PKfK6gӜrefs.MYD?$Abrahams, Peter W. Parsons, Julia A.1996,Geophagy in the tropics: A literature review63-72Geographical Journal162119966? Aiello, L. C.1992!Body size and energy requirements41-45-The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution9Bunney, Sarah Jones, Steven Martin, Robert Pilbeam, David Cambridge, UKF? Aiello, L. C.1997CBrains and guts in human evolution: The expensive tissue hypothesisBrazilian Journal of Genetics201August 15, 2006]http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84551997000100023&lng=pt&nrm=iso?"Aiello, Leslie C. Wheeler, Peter1995bThe expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution199-221Current Anthropology362??Anderson, G. H.1995"Sugars, sweetness, and food intake 195S-202S&American Journal of Clinical Nutrition62 1 [Suppl 1]@sugar, sweetness, food intake, obesity, food selection, appetiteKSugars provide a strong, pleasant, sweet taste and at the same time deliverUsing Smart Source Parsing?Armelagos, George J.1987"Biocultural aspects of food choice579-594Food and EvolutionM. Harris E. RossPhiladelphia, PATemple Un7?Armelagos, George J.1990;Health and disease in prehistoric populations in transition127-144VDisease in Populations in Transition: Anthropological and Epidemiological Perspectives#Swedlund, A. C. Armelagos, G. J. New York, NYbWt?Armelagos, George J.1998The viral superhighway24-29 The Scienc? Armelagos, George J.20042Evolutionists and creationists at the dinner table53-55Evolutionary Anthropology132? $Armelagos, George J. Brown, Peter J.2002*The body as evidence; The body of evidence593-602GThe Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western HemisphereSteckel, R. Rose, Jerome C. New York, NYCambridge Univ ~? -Armelagos, G. J. Goodman, A. H. Jacobs, K. H.1991QThe origins of agriculture: Population-growth during a period of declining health9-22Population and Environment131 evolutionFalThe increase in the Neolithic human population following the development of agriculture has been assumed to result from improvements in health and nutrition. Recent research demonstrates that this assumption is incorrect. With the development of sedentism and the intensification of agriculture, there is an increase in infectious disease and nutritional deficiencies particularly affecting infants and children.Declining health probably increased mortality among infants, children and oldest adults. However, the productive and reproductive core would have been able to respond to this increase in mortality by reducing birth spacing. That is, agricultural populations increased in size, despite higher mortality, because intervals between births became shorter.English ArticleISI:A1991GF92300002HAMPSHIRE COLL,AMHERST,MA 01002. UNIV MONTREAL,MONTREAL H3C 3J7,QUEBEC,CANADA. ARMELAGOS, GJ, UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ANTHROPOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611(? 'Armelagos, George J. Harper, Kristen N.2005a/Genomics at the origin of agriculture, part one68-77Evolutionary Anthy8? Audette, R. V. Gilchrist, T.1995GNeanderThin: Eat Like a Caveman to Achieve a Lean, Strong, Healthy Body Dallas, TXPa?Baker, P. T. Mazess, R. B. 19632Calcium: Unusual sources in highland Peruvian diet 1466-1467Science142>?"Bankovi, G. Forrai, G. Tauszik, T.19936The age dependence of gustatory habits: A family study303-9Acta Biologica Hungarica442-3mAdolescence Adult Age Factors Child Family Characteristics Female *Food Preferences Human Male QuestionnairesThe authors continued their earlier studies in the field of human food favoritism. They collected family samples from two Hungarian towns. For the comparison of food choices of adults and children a quantity called Adults' Food Preference Score (AFPS) was constructed which seemed to be suitable to discriminate the gustatory habits. A family analysis has shown that the food preferences of mothers and children are much more connected than those of fathers and children.EnglishActa Biol Hung94240927?Barker, Lewis M.1982Building memories for foods85-99)The Psychobiology of Human Food SelectionBarker, Lewis M. Westport, CTAVI Publishing Company, Inc.? Barnes, S.19983Evolution of the health benefits of soy isoflavones386-92@Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine2173 Animal *Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/pd [Pharmacology] Genistein/pd [Pharmacology] Human Infant Food/an [Analysis] *Isoflavones/pd [Pharmacology] Menopause Phenols/pd [Pharmacology] Polymers/pd [Pharmacology] *Soybeans Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Soy is a unique dietary source of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein. It has been part of the Southeast Asian diet for nearly five millenia, whereas consumption of soy in the United States and Western Europe has been limited to the 20th century. Heavy consumption of soy in Southeast Asian populations is associated with reduction in the rates of certain cancers and cardiovascular disease. Recent experimental evidence suggests that phytochemicals in soy are responsible for its beneficial effects, which may also include prevention of osteoporosis, a hereditary chronic nose bleed syndrome, and autoimmune diseases. Exposure of soy formula-fed infants to the potential estrogenizing effects of the isoflavones is limited by the first pass effect of the liver following the uptake of isoflavones from the gut. Several mechanisms of action of isoflavones have been proposed-both through estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent pathways.EnglishProc Soc Ek_*?+Bates, S. L. Sharkey, K. A. Meddings, J. B.1998=Vagal involvement in dietary regulation of nutrient transport G552-G560American Journal of Physiology2743 [Pt 1] Intestine Absorption Vagus Nerve Food Composition Glucose Transport Nutrient Carbohydrate Diet Guinea Pig Intestine Cell Adaptation Intestine Brush Border Nonhuman Animal Experiment Controlled Study Animal Tissue Article Priority Journal Glucose Carbohydrate CapsaicinIn omnivores, gradual alterations in dietary nutrient composition are observed. To efficiently absorb dietary nutrients these animals alter intestinal nutrient transporter expression to match the pattern of nutrient intake. This often involves reprogramming the crypt cell to express greater numbers of the relevant transport system. The aim of this study was to determine whether vagal afferents are involved in this adaptive process. Guinea pigs were habituated to a low-carbohydrate diet and then switched to a high-carbohydrate diet. The resultant increase in glucose transporter expression was assessed by determining rates of glucose transport in jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles. Ablation of vagal afferents was accomplished by application of capsaicin to exposed cervical vagi and confirmed using Fast blue tracer studies. We found that animals in which vagal afferents were ablated with capsaicin were unable to alter rates of glucose transport in response to an increase in dietary carbohydrate. This suggests that vagal afferents are involved in this adaptive process. These findings support a role for the vagus nerve in regulating intestinal transport function, which may be important to consider in clinical disease that involves the vagus nerve. [References: 29]J.B. Meddings, Gastrointestinal Research Group, 1705 Health Sciences Center, Univ. of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alta. T2Nl? Beale, C. L.2000)A century of population growth and change16-22 Food Review231R?Beauchamp, G. K.1989Human salt preference72Appetite12?+Beauchamp, G. K. Bachmanov, A. Stein, L. J.19986Development and genetics of glutamate taste preference412-6)Annals of the New York Academy of Science855Adult Animal Child Child, Preschool Human Infant Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Rats *Sodium Glutamate Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. *Taste/ge [Genetics] *Taste ThresholdVThe sodium salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and certain other amino acids and ribonucleotides impart a unique taste sensation often called 'umami.' We have been studying preference for umami substances in two systems: inbred mice and human infants. In 48-hr tests, C57BL/6J (C57) mice exhibit a lower preference threshold for MSG than do 129/J mice. Moreover, C57 mice show a greater preference across a wide range of concentrations and, at high (e.g., 300-600 mM) concentrations, consume greater amounts of MSG. To examine whether the strain difference in MSG preference might be related to a similar strain difference in preference for sucrose and other sweeteners, as might be suggested from studies with rats, preferences for MSG and sucrose in the second (F2) generation were examined. Preferences for sucrose and for MSG were not positively correlated in the F2 indicating that these strain differences depend on different genes. For human adults, unlike mice, the taste of aqueous MSG is not palatable. Our studies of human infants also indicate that MSG alone is not preferred to plain water, but, when it is added to soup, the soup plus MSG is preferred to soup alone. Ongoing studies are designed to determine whether simple mixtures of MSG with other tastants, in particular NaCl, are preferred to water alone, NaCl alone, and MSG alone.EnglishAnn N Y Acad Sci?Beidler, L. M.1982"Biological basis of food selection1-15)The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection Baker, L. M. Westport, CNAVI Publishing Company, Inc.? Bellisle, F.1999Glutamate and the UMAMI taste: Sensory, metabolic, nutritional and behavioural considerations. A review of the literature published in the last 10 years423-38&Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews233Animal *Feeding Behavior/ph [Physiology] *Glutamic Acid/me [Metabolism] Human Nutritive Value Ribonucleotides/me [Metabolism] Sodium Glutamate/me [Metabolism] *Taste/ph [Physiology] *Taste Threshold/ph [Physiology]Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used increasingly often in processed foods and in home cooking in the Western world. This substance is responsible for a pleasurable taste sensation, the Umami taste. This review covers recent developments in sensory studies of glutamate effects, and traces the Umami taste from sensory receptors on the tongue to the brain. The metabolism of glutamic acid, as revealed from recent literature, is described. A specific section is devoted to safety issues. In addition, effects of glutamic salts on nutrition and ingestive behaviours are shown to be potent. Animal and human works are treated separately, with special attention to the specific methods used in both cases. Future areas of research include further investigation of sensory physiology, role of glutamate as an excitatory substance in the brain, acquisition of food likes and impact on long-term food selection, food intake, and body weight control.EnglishNeurosci Bm>?Bernstein, I. L.19993Taste aversion learning: A contemporary perspective229-34 Nutrition153Animal Anorexia/et [Etiology] Conditioning (Psychology)/ph [Physiology] Food Food Poisoning/pc [Prevention & Control] Human *Learning/ph [Physiology] Neoplasms/co [Complications] Neuronal Plasticity/ph [Physiology] Odors Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. *Taste/ph [Physiology]Food aversion learning has attracted widespread interest because it is a highly adaptive, powerful type of learning with both practical and theoretical ramifications. It has features that make it unusual and robust when compared with other learning paradigms. It has relevance to human problems in that it is likely to contribute to food choice and appetite problems in certain clinical situations. And the robustness of this learning makes it a promising model for neurobiologists interested in understanding neural mechanisms of plasticity. This review provides a broad overview of these aspects of taste aversion learning and points to areas where questions remain and additional research is needed.English Nutrition99215132 ohn Wiley ondon, UK August 31 . Bourgogne, 6 bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France. 5ttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/11 ropologicum X II, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre3072 ] rie II, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre23911 W rie II, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre243 ntale2 eog.ucla.edu. e GallimardN?} NAdams, O. Besken, K. Oberdorfer, C. MacKenzie, C. R. Takikawa, O. Daubener, W.2004Role of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in alpha/beta and gamma interferon-mediated antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus infections2632-6Journal of Virology785ProCite Record Number:Journal Short Form workform ?~ Agarwal, A. K. Shah, A.1997Menstrual-linked asthma539-45Journal of Asthma346ProCite Record Number:Journal Short Form workform 9n vivo in an infected patient with bipolar depression1g ? WAhmed, A. A. Osman, H. Mansour, A. M. Musa, H. A. Ahmed, A. B. Karrar, Z. Hassan, H. S.2000yAntimicrobial agent resistance in bacterial isolates from patients with diarrhea and urinary tract infection in the Sudan259-631American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene635-6ProCite Record Number:Journal Short Form workform? kBAhren, I. L. Williams, D. L. Rice, P. J. Forsgren, A. Reisbeck, K.2001The importance of a beta-glucan receptor in the nonopsonic entry of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae into human monocytic and epithelial cells150-8Journal of Infectious Diseases184ProCite Record Number:Journal Short Form workform5܀? 5Al-Mobireek, A. F. Darwazeh, A. M. G. Hassanin, M. B.2000~Experimental induction of rheumatoid arthritis in temporomandibular joint of the guinea pig: A clinical and radiographic study286-90Dento-Maxilla-Facial Radiology29? Birch, L. L.19877The acquisition of food acceptance patterns in children107-1305Eating Habits: Food, Physiology and Learned Behaviour*Boakes, R.A. Popplewell, D.A. Burton, M.J.Chichester, UKJohjP?Birch, L. L. Fisher, J. A.1996GThe role of experience in the development of children's eating behavior113-1410Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of EatingCapaldi, Elizabeth D.Washington, DC"American Psychological ?$Blass, E. M. Shide, D. J. Weller, A.1989BSuckling: Opioid and non-opioid processes in mother-infant bonding75Appetite12 ? Booth, D. A.1987-Cognitive experimental psychology of appetite175-2095Eating Habits: Food, Physiology and Learned Behaviour9Boakes, Robert A. Popplewell, David A. Burton, Michael J.Chichester, UKJohn W?Capaldi, Elizabeth D.1996Conditioned food preferences53-800Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of EatingCapaldi, Elizabeth D.Washington, DC"American Psychological Association^Okh? Caplan, P.1997Food, Health and Identity280 New York,!? Casey, Rosemary Rozin, Paul19895Changing children's food preferences: Parent opinions171-182Appetite123*Parental Attitudes *Food Preferences *Behavior Change Preschool Age Children School Age Children Parent Child Relations AdulthoodExamined the beliefs and practices of 76 parents (primarily White mothers) with at least 1 child (aged 3+ yrs) regarding the creation of food likes or dislikes in their children. A questionnaire assessed suggestions about ways to create likes and dislikes and the effectiveness of methods for creating likes and dislikes. Results suggest a perceived importance for positive social context (including participation in preparation) for producing likes. Ss also preferred "a reward for eating" to "use of food as a reward" as a method of inducing preferences. Ss with children who were problem eaters showed no characteristic differences in training practices or attitudes. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1990 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)Using Smart Source Parsing Jun|?!(Chaudhari, N. Landin, A. M. Roper, S. D.2000GA metabotropic glutamate receptor variant functions as a taste receptor113-9Nature Neuroscience32Amino Acid Sequence Animal Base Sequence Brain/me [Metabolism] *Chemoreceptors/me [Metabolism] Cloning, Molecular Cyclic AMP/me [Metabolism] CHO Cells Dose-Response Relationship, Drug DNA, Complementary/ge [Genetics] Forskolin/pd [Pharmacology] *Glutamic Acid/me [Metabolism] Glutamic Acid/pd [Pharmacology] GTP-Binding Proteins/me [Metabolism] Hamsters Molecular Sequence Data Organ Specificity Polymerase Chain Reaction Propionic Acids/pd [Pharmacology] Protein Isoforms/ge [Genetics] *Protein Isoforms/me [Metabolism] Rats Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/ge [Genetics] *Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/me [Metabolism] RNA, Messenger/bi [Biosynthesis] Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. *Taste/ph [Physiology] *Taste Buds/me [Metabolism] TransfectionSensory transduction for many taste stimuli such as sugars, some bitter compounds and amino acids is thought to be mediated via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), although no such receptors that respond to taste stimuli are yet identified. Monosodium L-glutamate (L-MSG), a natural component of many foods, is an important gustatory stimulus believed to signal dietary protein. We describe a GPCR cloned from rat taste buds and functionally expressed in CHO cells. The receptor couples negatively to a cAMP cascade and shows an unusual concentration-response relationship. The similarity of its properties to MSG taste suggests that this receptor is a taste receptor for glutamate.English Nat Neurosci%?"Clydesdale, F. M.1993 Color as a factor in food choice83-101.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition331jCarbohydrates *Color *Food Preferences Human Sodium Chloride Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Taste/ph [Physiology]From birth, nature teaches us to make judgements on our environment based in large measure on color. As such, it plays a key role in food choice by influencing taste thresholds, sweetness perception, food preference, pleasantness, and acceptability. Its role is elusive and difficult to quantify, however, which at times has placed color in a secondary role to the other sensory characteristics, a position not entirely consistent with the facts. Color, in a quantitative sense, has been shown to be able to replace sugar and still maintain sweetness perception in flavored foods. It interferes with judgments of flavor intensity and identification and in so doing has been shown to dramatically influence the pleasantness and acceptability of foods. Studies in the literature have used cross-sectional population panels to study these effects, but a recent investigation of color-sensory interactions in beverages has compared the response of a college age group with the response of a panel consisting of a more mature population. Interestingly, the older group showed significant differences from the college age group in their response to the effects of color on several sensory parameters as well as showing a direct correlation between beverage consumption and color. Color is often taken for granted, but this position must be reevaluated in view of such studies and the need to create more appealing foods for different segments of our society.EnglishCrit Rev Fm_L?#Cohen, Mark N.1977The Food Crisis in Prehistory New Haven, CNYale Unsg|?$Cohen, Mark N.1989#Health and the Rise of Civilization New Haven, CNYale Univ{x?% %Cohen, Mark N. Armelagos, George J. 1984,Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture Orlando, FL?&Colson, Elizabeth1979@In good years and bad: Food strategies in self-reliant societies18-29#Journal of Anthropological Research351?' Cordain, L.2002WThe Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Food You Were Designed to Eat New York, NYJohn  Vx?(oqCordain, L. Eaton, S.B. Sebastian, A. Mann, N. J. Lindeberg, S. Watkins, B. A. O'Keefe, James H. Brand-Miller, J.2005SOrigins and ?)9Cordain, L. Gotshall, R. W. Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, S. B.1998NPhysical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: An evolutionary perspective328-35(International Journal of Sports Medicine195Animal *Energy Metabolism *Evolution *Exercise Female Hominidae/ah [Anatomy & Histology] Hominidae/ph [Physiology] Human Male *Physical FitnessgThe model for human physical activity patterns was established not in gymnasia, athletic fields, or exercise physiology laboratories, but by natural selection acting over eons of evolutionary experience. This paper examines how evolution has determined the potential for contemporary human performance, and advances the experience of recently-studied hunter-gatherers as the best available (although admittedly imperfect) indicator of the physical activity patterns for which our genetically determined biology was originally selected. From the emergence of the genus Homo, over 2 million years ago (MYA), until the agricultural revolution of roughly 10000 years ago our ancestors were hunter-gatherers, so the adaptive pressures inherent in that environmental niche have exerted defining influence on human genetic makeup. The portion of our genome that determines basic anatomy and physiology has remained relatively unchanged over the past 40 000 years. Thus, the complex interrelationship between energy intake, energy expenditure and specific physical activity requirements for current humans remains very similar to that originally selected for Stone Age men and women who lived by gathering and hunting. Research investigating optimal physical activity for human health and performance can be guided by understanding the evolution of physical activity patterns in our species.EnglishInt J Sports Med3'?*&Cordain, L. Watkins, B. A. Mann, N. J.2001Fatty acid composition and energy density of foods available to African hominids. Evolutionary implications for human brain development144-61'World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics903Africa Animals *Brain/gd [Growth & Development] Brain Chemistry *Diet/hi [History] Diet/st [Standards] Energy Intake *Evolution *Fatty Acids/an [Analysis] Fatty Acids/hi [History] Fishes Food Analysis Food Supply/hi [History] History of Medicine, Ancient *Hominidae/gd [Growth & Development] Hum?+Cordain, L. Friel, J.2005PThe Paleo Diet for Athletes: A Nutritional Formula for Peak Athletic Performance Emmaus, PARodale?,,Crystal, S. R. Bowen, D. J. Bernstein, I. L.1999CMorning sickness and salt intake, food cravings, and food aversions181-7Physiology & Behavior672Adult Analysis of Variance Cross-Sectional Studies Female *Food Preferences/ph [Physiology] Human *Hyperemesis Gravidarum/ep [Epidemiology] *Nausea/ep [Epidemiology] *Pregnancy/ph [Physiology] Pregnancy/px [Psychology] Pregnancy/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data] Prevalence Retrospective Studies Severity of Illness Index *Sodium, Dietary/ad [Administration & Dosage] Taste/ph [Physiology]2Evidence for an association between early pregnancy sickness and offspring salt (NaCl) preference has been obtained from studying offspring as young adults and as infants. To determine whether the association between early pregnancy sickness and salt preference of offspring is secondary to familiar similarity in salt preference, the present study examined the self-reported salt intake and dietary cravings and aversions of pregnant women. Women who reported little or no vomiting (n = 108) were compared to women who reported moderate to severe vomiting (n = 21) during pregnancy. The women's self-reported salt use and reported cravings and aversions for common food were measured via survey for time periods prior to and during their current pregnancy. Women did not differ in reported salt use prior to pregnancy as a function of their pregnancy symptoms. Women reported more aversions during, than prior to, pregnancy (p < 0.05). Women with more severe vomiting reported a greater number of aversions (p < 0.05) both prior to and during pregnancy. There was a significant association between experiencing cravings and aversions prior to pregnancy and experiencing craving and aversions during pregnancy (p < 0.05). These findings do not provide evidence for an association between dietary levels of sodium and the likelihood of experiencing severe pregnancy symptoms. Therefore, these data do not support the suggestion that reported elevations in salt preference in offspring of women with moderate to severe vomiting during pregnancy are mediated by familial dietary practices.English Physiol Behav(?-!D'Adamo, Peter Whitney, Catherine1996wEat Right 4 Your Type: The Individualized Diet Solution to Staying Healthy, Living Longer & Achieving Your Ideal Weight New York, NYG.P. Puug?;Drewnowski, A.1997bWhy do we like fat?S58-S62,Journal of the American Dietetic Association97Suppl 7)Dietary Carbohydrates/ad [Administration & Dosage] *Dietary Fats/ad [Administration & Dosage] Dietary Fats/ec [Economics] *Food Preferences/px [Psychology] Human Income Obesity/et [Etiology] Obesity/pp [Physiopathology] Obesity/px [Psychology] Opioid Peptides/ph [Physiology] Taste/ph [Physiology]Dietary choices are strongly influenced by the taste and texture of foods. Fats are responsible for the sensory properties of many foods and greatly contribute to eating pleasure. Although diets rich in fats tend to be more flavorful and varied, they also are high in energy. Because excessive fat consumption has been associated with higher rates of obesity and coronary heart disease, nutrition education efforts have focused on replacing dietary fats with grains, vegetables, and fruit. However, preference for high-fat foods appear to be a universal human trait, and in the absence of efficient physiologic mechanisms regulating fat intake, fat consumption appears to be determined simply by the amount of fat available in the food supply. Fat consumption at national levels is determined largely by economic variables such as urbanization or income. The question is whether these barriers can be surmounted by appropriate nutrition education and intervention programs.EnglishJ Am Diet Assoc97359654?<EDrewnowski, A. Krahn, D. D. Demitrack, M. A. Nairn, K. Gosnell, B. A.1992YTaste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: Evidence for opioid involvement371-379Physiology & Behavior512*Food Preference *Anorexia *Opiate Receptor *Taste Human Female Clinical Article Controlled Study Adult Intravenous Drug Administration Priority Journal Article *Bulimia *Naloxone *Butorphanol PlaceboPreferences and cravings for sweet high-fat foods observed among obese and bulimic patients may involve the endogenous opioid peptide system. The opioid antagonist naloxone, opioid agonist butorphanol, and saline placebo were administered by intravenous infusion to 14 female binge eaters and 12 normal-weight controls. Eight of the binge eaters were obese. During infusion, the subjects tasted 20 sugar/fat mixtures and were allowed to select and consume snack foods of varying sugar and fat content. Naloxone reduced taste preferences relative to baseline in both binge eaters and controls. Total caloric intake from snacks was significantly reduced by naloxone in binge eaters but not in controls. This reduction was most pronounced for sweet high-fat foods such as cookies or chocolate. No consistent effects on taste preferences or food intakes were observed with butorphanol. Endogenous opioid peptides may be involved in mediating taste responses and preferences for palatable foods, notably those rich in sugar and fat.Using Smart Source Parsing (pp?=Duffy, V. B. Bartoshuk, L. M.1996Sensory factors in feeding145-1720Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of EatingCapaldi, Elizabeth D.Washington, DC"American Psychological Association4?>Dufour, Darna L.1995D A closer look at the nutritional implications of bitter cassava use149-165.Indigenous Peoples and the Future of Amazonia,Sponsel, Leslie Tucson, AZUniversity >??5Dufour, D. L. Staten, L. K. Reina, J. C. Spurr, G. B.1997[Living on the edge: Dietary strategies of economically impoverished women in Cali, Colombia5-15)American Journal of Physical Anthropology1021bAdaptation, Psychological Adult Anthropology Colombia Diet/ec [Economics] *Diet/st [Standards] Dietary Carbohydrates/st [Standards] Female Human Medical Indigency/ec [Economics] Medical Indigency/eh [Ethnology] *Medical Indigency/px [Psychology] Nutritional Status Socioeconomic Factors Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. *Women's HealthZEconomically impoverished women in Cali, Colombia, have restricted access to food in a city where food is abundant. Ethnographic observations, interviews and 2 day food records were used to better understand the coping strategies used by a group of these women (n = 85) to maintain adequate levels of energy intake. Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status were normal for the group. Interview data revealed that the ability to purchase food was a concern for 58% of the women. When faced with a restricted ability to purchase food, the women indicated they made compromises in meal composition, reduced portion sizes, and/or reduced the number of meals. They also relied on relatives, friends, neighbors, store credit, or local government programs for access to food. Changes in meal composition were identified in 17.1% of all diet records (n = 509). Low energy intake (defined as energy intake < or = 1.27 x BMR) was identified in 17.1% of all diet records. Carbohydrate consumption was significantly greater on low-energy intake days. The adequate nutritional status of this group of women suggests that their coping strategies are usually adequate to maintain energy intake, but the presence of uncertainty, the frequency of compromises in diet composition, and the frequency of low-energy intake days suggest that these women are at risk for undernutrition.EnglishAm J Phys Anthropol97186460?