these qualify as an epidemic; disparities in overweight and obesity by race/ethnicity and sex, and the staggering health and economic consequences of obesity. Physical activity contributes to the epidemic as explained by new patterns of physical activity in adults and children. Changing patterns of food consumption, such as rising carbohydrate intake--particularly in the form of soda and other foods containing high fructose corn syrup--also contribute to obesity. We present as a central concept, the food environment--the contexts within which food choices are made--and its contribution to food consumption: the abundance and ubiquity of certain types of foods over others; limited food choices available in certain settings, such as schools; the market economy of the United States that exposes individuals to many marketing/advertising strategies. Advertising tailored to children plays an important role. ?| . Murphy, S. P.
Rose, D.
Hudes, M.
Viteri, F. E. 1992} Demographic and economic factors associated with dietary quality for adults in the 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1352-7, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 92 11 Adult
*Demography
*Diet/st [Standards]
*Diet Surveys
Dietary Fats/ad [Administration & Dosage]
Educational Status
Energy Intake
Female
Human
Male
Middle Age
Poverty
Regression Analysis
Rural Population
*Socioeconomic Factors
Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Urban Population Data for 5,884 adults (19 years of age and older) who participated in the 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1987-88 NFCS) were used to investigate demographic and economic factors associated with dietary quality. Although the low response rate for the 1987-88 NFCS has raised concerns about possible bias, it is appropriate to use this extensive data set for analyses that do not attempt to generalize the results to the US population as a whole. Two aspects of quality were calculated for the mean of the 3-day reported intakes: number of nutrients below two thirds of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (low-intake nutrients) and percent of energy from fat. Few adults reported mean intakes that met suggested guidelines: 22% of diets were above two thirds of the RDA for all 15 nutrients and 14% were below 30% fat, but only 2% met both criteria. Energy intake was a strong negative predictor of number of low-intake nutrients and a weak positive predictor of percent of energy from fat. Results of multivariate regression analyses identified few demographic or economic predictors of either the number of low-intake nutrients or percent of energy from fat. According to these data, diets of most adults do not conform to current dietary guidelines. Nutrition education efforts should be directed to all adults, and research should be undertaken to determine more effective ways to help adults improve their overall dietary quality. English J Am Diet Assoc ?}
Nestle, M. 1999W Animal vs. plant foods in human diets and health: Is the historical record unequivocal? 211-8$ Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58 2 Animal
Cereals
*Diet
Evolution
Fruit
*Health Promotion
Human
*Meat
Nutrition Policy
*Plants, Edible
Preventive Medicine
Vegetablesc An ideal diet is one that promotes optimal health and longevity. Throughout history, human societies have developed varieties of dietary patterns based on available food plants and animals that successfully supported growth and reproduction. As economies changed from scarcity to abundance, principal diet-related diseases have shifted from nutrient deficiencies to chronic diseases related to dietary excesses. This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. One challenge to this consensus is the idea that palaeolithic man consumed more meat than currently recommended, and that this pattern is genetically determined. If such exists, a genetic basis for ideal proportions of plant or animal foods is difficult to determine; hominoid primates are largely vegetarian, current hunter-gatherer groups rely on foods that can be obtained most conveniently, and the archeological record is insufficient to determine whether plants or animals predominated. Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly-industrializing populations. The accomplish this shift, it will be necessary to overcome market-place barriers and to develop new policies that will encourage greater consumption of fruits, vegetables and grains as a means to promote public health. English
Proc Nutr Soc @?~ Nestle, Marion
Wing, Rena
Birch, Leann
DiSogra,Lorelei
Drewnowski, Adam
Middleton, Suzette
Sigman-Grant, Madeleine
Sobal, Jeffery
Winston, Mary
Economos, Christina 1998/ Behavioral and social influences on food choice S50-S74 Nutrition Review { Ҕ? & Nishida, T.
Ohigashi, H.
Koshimizu, K. 2000 Tastes of chimpanzee plant foods 431-438 Current Anthropo ~? Nishida, T. 1989C Primate gastronomy: Cultural food preferences in non-human primates 74-74 Appetite 12 d ? q O'Keefe Jr., J. H.
Cordain, L. 2004 Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifesty ? Park, John L.
Capps, Oral 1997* Demand for prepared meals by US households 814-824* American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79 3 ? Pelchat, M. L. 1997) Food cravings in young and elderly adults 103-113 Appetite 28 2r *Food Preference
Food
Diet Restriction
Gender
Age
Sex Difference
Human
Male
Female
Normal Human
Aged
Adult
Article Fifty young-adult and 48 elderly Ss participated in a structured interview study on food cravings (defined as an intense desire or longing to eat a particular food). Elderly Ss were less likely than young Ss to report cravings and reported craving a smaller number of different foods. In contrast to a number of other researchers, we found a relationship between dietary restrictions and cravings. Types of food craved differed by gender and age. Women reported significantly more cravings for chocolate and for sweets than did men. However, craving for sweets declined with age among women. Cravings were not evenly distributed throughout the day, but tended to occur in the late afternoon and early evening. [References: 54] Using Smart Source Parsing
(pp? Pelchat, Marcia L.
Rozin, Paul 1982H The special role of nausea in the acquisition of food dislikes by humans 341-351 Appetite 3 41 *Avoidance Conditioning
*Food Preferences
*Nausea When nausea follows ingestion of a food, humans develop a dislike for the taste of the food. Other negative events, such as diarrhea, respiratory distress, or rashes, often motivate avoidance of associated foods but are much less likely to cause the foods to become distasteful. A survey of 198 Ss (mean age 21 yrs 7 mo) revealed that a well-defined event produced a stable change in the affective response to an associated object. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) Using Smart Source Parsing
Dec ? Phillipson, C. 1997# Paleonutrition and modern nutrition 38-48' World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 81 w k ? Potts, R. 1998* Variability selection in hominid evolution 81-96 Evolutionary Anthropo @ out of 13 women of a control group showed estradiol (E2) maxima beyond 470 pmol/l, progesterone (P4) maxima of 19 nmol/l or more, and a luteal phase length of 9 days or more, only 10 out of 17 athletes satisfied these criteria. Six athletes showed disturbed follicular development, an? 6 Ramsay, D. S.