@ Eaton, S. B.1990!Fibre intake in prehistoric times27-404Dietary Fibre Perspectives: Reviews and Bibliography2 Leads, A.R. London, UK ?A Eaton, S. B.1992Humans, lipids and evolution814-820Lipids2710khigher plant (0697) plant (0699) mammal (0738) human (0888) priority journal (0007) article (0060) Evolution Fat Intake Lipid Diet Cholesterol Blood Level Lipid Metabolism Lipid Composition Nutrition Animal Food Nutritional Value Vegetable Food Processing Bread Meat Human Priority Journal Article Lipid Cholesterol Saturated Fatty Acid Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidThe genetically ordered physiology of contemporary humans was selected over eons of evolutionary experience for a nutritional pattern affording much less fat, particularly less saturated fat. Current dietary recommendations do not accord exactly with those generated by an understanding of prior hominoid/hominid evolution. Similarly, widely advocated standards for serum cholesterol values fail to match those observed in recently studied hunter- gatherers, whose experience represents the closest living approximation of 'natural' human lipid metabolism. The evolutionary paradigm suggests that fats should comprise 20-25% of total energy intake, that the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat should exceed 1.0, and that total serum cholesterol levels should be below 150 mg/dL ( [similar]Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, West Paces Ferry Hospital, 3200 Howell Mill Road, N.W.,Atlanta, GA 30327; United States of America?B)Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, S. B. Cordain, L.2002Evolution, diet, and health7-17$Human Diet: Its Origin and EvolutionUngar, P. S. Teaford, M. F. Westport, CTBergin & GarveyK ?C+Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, S. B. Konner, M. J.1997\Paleolithic nutrition revisited: A twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications 207-16&European Journal of Clinical Nutrition514RAnimal Anthropology Diet/hi [History] *Diet Dietary Carbohydrates/hi [History] Dietary Carbohydrates/st [Standards] Dietary Fats/hi [History] Dietary Fats/st [Standards] Dietary Fiber/hi [History] Dietary Fiber/st [Standards] Dietary Proteins/hi [History] Dietary Proteins/st [Standards] Evolution History of Medicine, Ancient Human Meat/hi [History] Meat/st [Standards] Minerals/hi [History] Minerals/st [Standards] *Nutrition Surveys Nutritional Requirements Nutritive Value Retrospective Studies Vegetables/hi [History] Vegetables/st [Standards] Vitamins/hi [History] Vitamins/st [Standards]EnglishEur J Clin Nutr?DEaton, S. B. Eaton III, S. B.2000FPaleolithic vs. modern diets: Selected pathophysiological implications67-70European Journal of Nutrition392Adaptation, Biological Bone and Bones/pp [Physiopathology] *Diet/hi [History] *Evolution Exercise *Food Habits/ph [Physiology] History of Medicine, Ancient Human Insulin Resistance/ph [Physiology] *Nutrition Nutrition Policy Paleopathology<The nutritional patterns of Paleolithic humans influenced genetic evolution during the time segment within which defining characteristics of contemporary humans were selected. Our genome can have changed little since the beginnings of agriculture, so, genetically, humans remain Stone Agers--adapted for a Paleolithic dietary regimen. Such diets were based chiefly on wild game, fish and uncultivated plant foods. They provided abundant protein; a fat profile much different from that of affluent Western nations; high fibre; carbohydrate from fruits and vegetables (and some honey) but not from cereals, refined sugars and dairy products; high levels of micronutrients and probably of phytochemicals as well. Differences between contemporary and ancestral diets have many pathophysiological implications. This review addresses phytochemicals and cancer; calcium, physical exertion, bone mineral density and bone structural geometry; dietary protein, potassium, renal acid secretion and urinary calcium loss; and finally sarcopenia, adiposity, insulin receptors and insulin resistance. While not, yet, a basis for formal recommendations, awareness of Paleolithic nutritional patterns should generate novel, testable hypotheses grounded in evolutionary theory and it should dispel complacency regarding currently accepted nutritional tenets.English Eur J NutrvD?+Pear, R.2006$Weight loss surgery comes with risksOrlando SentinelA4 Orlando, FLJuly 24]GR ?, Wikipedia2006d Pizza Hut2006&http://en.wikipev ?F!Eaton, S. Boyd Konner, Melvin J.1985MPaleolithic nutrition: A consideration of its nature and current implications283-289New England Journal of Medic ?G&Eaton, S. B. Konner, M. J. Shostak, M.1988WStone agers in the fast lane: Chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective739-49American Journal of Medicine844Alcohol Drinking/ph [Physiology] Animal Chronic Disease/ep [Epidemiology] *Chronic Disease Culture Diet/ae [Adverse Effects] Evolution Exertion Haplorhini/ge [Genetics] Human *Life Style Smoking/ae [Adverse Effects]HFrom a genetic standpoint, humans living today are Stone Age hunter-gatherers displaced through time to a world that differs from that for which our genetic constitution was selected. Unlike evolutionary maladaptation, our current discordance has little effect on reproductive success; rather it acts as a potent promoter of chronic illnesses: atherosclerosis, essential hypertension, many cancers, diabetes mellitus, and obesity among others. These diseases are the results of interaction between genetically controlled biochemical processes and a myriad of biocultural influences--lifestyle factors--that include nutrition, exercise, and exposure to noxious substances. Although our genes have hardly changed, our culture has been transformed almost beyond recognition during the past 10,000 years, especially since the Industrial Revolution. There is increasing evidence that the resulting mismatch fosters "diseases of civilization" that together cause 75 percent of all deaths in Western nations, but that are rare among persons whose lifeways reflect those of our preagricultural ancestors.Engli|?HEaton, S. B. Konner, M. J.1986+Stone age nutrition: Implications for today300-3&ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children534Animal Diet Energy Intake History of Medicine, Ancient History of Medicine, 20th Cent. Human Meat *Nutrition *Paleontology Vegetables<The nutritional elements appropriate for contemporary humans reflect genetically determined biochemical and physiological factors, which have evolved over hundreds of millions of years. Stone Age humans, however, derived nearly all of their nutrients from just two of the four major food groups we select from today.EnglishASDC J Dent ChildU?IEaton, S. B. Nelson, D. A.1991#Calcium in evolutionary perspective 281S-287S&American Journal of Clinical Nutrition54Suppl 1Agriculture Animal Body Height *Bone and Bones/me [Metabolism] Bone Development *Calcium/me [Metabolism] Calcium, Dietary/ad [Administration & Dosage] *Evolution Exertion Hominidae/gd [Growth & Development] *Hominidae/me [Metabolism] Human Mammals/me [Metabolism] *NutritionThe nutritional requirements of contemporary humans were almost certainly established over eons of evolutionary experience and the best available evidence indicates that this evolution occurred in a high-calcium nutritional environment. The exercise and dietary patterns of humans living at the end of the Stone Age can be considered natural paradigms: calcium intake was twice that for contemporary humans and requirements for physical exertion were also greater than at present. Bony remains from that period suggest that Stone Agers developed a greater peak bone mass and experienced less age-related bone loss than do humans in the 20th Century.EnglishAm J Clin Nutr ?0Ferreira, Mariana K. Leal Lang, Gretchen Chesley2006CIndigenous Peoples and Diabetes: Community Empowerment and Wellness xxvii, 549 p. Durham,s?Kj?^KHawkes, K. O'Connell, J. F. Blurton Jones, N. G. Alvarez, H. Charnov, E. L.1998DGrandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories1336-9OProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America953Animal *Evolution Family Characteristics Female Human *Longevity/ph [Physiology] Models, Psychological *Mother-Child Relations *Postmenopause/ph [Physiology]hLong postmenopausal lifespans distinguish humans from all other primates. This pattern may have evolved with mother-child food sharing, a practice that allowed aging females to enhance their daughters' fertility, thereby increasing selection against senescence. Combined with Charnov's dimensionless assembly rules for mammalian life histories, this hypothesis also accounts for our late maturity, small size at weaning, and high fertility. It has implications for past human habitat choice and social organization and for ideas about the importance of extended learning and paternal provisioning in human evolution.EnglishProc Natl Acad Sci U ?_THedley, A. A. Ogden, C. L. Johnson, C. L. Carroll, M. D. Curtin, L. R. Flegal, K. M.2004ZPrevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002 2847-2850+Journal of the American Medical Association29123d>?` Hetherington, M. M. Rolls, B. J.1996LSensory-specific satiety: Theoretical frameworks and central characteristics267-2900Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of Eating1Capaldi, Elizabeth D.Washington, DC"American Psychological AssociationAdult Appetite/ph [Physiology] *Eating/ph [Physiology] Energy Metabolism/ph [Physiology] Female Human Male Taste/ph [Physiology]Pleasantness is important in influencing food choice, and may play a role in determining the amount of food consumed. Judgements of pleasantness decrease as the food is eaten. It has been proposed that his reflects the development of satiety to a specific food. However, consumers may not rate these changes as important in meal termination. Fifty-seven subjects were given ad lib access to a test meal of cheese on crackers and at the end of this meal recorded the main reason for stopping from a possible seven statements. They then rank ordered the importance of each reason. One hour later, subjects were offered a choice of the same food, a different food, or no second course. Again reasons for stopping were recorded by those who selected a second course. The most common reason given for a meal termination in the first course was "I got tired of eating that food" (40%) and for the second course "I felt full" (48%). Subjects were divided into those who rated fatigue and changes in pleasantness as important and those who rated fullness as more important. Significant differences in intake between these groups indicated that those who rated fatigue/hedonics as important consumed significantly fewer calories (275 +/- 23 kcal) than those who rated fullness as more important (424 +/- 65 kcal). It is argued that fatigue experienced by subjects may reflect sensory fatigue and that this is an important part of the development of sensory-specific satiety. Since subjects who rated gastric fullness as the most important reason for terminating the meal consumed more calories, it is suggested that this index of satiety may be relatively more crude than sensory or hedonic variables.EnglishNeurosci Biobehav Rev96193019:>?aHudson, R. Distel, H.1999GThe flavor of life: Perinatal development of odor and taste preferences176-81)Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift1295Adult Animal Comparative Study Cross-Cultural Comparison Female *Food Preferences/px [Psychology] Human Infant, Newborn Male *Odors Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Rabbits *Smell *TasteDespite the importance of chemosensation in the regulation of ingestive behavior, we still know surprisingly little about the development of the olfactory, trigeminal and gustatory systems. All three, however, are functional to some degree prenatally, and by birth infants are able to respond to a wide range of odors and can clearly distinguish between the tastes of sweet, sour and bitter. Based on findings from our work in the rabbit, we report that learning of odors associated with the mother's diet can occur very early in development, even prenatally, that it can have a long-term influence on later food choice, and may even lead to enhanced, stimulus-specific sensitivity of the basic sensory apparatus. Whether comparable phenomena exist in human infants is not known, although our recent findings that nationalities differ in judgements of the pleasantness of food odors depending on whether these are recognized as representing familiar, culture-typical foods, suggests that it might. A cross-cultural study is currently in progress examining the influence of culture-specific childhood eating experiences on adult preferences for food-associated odors.EnglishSchweiz Med Wochenschr99180916?b"Hunt, C. Eades, M. R. Eades, M. D.19990Charley Hunt's Diet Evolution: Eat Fat, Get Fit.Beverly Hills, CA"Maximum Human Potential Production?c Hunter, J. M1973IGeophagy in Africa and the United States: A cultural nutrition hypothesis170-195Geographic Reo%?dJabs, Jennifer Devine, Carol M.2006+Time scarcity and food choices: An overview196-204y?eJekanowski, M. D.19991Causes and consequences of fast food sales growth11-16 Food Review221?fKatz, Solomon H.1982)Food, behavior, and biocultural evolution171-188)The Psychobiology of Human Food SelectionBarker, Lewis M. Westport, CTAVI Publishing Company, Inc.d?gKatz, Solomon H.1987\Food and biocultural evolution: A model for the investigation of modern nutritional problems41-63Nutritional AnthropologyJohnston, Francis E. New York, NYAlan rT?hCLaska, M. Scheuber, H. P. Salazar, L. T. H. Luna, Ernesto-Rodriguez20039Sour-taste tolerance in four species of nonhuman primates 2637-2649Journal of Chemical h?iLe Coutre, Johannes2003Taste: The metabolic sense34-37Food Technology578?jLeathwood, P. D. Ashley, D. V.19837Behavioural strategies in the regulation of food choice171-1965Nutritional Adequacy, Nutrient Availability and Needs Mauron, J.Basel, SwitzerlandBirkhauser VerlagtAnimal Appetite/ph [Physiology] Avoidance Learning Brain/me [Metabolism] Conditioning (Psychology) Culture *Diet/st [Standards] *Dietary Proteins/ad [Administration & Dosage] *Energy Metabolism *Feeding Behavior/ph [Physiology] Female Food Poisoning/pc [Prevention & Control] Food Preferences Human Learning Male Rats Social Environment Thiamine Deficiency/me [Metabolism] The maintenance of nutrient and energy balance in the body depends on both metabolic and behavioural mechanisms, and is integrated by the brain. The regulatory system was developed by natural selection and not by mechanical engineers. Thus, rather than having unitary mechanisms regulating intake of each nutrient, evolution has incorporated and used a multitude of behavioural traits and metabolic adaptations. The criterion for inclusion was that each one conferred a persisting advantage in the prevailing environment. Behavioural strategies in food choice include: innate preference for sweetness and an aversion towards bitter tastes, a hesitancy towards unknown foods, preference for variety among familiar foods, and a special ability (long delay learning) to acquire information about both positive and negative metabolic consequences of eating different foods. In man, these more basic mechanisms interact with and are complemented by cognitive, social and cultural influences on food choice. In a very few cases, such as regulation of energy, sodium and (perhaps) protein intakes, feeding behaviour is also guided by signals from specific internal receptors. However, for most nutrients, appetites seem to be non-specific and learned. Using studies on the regulation of protein intake from our own and other laboratories as examples, this review illustrates how innate preferences, learning, social interactions, metabolic adaptation and diet-induced changes in brain neurotransmitter metabolism can all play a role in subjective decisions about what to eat.EnglishEp?k LeMagnen, J.19872Palatability: Concept, terminology, and mechanisms131-1545Eating Habits: Food, Physiology and Learned Behaviour9Boakes, Robert A. Popplewell, David A. Burton, Michael J.Chichester, UKJohn cWx?lLevi-Strauss, Claude1969The Raw and the Cooked. New York, NY D?mLevi-Strauss, Claude1978DThe Origin of Table Manners: Introduction of a Science of MythologyThe culinary triangle3Levi-Strauss, Claude London, UKJonathan Cape Ltd.. cal role played by anb?nLi, E. T. S. Anderson, G. H.1989Control of protein intake70Appetite12?oLupton, Deborah1994GFood, memory and meaning: The symbolic and social nature of food events664-685Sociological Review4241994?pLy, A. Drewnowski, A.2001{PROP (6-n-Propylthiouracil) tasting and sensory responses to caffeine, sucrose, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and chocolate41-7Chemical Senses261,Adolescence Adult Cacao Caffeine Chalcone/aa [Analogs & Derivatives] Eating/ph [Physiology] Female Food Preferences/ph [Physiology] Hesperidin/aa [Analogs & Derivatives] Human *Propylthiouracil Solutions Sucrose Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Sweetening Agents Taste/ge [Genetics] *Taste/ph [Physiology]The genetically determined ability to taste 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) has been linked with lowered acceptance of some bitter foods. Fifty-four women, aged 18-30 years, tasted and rated PROP-impregnated filter paper and seven solutions of PROP. Summed bitterness intensity ratings for PROP solutions determined PROP taster status. Respondents also tasted five sucrose and seven caffeine solutions, as well as seven solutions each of caffeine and PROP that had been sweetened with 0.3 mmol/l neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC). Respondents also rated three kinds of chocolate using 9-point category scales. PROP tasters rated caffeine solutions as more bitter than did non-tasters and liked them less. PROP tasters did not rate either sucrose or NHDC as more sweet. The addition of NHDC to PROP and caffeine solutions suppressed bitterness intensity more effectively for tasters than for non-tasters and improved hedonic ratings among both groups. PROP tasters and non-tasters showed the same hedonic response to sweetened caffeine solutions and did not differ in their sensory responses to chocolate. Genetic taste markers may have only a minor impact on the consumption of such foods as sweetened coffee or chocolate.Englishw?qMacClancy, Jeremy1992+Consuming Culture: Why You Eat What You Eat252 New York, NYHenry Hol[O?rMcNeil, William 1976Plagues and Peoples New York, NY *>?s Mela, D. J.1999(Food choice and intake: The human factor513-21$Proceedings of the Nutrition Society583JBehavior Cognition *Eating Environment Food Habits *Food Preferences Human1Human perceptions and selection of food are derived from the prevailing and momentary food, agro-economic and cultural environment, cognitive and biological characteristics of individuals, and the real and perceived intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of foods themselves. The range of items typically chosen and consumed within a given population is largely determined by interaction of the external environmental context with guiding sets of implicit and explicit social and psychobiological 'rules'. Within the rather broad limits of biology, individual food choices and intake behaviours relate to and reflect aspects of food availability, existing habitual behaviours, learning mechanisms, and individual beliefs and expectations. Many of the relevant features of these variables are uniquely human, together determining what is 'food', when, how, by and with whom it is chosen and eaten, and in what quantities. They also provide the opportunities for individuals to establish and maintain a relatively stable set