Seeley, R. J.
Bolles, R. C.
Woods, S. C. 1996. Ingestive homeostasis: The primacy of learning 11-270 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological Association f [ ,? Richards, Audrey 1932# Hunger and Work in a Savage Society
London, UK ` ? Rodin, J. 1989' Cravings and aversions during pregnancy 76-77 Appetite 12 ?
Rodman, P. S. 2002R Plants of the apes: Is there a hominoid model for the origins of the hominid diet? 77-109$ Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution Ungar, P. S.
Teaford, M. F. Westport, CT Bergin & Covey m? # Rowland, N. E.
Li, B. H.
Morien, A. 1996. Brain mechanisms and the psychology of feeding 173-2040 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological ? Rozin, E. 1982 The structure of cuisine 189-203) The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection Barker, Lewis M. Westport, CT AVI Publishing Company, Inc. ? Rozin, P. 19769 Psychobiological and cultural determinants of food choice 285-312 Appetite and Food Intake Silverstone, T. New York, NY VCH PublishersO *Food Preferences
*Comparative Psychology
*Genetics
*Sociocultural Factors
Rats Discusses the problem of studying food selection; genetically determined aspects of food selection in rats and humans; how learning about food occurs; the conflict between neophobia and neophilia; the relations between familiarity, preference and early experience; the concept of humans as omnivores; and the importance of the idea of cuisine in assessing the development and maintenance of food preferences. Implications for changing food habits, for studying the cultural and behavioral significance of flavors (e.g., spices), and for understanding the paradox of widespread preferences for unpalatable foods are also considered. (90 ref) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved), Using Smart Source P ӈ? Rozin, P. 1982S Human food selection: The interaction of biology, culture and individual experience 225-254) The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection
Baker, L. M. Westport, CT AVI Publishing Cos Ӥ? Rozin, Paul 19960 Sociocultural influences on human food selection 233-2630 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological Association0 *Sociocultural Factors
*Food Preferences
*EatingH Representation(from the chapter) establish the importance of sociocultural factors in the understanding of food in general and of the acquisition of preferences in particular / B. G. Galef (1976, 1985), L. L. Birch (1986, 1987), and P. Rozin (1988, 1990, 1994) have catalogued and discussed the various ways in which social factors influence eating and food choice / a major source of social influence is indirect; that is, indirect social influences set the stage for or modulate the interpretation of food encounters / indirect social factors include beliefs, culinary traditions, and occasions that are established as part of the acquisition of culture / other social influences are direct; that is, they require the mediation of another organism who is present on the occasion / both indirect and direct social influences are discussed Using Smart Sourc_? ( Rozin, Paul
Ebert, Lori
Schull, Jonathan 1982J Some like it hot: A temporal analysis of hedonic responses to chili pepper 13-22 Appetite 3 1# *Food Preferences
*Taste Perceptionp A temporal hedonic rating technique was used to examine possible explanations for the acquisition of a liking for the initially negative oral "pain" sensations produced by chili pepper. 40 university students tested chili peppers at 5 concentrations and rated the pleasantness of the oral sensation over periods up to 18 min. Results suggest a system for categorizing hedonic responses to chili pepper. Some Ss disliked chili pepper at all concentrations. For other Ss, weaker or stronger burns were found to be pleasant and to enhance the accompanying flavors. A subset of the latter Ss liked the isolated burn that remains in the mouth after the other flavors have disappeared. The cross-sectional data suggest a developmental sequence for the acquisition of a liking for chili pepper. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) Using Smart Source Parsing
Mar Z? Rozin, Paul
Kennel, Keith 19835 Acquired preferences for piquant foods by chimpanzees 69-77 Appetite 4 25 *Food Preferences
*Animal Social Behavior
Chimpanzees} In a 2-yr study with 5 domesticated chimpanzees, ( Pan troglodytes ), 2 developed a preference for crackers seasoned with chili pepper. They were offered a series of increasingly piquant crackers by their caretaker and gradually came to prefer these crackers to unseasoned ones. The preferences were stable over months and generalized to a different piquant cracker. Available evidence suggests that these are acquired likes rather than preferences maintained because of positive consequences that follow ingestion. All existing instances of acquired likings for innately aversive foods in animals (including some informal results from dogs) involve animals with a close personal relationship with humans, suggesting an important role for social-affective factors in the reversal of innate aversions. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) Using Smart Source Parsing
Jun ? Rozin, Paul
Millman, Linda 1987r Family environment, not heredity, accounts for family resemblances in food preferences and attitudes: A twin study 125-134 Appetite 8 2] *Food Preferences
*Genetics
*Monozygotic Twins
*Heterozygotic Twins
Adult Attitudes
AdulthoodR 38 monozygotic (MZ) and 34 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs (17-26 yrs old) reported on their food preferences, the variety of foods of the same general category (e.g., types of soup) in their diet, and their concern about contact of their food with disgusting or other unacceptable substances. Although there was substantial resemblance between siblings for many of these items, there was no clear evidence for a heritable component on any item. The only case for which there was an interpretable and significantly greater resemblance among MZ than among DZ Ss was preferred degree of hotness resulting from chili pepper in foods. Results confirm the prediction that in omnivorous animals, such as humans, genetic predispositions are minimal with respect to food. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) Using Smart Source Parsing
Apr k [ ix? Rozin, P.
Rozin, E. 1981 Culinary themes and variation 6-14 Natural q c ? Sahlins, M. D. 1976 Cultural and Practical Reason Chicago, IL University of? % Schaal, B.
Marlier, L.
Soussignan, R. 2000= Human foetuses learn odours from their pregnant mother's diet 729-37 Chemical Senses 25 6 Adult
Apiaceae
Behavior
*Diet
Facial Expression
Female
*Fetus/ph [Physiology]
Gestational Age
Human
Infant, Newborn
Male
*Maternal-Fetal Exchange
*Odors
Pregnancy
*Smell
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Olfactory responsiveness was assessed in 24 neonates born to mothers who had or had not consumed anise flavour during pregnancy. Both groups of infants were followed-up for behavioural markers of attraction and aversion when exposed to anise odour and a control odour immediately after birth and on day 4. Infants born to anise-consuming mothers evinced a stable preference for anise odour over this period, whereas those born to anise non-consuming mothers displayed aversion or neutral responses. This study provides the first clear evidence that through their diet human mothers influence the hedonic polarity of their neonates' initial olfactory responses. The findings have potential implications for the early mother-to-infant transmission of chemosensory information relative to food and addictive products. English Chem Senses ? Schafe, G. E.
Bernstein, I. L. 1996 Taste aversion learning 31-510 Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating Capaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC" American Psychological Association T? Simoons, Frederick J. 1982N Geography and genetics as factors in the psychobiology of human food selection 205-224) The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection Barker, Lewis M. Westport, CT AVI ޜ G|? ] Simoons, Frederick J. 1994 Introduction 3-12B Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present Simoons, Frederick J. Madison, WI University of Wisconsin Press 2nd Food habits.
Meat.
Fish as food.Z 94005915
Frederick J. Simoons.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ? Somer, E. 2001O The Origin Diet: How Eating Like a Stone Age Ancestor Will Maximize Your Health New York, NY Henry Holt ? % Speth, John D.
Spielman, Katherine A. 1983M Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies 1-31& Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2 1 ވ? Speth, John D. 1991d Protein selection and avoidance strategies of contemporary and ancestral foragers: Unresolved issues 265-9; discussion 269-70Y Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, B ? X
Stiner, M. C. 2001? Carnivory, $? Stiner, M. C.
Munro, N. D. 2002^ Approaches to prehistoric diet breadth, demography, and prey ranking systems in time and space 181-214+ Journal of Archaeological Method and T i? F Stiner, M. C.
Munro, N. D.
Survovell, T. A.
Tchernov, E.
Bar-Yosef, O. 1999K Paleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation 190-194 S i?
Stinson, Sara 1992 Nutritional adaptation 143-70 Annual Review of Anthropology 21 i? Tordoff, M. G. 1989. Calorie-based conditioning of food preferences 74 Appetite 12 op? Ulijaszek, S. J. 2002< Human eating behaviour in an evolutionary ecological context 517-526$ Proceedings of the Nutrition Sh l? _ United States Department of Health and Human Services,
United States Department of Agriculture, 2005% Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 2006. Au v g l ? Wharton, C. H. 2001+ Metabolic Man: Ten Thousand Years from Eden Orlando, FL Win
l? Williams, G. C.
Nesse, R. M. 1991 The dawn of Darwinian medicine 1-22 Quarterly Review of Biology 66 1 Adaptation, Physiological/ge [Genetics]
Animal
Environment
Genetics, Medical
Human
Models, Genetic
*Selection (Genetics)
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't\ While evolution by natural selection has long been a foundation for biomedical science, it has recently gained new power to explain many aspects of disease. This progress results largely from the disciplined application of what has been called the adaptations program. We show that this increasingly significant research paradigm can predict otherwise unsuspected facets of human biology, and that it provides new insights into the causes of medical disorders, such as those discussed below: 1. Infection. Signs and symptoms of the host-parasite contest can be categorized according to whether they represent adaptations or costs for host or parasite. Some host adaptations may have contributed to fitness in the Stone Age but are obsolete today. Others, such as fever and iron sequestration, have been incorrectly considered harmful. Pathogens, with their large populations and many generations in a single host, can evolve very rapidly. Acquisition of resistance to antibiotics is one example. Another is the recently demonstrated tendency to change virulence levels in predictable ways in response to changed conditions imposed incidentally by human activities. 2. Injuries and toxins. Mechanical injuries or stressful wear and tear are conceptually simpler than infectious diseases because they are not contests between conflicting interests. Plant-herbivore contests may often underlie chemical injury from the defensive secondary compounds of plant tissues. Nausea in pregnancy, and allergy, may be adaptations against such toxins. 3. Genetic factors. Common genetic diseases often result from genes maintained by other beneficial effects in historically normal environments. The diseases of aging are especially likely to be associated with early benefits. 4. Abnormal environments. Human biology is designed for Stone Age conditions. Modern environments may cause many diseases-for example, deficiency syndromes such as scurvy and rickets, the effects of excess consumption of normally scarce nutrients such as fat and salt, developmental diseases such as myopia, and psychological reactions to novel environments. The substantial benefits of evolutionary studies of disease will be realized only if they become central to medical curricula, an advance that may at first require the establishment of one or more research centers dedicated to the further development of Darwinian medicine. English
? Wright, P. 19876 Hunger, satiety, and feeding behavior in early infancy 75-1065 Eating Habits: Food, Physiology and Learned Behaviour9 Boakes, Robert A.
Popplewell, David A.
Burton, Michael J. Chichester, UK Joh >? Wysocki, C. J.
Pelchat, M. L. 1993T The effects of aging on the human sense of smell and its relationship to food choice 63-82. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 33 1s *Aging/ph [Physiology]
Female
*Food Preferences
Human
Male
Odors
*Smell/ph [Physiology]
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Olfaction plays a significant role in the perception of foods. For the most part, taste is limited to sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. The sensory experiences during consumption of complex foods and drinks cannot be constructed from these units. Indeed, much of the taste of a meal derives from olfactory stimulation. Hence, factors that influence olfactory perception should affect treatment of food-related odors. This article initially reviews previously published observations on the effects of age on olfaction and food preferences and then presents the results of original analyses of data derived from a substantial database formed as a result of the National Geographic Smell Survey. Included in the Survey form were topics relevant to the present article. They include the following question: Would you eat something that smelled like this? Two of the odors in the Survey were food related and two were fragrance related. Hence, in addition, we assessed responses to the following question: Would you apply something that smelled like this to your body? Answers were affected in part by the age and gender of the respondent and by the perceived pleasantness and intensity of the odor. English Crit Rev Food Sci NutrA? Yackinous, C.