of culturally and biologically determined affective responses ('likes') and intake behaviours. Understanding of the potential contribution of these influences under different conditions can serve to explain many of the observed characteristics of human eating, and highlight potential avenues for intervention.English Proc Nutr Soc20071849?t%Mennella, Julie A. Beauchamp, Gary K.1998(Early flavor experience: Research update205-211Nutrition Reviews567?u Mennella, J. A. Beauchamp, G. K.19961The early development of human flavor preferences83-1120Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of EatingCapaldi, Elizabeth D.Washington, DC"American Psychological AssociationN?v Messer, Ellen1986pSome like it sweet: Estimating sweetness preferences and sucrose intakes from ethnographic and experimental data637-647American Anthropologist883}Food--Sensory evaluation Nutrition--Mexico--Oaxaca Diet--Mexico--Oaxaca Food habits--Mexico--Oaxaca Sugars in human nutrition 0002-7294?w Milton, K.1999tNutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: Do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us?488-98 Nutrition156Animal *Animal Nutrition Comparative Study *Diet Dietary Fiber Dietary Proteins *Food Fruit Gastrointestinal System/ah [Anatomy & Histology] Human Minerals *PrimatestThe widespread prevalence of diet-related health problems, particularly in highly industrialized nations, suggests that many humans are not eating in a manner compatible with their biology. Anthropoids, including all great apes, take most of their diet from plants, and there is general consensus that humans come from a strongly herbivorous ancestry. Though gut proportions differ, overall gut anatomy and the pattern of digestive kinetics of extant apes and humans are very similar. Analysis of tropical forest leaves and fruits routinely consumed by wild primates shows that many of these foods are good sources of hexoses, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances, vitamin C, minerals, essential fatty acids, and protein. In general, relative to body weight, the average wild monkey or ape appears to take in far higher levels of many essential nutrients each day than the average American and such nutrients (as well as other substances) are being consumed together in their natural chemical matrix. The recommendation that Americans consume more fresh fruits and vegetables in greater variety appears well supported by data on the diets of free-ranging monkeys and apes. Such data also suggest that greater attention to features of the diet and digestive physiology of non-human primates could direct attention to important areas for future research on features of human diet and health.English Nutritions?x Milton, K.2000QBack to basics: Why foods of wild primates have relevance for modern human health480-3 Nutrition167-8Animal *Diet Dietary Fats/ad [Administration & Dosage] Dietary Fiber/ad [Administration & Dosage] Energy Intake Evolution *Food *Health Promotion Human *Nutrition Paleontology Plants, Edible *PrimatesEnglish Nutritionq?yj Milton, K.2003I?z Mintz, S. W.1996KTasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture and the Past Boston, MA Beacon Press ?{Morrill, A. C. Chinn, C. D.2004)The obesity epidemic in the United States353-66Journal of Public Health Policy253-4gAdolescent Adult Advertising/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence] Aged Child Comparative Study Cross-Cultural Comparison Cross-Sectional Studies *Disease Outbreaks/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data] Energy Intake Female Food Habits Humans Incidence Male Middle Aged Nutritional Requirements Nutritive Value *Obesity/ep [Epidemiology] United States/ep [Epidemiology] We describe the epidemic of obesity in the United States: escalating rates of obesity in both adults and children, and why these qualify as an epidemic; disparities in overweight and obesity by race/ethnicity and sex, and the staggering health and economic consequences of obesity. Physical activity contributes to the epidemic as explained by new patterns of physical activity in adults and children. Changing patterns of food consumption, such as rising carbohydrate intake--particularly in the form of soda and other foods containing high fructose corn syrup--also contribute to obesity. We present as a central concept, the food environment--the contexts within which food choices are made--and its contribution to food consumption: the abundance and ubiquity of certain types of foods over others; limited food choices available in certain settings, such as schools; the market economy of the United States that exposes individuals to many marketing/advertising strategies. Advertising tailored to children plays an important role.?|.Murphy, S. P. Rose, D. Hudes, M. Viteri, F. E.1992}Demographic and economic factors associated with dietary quality for adults in the 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey1352-7,Journal of the American Dietetic Association9211Adult *Demography *Diet/st [Standards] *Diet Surveys Dietary Fats/ad [Administration & Dosage] Educational Status Energy Intake Female Human Male Middle Age Poverty Regression Analysis Rural Population *Socioeconomic Factors Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Urban PopulationData for 5,884 adults (19 years of age and older) who participated in the 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1987-88 NFCS) were used to investigate demographic and economic factors associated with dietary quality. Although the low response rate for the 1987-88 NFCS has raised concerns about possible bias, it is appropriate to use this extensive data set for analyses that do not attempt to generalize the results to the US population as a whole. Two aspects of quality were calculated for the mean of the 3-day reported intakes: number of nutrients below two thirds of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (low-intake nutrients) and percent of energy from fat. Few adults reported mean intakes that met suggested guidelines: 22% of diets were above two thirds of the RDA for all 15 nutrients and 14% were below 30% fat, but only 2% met both criteria. Energy intake was a strong negative predictor of number of low-intake nutrients and a weak positive predictor of percent of energy from fat. Results of multivariate regression analyses identified few demographic or economic predictors of either the number of low-intake nutrients or percent of energy from fat. According to these data, diets of most adults do not conform to current dietary guidelines. Nutrition education efforts should be directed to all adults, and research should be undertaken to determine more effective ways to help adults improve their overall dietary quality.EnglishJ Am Diet Assoc?} Nestle, M.1999WAnimal vs. plant foods in human diets and health: Is the historical record unequivocal?211-8$Proceedings of the Nutrition Society582Animal Cereals *Diet Evolution Fruit *Health Promotion Human *Meat Nutrition Policy *Plants, Edible Preventive Medicine VegetablescAn ideal diet is one that promotes optimal health and longevity. Throughout history, human societies have developed varieties of dietary patterns based on available food plants and animals that successfully supported growth and reproduction. As economies changed from scarcity to abundance, principal diet-related diseases have shifted from nutrient deficiencies to chronic diseases related to dietary excesses. This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. One challenge to this consensus is the idea that palaeolithic man consumed more meat than currently recommended, and that this pattern is genetically determined. If such exists, a genetic basis for ideal proportions of plant or animal foods is difficult to determine; hominoid primates are largely vegetarian, current hunter-gatherer groups rely on foods that can be obtained most conveniently, and the archeological record is insufficient to determine whether plants or animals predominated. Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly-industrializing populations. The accomplish this shift, it will be necessary to overcome market-place barriers and to develop new policies that will encourage greater consumption of fruits, vegetables and grains as a means to promote public health.English Proc Nutr Soc@?~Nestle, Marion Wing, Rena Birch, Leann DiSogra,Lorelei Drewnowski, Adam Middleton, Suzette Sigman-Grant, Madeleine Sobal, Jeffery Winston, Mary Economos, Christina1998/Behavioral and social influences on food choiceS50-S74Nutrition Review{Ҕ?&Nishida, T. Ohigashi, H. Koshimizu, K.2000 Tastes of chimpanzee plant foods431-438Current Anthropo~? Nishida, T.1989CPrimate gastronomy: Cultural food preferences in non-human primates74-74Appetite12d ?qO'Keefe Jr., J. H. Cordain, L.2004Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifesty?Park, John L. Capps, Oral1997*Demand for prepared meals by US households814-824*American Journal of Agricultural Economics793?Pelchat, M. L.1997)Food cravings in young and elderly adults103-113Appetite282r*Food Preference Food Diet Restriction Gender Age Sex Difference Human Male Female Normal Human Aged Adult ArticleFifty young-adult and 48 elderly Ss participated in a structured interview study on food cravings (defined as an intense desire or longing to eat a particular food). Elderly Ss were less likely than young Ss to report cravings and reported craving a smaller number of different foods. In contrast to a number of other researchers, we found a relationship between dietary restrictions and cravings. Types of food craved differed by gender and age. Women reported significantly more cravings for chocolate and for sweets than did men. However, craving for sweets declined with age among women. Cravings were not evenly distributed throughout the day, but tended to occur in the late afternoon and early evening. [References: 54]Using Smart Source Parsing (pp?Pelchat, Marcia L. Rozin, Paul1982HThe special role of nausea in the acquisition of food dislikes by humans341-351Appetite341*Avoidance Conditioning *Food Preferences *Nausea When nausea follows ingestion of a food, humans develop a dislike for the taste of the food. Other negative events, such as diarrhea, respiratory distress, or rashes, often motivate avoidance of associated foods but are much less likely to cause the foods to become distasteful. A survey of 198 Ss (mean age 21 yrs 7 mo) revealed that a well-defined event produced a stable change in the affective response to an associated object. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)Using Smart Source Parsing Dec?Phillipson, C.1997#Paleonutrition and modern nutrition38-48'World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics81wk? Potts, R.1998*Variability selection in hominid evolution81-96Evolutionary Anthropo @ out of 13 women of a control group showed estradiol (E2) maxima beyond 470 pmol/l, progesterone (P4) maxima of 19 nmol/l or more, and a luteal phase length of 9 days or more, only 10 out of 17 athletes satisfied these criteria. Six athletes showed disturbed follicular development, an?6Ramsay, D. S. Seeley, R. J. Bolles, R. C. Woods, S. C.1996.Ingestive homeostasis: The primacy of learning11-270Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of EatingCapaldi, Elizabeth D.Washington, DC"American Psychological Associationf[ ,?Richards, Audrey1932#Hunger and Work in a Savage Society London, UK `? Rodin, J.1989'Cravings and aversions during pregnancy76-77Appetite12? Rodman, P. S.2002RPlants of the apes: Is there a hominoid model for the origins of the hominid diet?77-109$Human Diet: Its Origin and EvolutionUngar, P. S. Teaford, M. F. Westport, CTBergin & Coveym?#Rowland, N. E. Li, B. H. Morien, A.1996.Brain mechanisms and the psychology of feeding173-2040Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of EatingCapaldi, Elizabeth D.Washington, DC"American Psychological ? Rozin, E.1982The structure of cuisine189-203)The Psychobiology of Human Food SelectionBarker, Lewis M. Westport, CTAVI Publishing Company, Inc. ? Rozin, P.19769Psychobiological and cultural determinants of food choice285-312Appetite and Food IntakeSilverstone, T. New York, NYVCH PublishersO*Food Preferences *Comparative Psychology *Genetics *Sociocultural Factors RatsDiscusses the problem of studying food selection; genetically determined aspects of food selection in rats and humans; how learning about food occurs; the conflict between neophobia and neophilia; the relations between familiarity, preference and early experience; the concept of humans as omnivores; and the importance of the idea of cuisine in assessing the development and maintenance of food preferences. Implications for changing food habits, for studying the cultural and behavioral significance of flavors (e.g., spices), and for understanding the paradox of widespread preferences for unpalatable foods are also considered. (90 ref) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved),Using Smart Source P ӈ? Rozin, P.1982SHuman food selection: The interaction of biology, culture and individual experience225-254)The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection Baker, L. M. Westport, CTAVI Publishing Cos Ӥ? Rozin, Paul19960Sociocultural influences on human food selection233-2630Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of EatingCapaldi, Elizabeth D. Washington, DC"American Psychological Association0*Sociocultural Factors *Food Preferences *EatingHRepresentation(from the chapter) establish the importance of sociocultural factors in the understanding of food in general and of the acquisition of preferences in particular / B. G. Galef (1976, 1985), L. L. Birch (1986, 1987), and P. Rozin (1988, 1990, 1994) have catalogued and discussed the various ways in which social factors influence eating and food choice / a major source of social influence is indirect; that is, indirect social influences set the stage for or modulate the interpretation of food encounters / indirect social factors include beliefs, culinary traditions, and occasions that are established as part of the acquisition of culture / other social influences are direct; that is, they require the mediation of another organism who is present on the occasion / both indirect and direct social influences are discussedUsing Smart Sourc_?(Rozin, Paul Ebert, Lori Schull, Jonathan1982JSome like it hot: A temporal analysis of hedonic responses to chili pepper13-22Appetite31#*Food Preferences *Taste PerceptionpA temporal hedonic rating technique was used to examine possible explanations for the acquisition of a liking for the initially negative oral "pain" sensations produced by chili pepper. 40 university students tested chili peppers at 5 concentrations and rated the pleasantness of the oral sensation over periods up to 18 min. Results suggest a system for categorizing hedonic responses to chili pepper. Some Ss disliked chili pepper at all concentrations. For other Ss, weaker or stronger burns were found to be pleasant and to enhance the accompanying flavors. A subset of the latter Ss liked the isolated burn that remains in the mouth after the other flavors have disappeared. The cross-sectional data suggest a developmental sequence for the acquisition of a liking for chili pepper. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)Using Smart Source Parsing MarZ?Rozin, Paul Kennel, Keith19835Acquired preferences for piquant foods by chimpanzees69-77Appetite425*Food Preferences *Animal Social Behavior Chimpanzees}In a 2-yr study with 5 domesticated chimpanzees, ( Pan troglodytes ), 2 developed a preference for crackers seasoned with chili pepper. They were offered a series of increasingly piquant crackers by their caretaker and gradually came to prefer these crackers to unseasoned ones. The preferences were stable over months and generalized to a different piquant cracker. Available evidence suggests that these are acquired likes rather than preferences maintained because of positive consequences that follow ingestion. All existing instances of acquired likings for innately aversive foods in animals (including some informal results from dogs) involve animals with a close personal relationship with humans, suggesting an important role for social-affective factors in the reversal of innate aversions. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)Using Smart Source Parsing Jun?Rozin, Paul Millman, Linda1987rFamily environment, not heredity, accounts for family resemblances in food preferences and attitudes: A twin study125-134Appetite82]*Food Preferences *Genetics *Monozygotic Twins *Heterozygotic Twins Adult Attitudes AdulthoodR38 monozygotic (MZ) and 34 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs (17-26 yrs old) reported on their food preferences, the variety of foods of the same general category (e.g., types of soup) in their diet, and their concern about contact of their food with disgusting or other unacceptable substances. Although there was substantial resemblance between siblings for many of these items, there was no clear evidence for a heritable component on any item. The only case for which there was an interpretable and significantly greater resemblance among MZ than among DZ Ss was preferred degree of hotness resulting from chili pepper in foods. Results confirm the prediction that in omnivorous animals, such as humans, genetic predispositions are minimal with respect to food. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1988 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)Using Smart Source Parsing Aprk[ix?Rozin, P. Rozin, E. 1981Culinary themes and variation6-14Natural qc ?Sahlins, M. D.1976Cultural and Practical Reason Chicago, ILUniversity of?%Schaal, B. Marlier, L. Soussignan, R.2000=Human foetuses learn odours from their pregnant mother's diet729-37Chemical Senses256Adult Apiaceae Behavior *Diet Facial Expression Female *Fetus/ph [Physiology] Gestational Age Human Infant, Newborn Male *Maternal-Fetal Exchange *Odors Pregnancy *Smell Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.Olfactory responsiveness was assessed in 24 neonates born to mothers who had or had not consumed anise flavour during pregnancy. Both groups of infants were followed-up for behavioural markers of attraction and aversion when exposed to anise odour and a control odour immediately after birth and on day 4. Infants born to anise-consuming mothers evinced a stable preference for anise odour over this period, whereas those born to anise non-consuming mothers displayed aversion or neutral responses. This study provides the first clear evidence that through their diet human mothers influence the hedonic polarity of their neonates' initial olfactory responses. The findings have potential implications for the early mother-to-infant transmission of chemosensory information relative to food and addictive products.English Chem Senses?Schafe, G. E. Bernstein, I. L.1996Taste aversion learning31-510Why We Eat What We Eat: The Psychology of EatingCapaldi, Elizabeth D.Washington, DC"American Psychological Association T?Simoons, Frederick J.1982NGeography and genetics as factors in the psychobiology of human food selection205-224)The Psychobiology of Human Food SelectionBarker, Lewis M. Westport, CTAVIޜG|?]Simoons, Frederick J.1994 Introduction3-12BEat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the PresentSimoons, Frederick J. Madison, WIUniversity of Wisconsin Press2nd Food habits. Meat. Fish as food.Z94005915 Frederick J. Simoons. Includes bibliographical references (p.? Somer, E.2001OThe Origin Diet: How Eating Like a Stone Age Ancestor Will Maximize Your Health New York, NYHenry Holt ?