Guinard, J. X. 2001L Relation between PROP taster status and fat perception, touch, and olfaction 427-37 Physiology & Behavior 72 3 Adolescence
Adult
*Dietary Fats
Female
Human
Male
Satiety Response/de [Drug Effects]
*Smell/ph [Physiology]
Sodium, Dietary/pd [Pharmacology]
*Taste/ph [Physiology]
Taste Buds/ah [Anatomy & Histology]
Taste Buds/ph [Physiology]
*Touch/ph [Physiology] We tested the hypothesis that fat perception (sensitivity to and preferences for fat) may be linked to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) taster status as a result of differences in trigeminal innervation of the oral cavity. In addition, we examined the relationship between taster status and sensitivity to other taste attributes, as well as tactile and olfactory sensitivities. Subjects (40 nontasters, 67 medium tasters, and 40 supertasters of PROP) rated samples (potato chips, chocolate drink, mashed potatoes, and vanilla pudding) varying in fat and flavor concentrations for the intensity of fattiness, saltiness, and sweetness, first without and then with nose clips, and for liking. Tactile sensitivity of the tongue was assessed according to responses to stimulation with Von Frey filaments (2.36, 2.44). Olfactory thresholds were determined for two odors (diacetyl and phenylethyl methyl ethyl carbinol). In general, taster status was not related to the perceptions of fat, saltiness, and sweetness. Subjects were able to accurately assess the fat content of the samples. Increasing the flavor levels in the potato chips and mashed potatoes enhanced the perception of fattiness for these systems. Supertasters were more sensitive to stimulation on the median of the tongue with the no. 2.36 Von Frey filament, and the olfactory thresholds for diacetyl were lower for PROP tasters and supertasters than for nontasters. English? Yamaguchi, S.
Ninomiya, K. 2000 Umami and food palatability 921S-6S Journal of Nutrition 130 Suppl 4E Drug Synergism
*Food
Food Additives/hi [History]
*Food Additives/pd [Pharmacology]
Glutamic Acid/hi [History]
*Glutamic Acid/pd [Pharmacology]
History of Medicine, 19th Cent.
History of Medicine, 20th Cent.
Human
Japan
Sodium Chloride/pd [Pharmacology]
*Taste/de [Drug Effects]
Tongue/de [Drug Effects]
Tongue/ph [Physiology]' Umami is the term that identifies the taste of substances such as L-glutamate salts, which were discovered by Ikeda in 1908. Umami is an important taste element in natural foods; it is the main taste in the Japanese stock "dashi," and in bouillon and other stocks in the West. The umami taste has characteristic qualities that differentiate it from other tastes, including a taste-enhancing synergism between two umami compounds, L-glutamate and 5'-ribonucleotides, and a prolonged aftertaste. The key qualitative and quantitative features of umami are reviewed in this paper. The continued study of the umami taste will help to further our general understanding of the taste process and improve our knowledge of how the taste properties of foods contribute to appropriate food selection and good nutrition. English J Nutr i~? Omran, A. R. 1971O The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change 509-38 Milbank Mem Fund Q 49 41 Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Birth Rate
Child
Child Development
Child, Preschool
Cross-Cultural Comparison
Demography
Disease
Emotions
*Epidemiology
Female
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Life Expectancy
Male
Middle Aged
Models, Theoretical
Mortality
*Population
Population Growth
Probability
Socioeconomic Factors Octd http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5155251! 0026-3745 (Print)
Journal Article 5155251 ? [ Mackay, Judith
Mensah, George A.
Mendis, Shanthi
Greenlund, Kurt
World Health Organization, 2004% The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke 112 p. Geneva, Switzerland World Health OrganizationD Heart Diseases Atlases.
Cerebrovascular disease Atlases.
Cardiology Atlases.
Heart Diseases epidemiology Atlases.
Cerebrovascular Accident Atlases.
Cerebrovascular Accident epidemiology Atlases.
Risk Factors.
World Health.
Health Promotion.
C¶ur Maladies Atlas.
Accidents vasculaires câerâebraux Atlas.
Cardiologie Atlas.@ http://www.who.int/cardiovascular%5Fdiseases/resources/atlas/en/g Judith McKay and George A. Mensah with Shanthi Mendis and Kurt Greenlund.
col. ill., col. maps ; 25 cm. RC6 k!?*
Wikipedia, 2006b Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFC ? West-Eberhard, Mary Jane 2003& Developmental Plasticity and Evolution
xx, 794 p. New York, NY Oxford University PressJ Adaptation (Biology)
Phenotype.
Evolution (Biology)
Developmental biology.s http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy037/2001055164.html
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0611/2001055164-d.html& Mary Jane West-Eberhard.
ill. ; 26 cm. 0195122348
0195122356 (pbk.) QH546 .W45 2003
578.4 ~? ) Colin Bell, A.
Adair, L. S.
Popkin, B. M. 2002N Ethnic differences in the association between body mass index and hypertension 346-53 Am J Epidemiol 155 4G Adult
Aged
*Body Mass Index
China/ethnology
Cross-Sectional Studies
*Ethnic Groups
Female
Humans
Hypertension/*ethnology/*etiology
Male
Middle Aged
Obesity/*ethnology/etiology
Philippines/ethnology
Prevalence
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Risk Factors
Sex Factors
United States/ethnology Feb 15 Interest in ethnicity-specific definitions of obesity has been hindered by a lack of data clarifying whether or not obesity-related comorbid conditions occur at different levels of body mass index (BMI) (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) in different ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to examine ethnic differences in the strength of the association between BMI and hypertension. Cross-sectional data obtained from adults aged 30-65 years in China (1997, n = 3,423), the Philippines (1998, n = 1,929), and the United States (1988-1994, n = 7,957) were used. Higher BMI was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension in all ethnic groups. However, at BMI levels less than 25, prevalence difference figures suggested a stronger association between BMI and hypertension in Chinese men and women but not in Filipino women, compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Non-Hispanic Blacks and Filipino women had a higher prevalence of hypertension at every level of BMI compared with non-Hispanic Whites and Mexican Americans. These ethnic differences in the strength of association between BMI and hypertension and in underlying prevalence warrant further investigation into the use of ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs in clinical settings to more accurately identify individuals at risk from obesity.3 http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/155/4/346! 0002-9262 (Print)
Journal Article 11836199 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997, USA. ,Xople should engage in res ~?
Kuzawa, C. W. 2005q Fetal origins of developmental plasticity: Are fetal cues reliable predictors of future nutritional environments? 5-21
Am J Hum Biol 17 1 Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics
Animals
Birth Weight/physiology
Energy Metabolism/genetics/physiology
Environment
Female
Fetal Development/*physiology
Humans
Maternal-Fetal Exchange/physiology
Neuronal Plasticity/genetics/*physiology
Nutrition Disorders/*etiology/genetics
Phenotype
Phylogeny
Pregnancy
*Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Prenatal Nutrition/*physiology
Research
Selection (Genetics) Jan-Febh Evidence that fetal nutrition triggers permanent adjustments in a wide range of systems and health outcomes is stimulating interest in the evolutionary significance of these responses. This review evaluates the postnatal adaptive significance of fetal developmental plasticity from the perspective of life history theory and evolutionary models of energy partitioning. Birthweight is positively related to multiple metabolically costly postnatal functions, suggesting that the fetus has the capacity to distribute the burden of energy insufficiency when faced with a nutritionally challenging environment. Lowering total requirements may reduce the risk of negative energy balance, which disproportionately impacts functions that are not essential for survival but that are crucial for reproductive success. The long-term benefit of these metabolic adjustments is contingent upon the fetus having access to a cue that is predictive of its future nutritional environment, a problem complicated in a long-lived species by short-term ecologic fluctuations like seasonality. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the flow of nutrients reaching the fetus provides an integrated signal of nutrition as experienced by recent matrilineal ancestors, which effectively limits the responsiveness to short-term ecologic fluctuations during any given pregnancy. This capacity for fetal nutrition to minimize the growth response to transient ecologic fluctuations is defined here as intergenerational "phenotypic inertia," and is hypothesized to allow the fetus to cut through the "noise" of seasonal or other stochastic influences to read the "signal" of longer-term ecologic trends. As a mode of adaptation, phenotypic inertia may help the organism cope with ecologic trends too gradual to be tracked by conventional developmental plasticity, but too rapid to be tracked by natural selection. From an applied perspective, if a trait like fetal growth is designed to minimize the effects of short-term fluctuations by integrating information across generations, public health interventions may be most effective if focused not on the individual but on the matriline.e http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15611967( 1042-0533 (Print)
Journal Article
Review 15611967k Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. kuzawa@northwestern.edu ~? A Kuzawa, C. W.
Adair, L. S.
Avila, J. L.
Cadungog, J. H.
Le, N. A. 2003f Atherogenic lipid profiles in Filipino adolescents with low body mass index and low dietary fat intake 688-96
Am J Hum Biol 15 5< Adolescent
Adolescent Nutrition/*physiology
*Body Mass Index
Cholesterol/*blood
Cohort Studies
Comparative Study
*Diet, Atherogenic
Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage
Female
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Philippines
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Triglycerides/*blood Sep-Oct This study reports mean lipid levels and their association with body composition, diet, and activity level in 300 male and 308 female adolescents (14-16 years) living in Cebu City, the Philippines. Participants were selected from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS), a 1-year birth cohort study begun in 1982-83. Lipid profiles suggest high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in this sample, despite low intake of dietary fat (22% for both sexes) and an absence of obesity (0.3% of sample). Mean lipid levels for males and females were, respectively, 153.2 mg/dl and 182.5 mg/dl for total cholesterol (TC), 91.9 mg/dl and 104.6 mg/dl for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 38.3 mg/dl and 41.3 mg/dl for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, geometric mean), and 73.9 mg/dl and 79.6 mg/dl for triglycerides (TG, geometric mean). The atherogenic ratio of TC/HDL-C was high at 4.16 and 4.55 for males and females. Adjusting for maturational changes, the body mass index (BMI) and skinfold measures were positively associated with most lipids in males. Among females, BMI and skinfolds related positively to LDL-C and TG, and inversely to HDL-C. Although males had a higher waist hip ratio (WHR), WHR only predicted lipid profiles in females. Activity level had a beneficial association with lipid profiles in both sexes, while dietary fat intake was positively associated with LDL-C in males and with HDL-C in females. In sum, diet, adiposity, and physical activity predict variability in lipid profiles in this adolescent Filipino population. However, the low fat intake and near-absence of obesity raise questions about the causes of the high apparent risk for future CVD in this young population.F http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/104556733/PDFSTART! 1042-0533 (Print)
Journal Article 12953181k Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. kuzawa@northwestern.edu
L~? Kuzawa, C. W.
Adair, L. S. 2003l Lipid profiles in adolescent Filipinos: Relation to birth weight and maternal energy status during pregnancy 960-6 Am J Clin Nutr 77 4< Adipose Tissue
Adolescent
Arm/anatomy & histology
*Birth Weight
Body Composition
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
Cholesterol/blood
Cohort Studies
Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
*Energy Intake
Female
Humans
Infant, Low Birth Weight
Infant, Newborn
Lipids/*blood
Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood
Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol/blood
Longitudinal Studies
Male
*Nutritional Status
Philippines/epidemiology
Pregnancy
*Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Sex Characteristics
Skinfold Thickness Apr BACKGROUND: The finding that persons with low birth weight have a higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk than do persons with higher birth weight remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that maternal arm fat area (MAFA) in the third trimester of pregnancy and birth weight of offspring are inversely related to the offspring's risk of CVD. DESIGN: In a 1-y birth cohort study (1983-1984), 296 male and 307 female offspring were followed up (1998-1999) to measure their lipid profiles. Participants came from randomly selected communities of Cebu, Philippines. RESULTS: MAFA (log cm2) was positively associated (beta) with HDL cholesterol (0.12 log mg/dL; P < 0.01) and inversely associated with total cholesterol (-10.0 mg/dL; P < 0.10), LDL cholesterol (-13.1 mg/dL; P < 0.01), and the ratios of total to HDL cholesterol and LDL to HDL cholesterol (both P < 0.001) in males. These relations were independent of birth weight, present adiposity, energy and fat intakes, maturity, and income. Birth weight < or = 2.6 kg was associated with elevated LDL cholesterol (9.9 mg/dL; P < 0.01) and an elevated ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol (0.22; P < 0.10) only in males. In females, MAFA related positively to total (15.5 mg/dL; P < 0.05) and LDL (11.9 mg/dL; P < 0.05) cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: In this Filipino population, mothers with low energy status during pregnancy gave birth to male offspring who had a high CVD risk in adolescence, as indicated by lipid profiles. The findings in females are less consistent with the fetal origins hypothesis and suggest sex differences in the relation between fetal nutrition and postnatal lipid metabolism.- http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/4/960! 0002-9165 (Print)
Journal Article 12663298\ Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. kuzawa@northwestern.edu ll.ox.ac.uk H~? 4 McDade, T. W.
Beck, M. A.
Kuzawa, C. W.
Adair, L. S. 2001[ Prenatal undernutrition and postnatal growth are associated with adolescent thymic function 1225-31 J Nutr 131 4M Adolescent
Breast Feeding
*Child Development
Female
Fetal Diseases/*metabolism
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Nutrition Disorders/*metabolism
Prospective Studies
Reference Values
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Thymopoietins/*biosynthesis
Thymus Gland/*metabolism
Time Factors Apr\ The fetal and early infant origins of a number of adult cardiovascular and metabolic diseases have received considerable attention, but the long-term consequences of early environments for human immune function have not been reported. We investigated the effects of pre- and postnatal environments on thymic hormone production in adolescents participating in an ongoing longitudinal study in the Philippines. Prospective data collected at birth, during y 1 of life, in childhood and in adolescence were used to predict plasma thymopoietin concentration in 14- to 15-y-old adolescents (n = 103). Thymopoietin concentration was compared for small-for-gestational-age and appropriate-for-gestational-age individuals while controlling for a range of postnatal exposures. Prenatal undernutrition was significantly associated with reduced thymopoietin production in interaction with the duration of exclusive breast-feeding (P = 0.006). Growth in length during y 1 of life was positively associated with adolescent thymopoietin production (P = 0.002). These associations remained significant after adjusting for a range of potentially confounding variables. These findings provide support for the importance of fetal and early infant programming of thymic function, and suggest that early environments may have long-term implications for immunocompetence and adult disease risk.. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/131/4/1225! 0022-3166 (Print)
Journal Article 11285331l Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-1310, USA. t-mcdale@northwestern.edu nt. Failure of placental angi z~?
Yajnik, C. S. 2004_ Early life origins of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in India and other Asian countries 205-10 J Nutr 134 1L Adipose Tissue
Asia/epidemiology
Birth Weight
Body Composition
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*epidemiology/*etiology
Female
Fetal Growth Retardation
Growth
Humans
India/epidemiology
Infant, Newborn
*Insulin Resistance
Nutrition
Obesity/epidemiology/etiology
Pregnancy
*Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Rural Population
Urban Population Jan There is a rapidly increasing epidemic of type 2 diabetes in India and other Asian countries. The thrifty genotype and the thrifty phenotype are two nonexclusive explanations. People in the Indian subcontinent have faced undernutrition for many generations, and Indian babies are among the smallest in the world. However, the diabetes epidemic is of recent origin, and diabetes is more common among urban than rural Indians despite the higher birth weight of urban babies. This suggests that postnatal factors must also contribute. Thus, a life-course model of evolution of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, incorporating fetal, postnatal and adult components, seems most appropriate. For a given BMI, Indians have a higher percentage of body fat and more visceral fat than members of other populations. This thin-fat phenotype is present at birth. Neonatal size and body composition are influenced by parental size, maternal food intake, physical activity and circulating concentrations of nutrients and metabolites (folate, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol etc.). Maternal insulin resistance promotes transfer of nutrients to the fetus. Accelerated childhood growth is another risk factor for adiposity and insulin resistance, especially in children born small. Childhood growth seems to be more influenced by paternal genetic factors, whereas intrauterine growth is more influenced by maternal factors (intrauterine environment). Urban lifestyles, including poor diet and sedentary habits, promote further obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These factors may be amenable to correction. Prevention of type 2 diabetes must begin in utero and continue throughout the life course.- http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/134/1/205( 0022-3166 (Print)
Journal Article
Review 14704320s Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011, India. diabetes@vsnl.com ! H5Z Neural circuit changes mediat
~? - Deurenberg-Yap, M.
Chew, S. K.
Deurenberg, P. 2002 Elevated body fat percentage and cardiovascular risks at low body mass index levels among Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians 209-15 Obes Rev 3 3 Adipose Tissue
Adult
Anthropometry
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Blood Glucose
Blood Pressure
*Body Composition
*Body Mass Index
Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/*etiology/genetics
Cholesterol/blood
Cross-Sectional Studies
European Continental Ancestry Group
Female
Health Surveys
Humans
Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood
Male
Obesity/classification/*complications/genetics
Risk Factors
Singapore/epidemiology
Triglycerides/blood Aug_ The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%) in Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians, and to determine the risk for selected comorbidities at various BMI categories and abdominal fat distributions, as assessed by waist circumference (WC). The study was a cross-sectional (population) design. In total, 4723 subjects participated in the National Health Survey of 1998 in which the risks were investigated. A selected subsample of 291 subjects participated in a detailed body composition study, where weight, height and WC were measured, as were blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, serum triglycerides and fasting glucose. In the subsample, BF% was determined by means of a chemical four-compartment model. At any given BF% the BMI of Singaporeans was about 3 kg m(-2) lower than that of Caucasians. There were slight differences in the BF%/BMI relationship between the three ethnic groups. For all the ethnic groups, it was found that at low categories of BMI (between 22 and 24 kg m(-2)) and WC (between 75 and 80cm for women and between 80 and 85 cm for men), the absolute risks for having at least one of the aforementioned risk factors were high, ranging from 41 to 81%. At these same categories the relative risks were significantly higher compared to the reference category, odds ratios ranging from 1.97-4.38. These categories of BMI and WC were all far below the cut-off values of BMI and WC as currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The data from the current study, which includes evidence that not only risk factors, but also BF% are elevated at low BMI values, presents a strong case for lowering the BMI cut-off value for overweight and obesity among Singaporeans, from 25 kg m(-2) and 30 kg m(-2) to 23 kg m(-2) and 27 kg m(-2), respectively.( 1467-7881 (Print)
Journal Article
Review 12164474\ Research and Information Management, Health Promotion Board, Singapore. Mabel_YAP@hpb.gov.sg M @ all of which enable long-term participation in regular physical activity and ~? - Benyshek, D. C.
Martin, J. F.
Johnston, C. S. 2001 A reconsideration of the origins of the type 2 diabetes epidemic among Native Americans and the implications for intervention policy 25-64
Med Anthropol 20 1 Adult
Alaska/epidemiology
Arizona/epidemiology
Canada/epidemiology
Child
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*ethnology/prevention & control
Diabetes, Gestational/ethnology
Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data
Female
Genotype
Humans
Indians, North American/genetics/*statistics & numerical data
Male
Phenotype
Pregnancy
Prenatal Care/standards
Prevalence
*Public Health Practice
Starvation/ethnologyG Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in many Native American communities in North America. The overwhelming majority of physicians, biomedical researchers, and medical ecologists continue to explain the astoundingly high prevalence rates of diabetes among Native Americans and other high prevalence populations in terms of yet-to-be-identified genetic factors. Recent experimental and epidemiological research, however, has brought to light an etiological alternative to the genetic-predisposition model. This body of research suggests that type 2 diabetes may result initially from fetal malnutrition and, in subsequent generations, be propagated via perturbations in the intrauterine environment. Native American populations at greatest risk for diabetes today are the ones most likely to have endured severe nutritional stress in their recent histories, thus experiencing the conditions that are most conducive to the diabetic developmental sequence. If further substantiated, the implications of the fetal-origin model of diabetes for diabetes intervention programs are profound.e http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11820766( 0145-9740 (Print)
Journal Article
Review 11820766` Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 89154-5012, USA.`~? H Sawaya, A. L.
Grillo, L. P.
Verreschi, I.
da Silva, A. C.
Roberts, S. B. 1998 Mild stunting is associated with higher susceptibility to the effects of high fat diets: Studies in a shantytown population in Sao Paulo, Brazil S415-S420 J Nutr 128 Suppl 2 Brazil
Child
*Child Nutrition
Cohort Studies
Comparative Study
Dietary Fats/*adverse effects
Energy Metabolism/*physiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Nutrition Disorders/*complications
Obesity/*etiology/physiopathology
Prospective Studies Feb Previous studies by our group and others have suggested that nutritional stunting may increase the risk of obesity. To investigate mechanisms that could explain a link between stunting and obesity, a 22-mo follow-up study was conducted in two groups of shantytowns school girls (7-11 y old) in Sao Paulo, Brazil. One group (n = 15) had mild stunting (defined using a cutoff of -1.4 Z-scores of height-for-age) but normal weight-for-height; the control group (n = 15) had normal weight and height. Similar energy intake, dietary macronutrient composition and energy expenditure were observed in the two groups. Both groups showed comparable levels of IGF-1 that were below the normal range. A significant and positive association between baseline IGF-1 and the change in height-for-age during follow-up was found in all subjects combined (P = 0.044). A significant association was found between the baseline percentage of dietary energy supplied by fat and the gain in weight-for-height during follow-up in girls with mild stunting (P = 0.048), but not in the nonstunted control girls (P = 0.245); however, the slopes of these relationships were not significantly different. This study raises the question of whether a diet high in fat may increase the susceptibility to excess body fat gain in children who are mildly stunted. Further studies are need to explore this issue and to examine the possible etiological role of low levels of IGF-1.. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/128/2/415S! 0022-3166 (Print)
Journal Article 9478039H Depto. de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo Capital, Brazil. ( ind reemerging diseas
~? 6 Lear, S. A.
Toma, M.
Birmingham, C. L.
Frohlich, J. J. 2003l Modification of the relationship between simple anthropometric indices and risk factors by ethnic background 1295-301
Metabolism 52 10 Adult
Asia/ethnology
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Blood Glucose/metabolism
Blood Pressure
*Body Constitution
*Body Mass Index
C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
Canada/epidemiology
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology
Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data
Europe/ethnology
European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data
Female
Humans
Insulin/blood
Linear Models
Lipids/blood
Male
Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
Middle Aged
Predictive Value of Tests
Risk Factors
Sex Factors Oct; Current targets for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) may not be appropriate for those of South Asian origin. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the relationship between BMI and WC with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the same for men and women of South Asian and European descent. Apparently healthy men and women of European (n = 88) and South Asian (n = 93) descent were recruited from 3 hospital communities and assessed for BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP), lipids, insulin, glucose, and CRP. The study cohort was stratified by sex, and regression analyses were performed with individual risk factors as outcomes and ethnicity with either BMI or WC as predictors adjusting for age and height (WC only). BMI and WC were similar between the European and South Asian men and women. South Asian men had significantly higher values for total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and CRP, and significantly lower values of HDL-C. South Asian women had significantly higher values for TG, TC:HDL-C and CRP and significantly lower values of HDL-C, glucose, systolic BP and diastolic BP. In men, ethnicity was an independent predictor for all risk factors except for glucose and insulin, after adjusting for either BMI or WC independent of age and height. For women, ethnicity was an independent predictor for all risk factors except for total cholesterol (WC model only) and insulin (BMI model only), after adjusting for either BMI or WC independent of age and height. The relationship between BMI or WC and risk factors is such that men and women of South Asian descent present with a more adverse risk profile than those of European descent at the same BMI and/or WC.! 0026-0495 (Print)
Journal Article 14564681p Healthy Heart program and Eating Disorders Program, St. Paul's Hospital, 180-1081 Burrard ST, Vancouver, Canada. M ROFESSIONALS; CLINICAL
CARDIOLOGY; VIGOROUS EXERCISE May Physical inactiv ~? ; Gault, A.
O'Dea, K.
Rowley, K. G.
McLeay, T.
Traianedes, K. 1996 Abnormal glucose tolerance and other coronary heart disease risk factors in an isolated aboriginal community in central Australia 1269-73
Diabetes Care 19 11{ Adolescent
Adult
Anthropometry
Australia/epidemiology
Blood Glucose/metabolism
Blood Pressure
Body Mass Index
Coronary Disease/*epidemiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Glucose Intolerance/*epidemiology
Glucose Tolerance Test
Humans
Insulin/blood
Lipids/blood
Male
Obesity/epidemiology
*Oceanic Ancestry Group
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Risk Factors
Smoking/epidemiology Nov` OBJECTIVE: To determine the age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and coronary heart disease risk factors in a remote central Australian Aboriginal community maintaining some degree of traditional lifestyle, living in homeland communities on their ancestral land. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 437 subjects > or = 15 years of age (189 men, 248 women), representing 80% of the adult population residing in the community at the time of the survey, was performed and the following parameters measured: BMI, glucose tolerance, circulating insulin and lipids, and blood pressure. RESULTS: The mean BMI for this population was 22.9 +/- 4.8 kg/m2. The prevalence of diabetes in the age group of 15-34 years (103 men and 140 women) was 2 and 6% for men and women, respectively. In the 35-years-and-older age group (86 men and 108 women), diabetes prevalence was 19 and 13% for men and women, respectively. Over half the diabetic subjects did not exhibit fasting hyperglycemia. IGT occurred in 8 and 15% of younger men and women, respectively, and in 17 and 32% of older men and women, respectively. Smoking was common among men (53% current smokers) but rare among women (2% current smokers). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and overweight rose with increasing degrees of glucose intolerance. The two communities adjacent to the only store in the area had a higher prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance than did the more remote homeland communities (odds ratio for abnormal glucose tolerance: 2.92; 95% CI 1.51-5.63). CONCLUSIONS: Despite their relative leanness, this Aboriginal population exhibited relatively high prevalences of IGT and diabetes without fasting hyperglycemia. The data suggest a protective effect of a decentralized mode of living, as opposed to a more urbanized lifestyle, on the occurrence of glucose intolerance. Abnormal lipid profiles (particularly high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol) and the high prevalence of smoking in men indicated a high-risk profile for coronary heart disease in this population.d http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8908393! 0149-5992 (Print)
Journal Article 8908393U Deakin Institute of Human Nutrition, Deakin University, Malvern, Victoria, Australia. n? q Molero-Conejo, E.
Morales, L.M.
Fernandez, V.
Raleigh, X.
Gomez, M. E.
Semprun-Fereira, M.
Campos, G.
Ryder, E. 2003; Lean adolescents with increased risk f ? Forsdahl, A. 1977t Are poor living conditions in childhood and adolescence an important risk factor for arteriosclerotic heart disease? 91-95 Br J Prevent Soc ? @ Barker, D. J. P.
Osmond, C.
Golding, J.
Kuh, D.
Wadsworth, M. E. 1989f Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease 564-7 BMJ 298 66732 Adult
Aging
*Birth Weight
*Blood Pressure
Body Height
Cardiovascular Diseases/ep [Epidemiology]
*Cardiovascular Diseases/mo [Mortality]
Cardiovascular Diseases/pp [Physiopathology]
Child
Female
Fetal Development
Gestational Age
Great Britain
Human
Infant, Newborn
Male
Mothers
Pulse
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't In national samples of 9921 10 year olds and 3259 adults in Britain systolic blood pressure was inversely related to birth weight. The association was independent of gestational age and may therefore be attributed to reduced fetal growth. This suggests that the intrauterine environment influences blood pressure during adult life. It is further evidence that the geographical differences in average blood pressure and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Britain partly reflect past differences in the intrauterine environment. Within England and Wales 10 year olds living in areas with high cardiovascular mortality were shorter and had higher resting pulse rates than those living in other areas. Their mothers were also shorter and had higher diastolic blood pressures. This suggests that there are persisting geographical differences in the childhood environment that predispose to differences in cardiovascular mortality. ~? Bateson, P. 2001& Fetal experience and good adult design 928-34 Int J Epidemiol 30 5V Animals
Environment
*Human Development
Humans
Nutritional Status
*Selection (Genetics) Oct2 http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/30/5/928( 0300-5771 (Print)
Journal Article
Review 11689495K Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. $ S 5x !~? Bateson, P.
Barker, D.
Clutton-Brock, T.
Deb, D.
D'Udine, B.
Foley, R. A.
Gluckman, P.
Godfrey, K.
Kirkwood, T.
Lahr, M. M.
McNamara, J.
Metcalfe, N. B.
Monaghan, P.
Spencer, H. G.
Sultan, S. E. 2004) Developmental plasticity and human health 419-21 Nature 430 6998 Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology
Animals
Body Constitution
Cues
Disease Susceptibility
Embryonic and Fetal Development/*physiology
Energy Metabolism
Female
*Health
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Male
Nutrition/*physiology
Pregnancy
Public Health Jul 22 Many plants and animals are capable of developing in a variety of ways, forming characteristics that are well adapted to the environments in which they are likely to live. In adverse circumstances, for example, small size and slow metabolism can facilitate survival, whereas larger size and more rapid metabolism have advantages for reproductive success when resources are more abundant. Often these characteristics are induced in early life or are even set by cues to which their parents or grandparents were exposed. Individuals developmentally adapted to one environment may, however, be at r