%Speth, John D. Spielman, Katherine A.1983MEnergy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies1-31&Journal of Anthropological Archaeology21ވ?Speth, John D.1991dProtein selection and avoidance strategies of contemporary and ancestral foragers: Unresolved issues265-9; discussion 269-70YPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, B ?X Stiner, M. C.2001?Carnivory, $?Stiner, M. C. Munro, N. D.2002^Approaches to prehistoric diet breadth, demography, and prey ranking systems in time and space181-214+Journal of Archaeological Method and Ti?FStiner, M. C. Munro, N. D. Survovell, T. A. Tchernov, E. Bar-Yosef, O.1999KPaleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation190-194Si? Stinson, Sara1992Nutritional adaptation143-70Annual Review of Anthropology21i?Tordoff, M. G.1989.Calorie-based conditioning of food preferences74Appetite12op?Ulijaszek, S. J.2002<Human eating behaviour in an evolutionary ecological context517-526$Proceedings of the Nutrition Shl?_United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Department of Agriculture,2005%Dietary Guidelines for Americans 20052006. Auvgl?Wharton, C. H.2001+Metabolic Man: Ten Thousand Years from Eden Orlando, FLWin l?Williams, G. C. Nesse, R. M.1991The dawn of Darwinian medicine1-22Quarterly Review of Biology661Adaptation, Physiological/ge [Genetics] Animal Environment Genetics, Medical Human Models, Genetic *Selection (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't\ While evolution by natural selection has long been a foundation for biomedical science, it has recently gained new power to explain many aspects of disease. This progress results largely from the disciplined application of what has been called the adaptations program. We show that this increasingly significant research paradigm can predict otherwise unsuspected facets of human biology, and that it provides new insights into the causes of medical disorders, such as those discussed below: 1. Infection. Signs and symptoms of the host-parasite contest can be categorized according to whether they represent adaptations or costs for host or parasite. Some host adaptations may have contributed to fitness in the Stone Age but are obsolete today. Others, such as fever and iron sequestration, have been incorrectly considered harmful. Pathogens, with their large populations and many generations in a single host, can evolve very rapidly. Acquisition of resistance to antibiotics is one example. Another is the recently demonstrated tendency to change virulence levels in predictable ways in response to changed conditions imposed incidentally by human activities. 2. Injuries and toxins. Mechanical injuries or stressful wear and tear are conceptually simpler than infectious diseases because they are not contests between conflicting interests. Plant-herbivore contests may often underlie chemical injury from the defensive secondary compounds of plant tissues. Nausea in pregnancy, and allergy, may be adaptations against such toxins. 3. Genetic factors. Common genetic diseases often result from genes maintained by other beneficial effects in historically normal environments. The diseases of aging are especially likely to be associated with early benefits. 4. Abnormal environments. Human biology is designed for Stone Age conditions. Modern environments may cause many diseases-for example, deficiency syndromes such as scurvy and rickets, the effects of excess consumption of normally scarce nutrients such as fat and salt, developmental diseases such as myopia, and psychological reactions to novel environments. The substantial benefits of evolutionary studies of disease will be realized only if they become central to medical curricula, an advance that may at first require the establishment of one or more research centers dedicated to the further development of Darwinian medicine.English ? Wright, P. 19876Hunger, satiety, and feeding behavior in early infancy75-1065Eating Habits: Food, Physiology and Learned Behaviour9Boakes, Robert A. Popplewell, David A. Burton, Michael J.Chichester, UKJoh>?Wysocki, C. J. Pelchat, M. L.1993TThe effects of aging on the human sense of smell and its relationship to food choice63-82.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition331s*Aging/ph [Physiology] Female *Food Preferences Human Male Odors *Smell/ph [Physiology] Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Olfaction plays a significant role in the perception of foods. For the most part, taste is limited to sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. The sensory experiences during consumption of complex foods and drinks cannot be constructed from these units. Indeed, much of the taste of a meal derives from olfactory stimulation. Hence, factors that influence olfactory perception should affect treatment of food-related odors. This article initially reviews previously published observations on the effects of age on olfaction and food preferences and then presents the results of original analyses of data derived from a substantial database formed as a result of the National Geographic Smell Survey. Included in the Survey form were topics relevant to the present article. They include the following question: Would you eat something that smelled like this? Two of the odors in the Survey were food related and two were fragrance related. Hence, in addition, we assessed responses to the following question: Would you apply something that smelled like this to your body? Answers were affected in part by the age and gender of the respondent and by the perceived pleasantness and intensity of the odor.EnglishCrit Rev Food Sci NutrA?Yackinous, C. Guinard, J. X.2001LRelation between PROP taster status and fat perception, touch, and olfaction427-37Physiology & Behavior723Adolescence Adult *Dietary Fats Female Human Male Satiety Response/de [Drug Effects] *Smell/ph [Physiology] Sodium, Dietary/pd [Pharmacology] *Taste/ph [Physiology] Taste Buds/ah [Anatomy & Histology] Taste Buds/ph [Physiology] *Touch/ph [Physiology]We tested the hypothesis that fat perception (sensitivity to and preferences for fat) may be linked to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) taster status as a result of differences in trigeminal innervation of the oral cavity. In addition, we examined the relationship between taster status and sensitivity to other taste attributes, as well as tactile and olfactory sensitivities. Subjects (40 nontasters, 67 medium tasters, and 40 supertasters of PROP) rated samples (potato chips, chocolate drink, mashed potatoes, and vanilla pudding) varying in fat and flavor concentrations for the intensity of fattiness, saltiness, and sweetness, first without and then with nose clips, and for liking. Tactile sensitivity of the tongue was assessed according to responses to stimulation with Von Frey filaments (2.36, 2.44). Olfactory thresholds were determined for two odors (diacetyl and phenylethyl methyl ethyl carbinol). In general, taster status was not related to the perceptions of fat, saltiness, and sweetness. Subjects were able to accurately assess the fat content of the samples. Increasing the flavor levels in the potato chips and mashed potatoes enhanced the perception of fattiness for these systems. Supertasters were more sensitive to stimulation on the median of the tongue with the no. 2.36 Von Frey filament, and the olfactory thresholds for diacetyl were lower for PROP tasters and supertasters than for nontasters.English?Yamaguchi, S. Ninomiya, K.2000Umami and food palatability921S-6SJournal of Nutrition130Suppl 4EDrug Synergism *Food Food Additives/hi [History] *Food Additives/pd [Pharmacology] Glutamic Acid/hi [History] *Glutamic Acid/pd [Pharmacology] History of Medicine, 19th Cent. History of Medicine, 20th Cent. Human Japan Sodium Chloride/pd [Pharmacology] *Taste/de [Drug Effects] Tongue/de [Drug Effects] Tongue/ph [Physiology]'Umami is the term that identifies the taste of substances such as L-glutamate salts, which were discovered by Ikeda in 1908. Umami is an important taste element in natural foods; it is the main taste in the Japanese stock "dashi," and in bouillon and other stocks in the West. The umami taste has characteristic qualities that differentiate it from other tastes, including a taste-enhancing synergism between two umami compounds, L-glutamate and 5'-ribonucleotides, and a prolonged aftertaste. The key qualitative and quantitative features of umami are reviewed in this paper. The continued study of the umami taste will help to further our general understanding of the taste process and improve our knowledge of how the taste properties of foods contribute to appropriate food selection and good nutrition.EnglishJ Nutri~? Omran, A. R.1971OThe epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change509-38Milbank Mem Fund Q4941Adolescent Adult Aged Birth Rate Child Child Development Child, Preschool Cross-Cultural Comparison Demography Disease Emotions *Epidemiology Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Life Expectancy Male Middle Aged Models, Theoretical Mortality *Population Population Growth Probability Socioeconomic FactorsOctdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5155251!0026-3745 (Print) Journal Article5155251?[Mackay, Judith Mensah, George A. Mendis, Shanthi Greenlund, Kurt World Health Organization,2004%The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke112 p.Geneva, SwitzerlandWorld Health OrganizationDHeart Diseases Atlases. Cerebrovascular disease Atlases. Cardiology Atlases. Heart Diseases epidemiology Atlases. Cerebrovascular Accident Atlases. Cerebrovascular Accident epidemiology Atlases. Risk Factors. World Health. Health Promotion. C¶ur Maladies Atlas. Accidents vasculaires câerâebraux Atlas. Cardiologie Atlas.@http://www.who.int/cardiovascular%5Fdiseases/resources/atlas/en/gJudith McKay and George A. Mensah with Shanthi Mendis and Kurt Greenlund. col. ill., col. maps ; 25 cm.RC6k!?* Wikipedia,2006bKentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFC?West-Eberhard, Mary Jane2003&Developmental Plasticity and Evolution xx, 794 p. New York, NYOxford University PressJAdaptation (Biology) Phenotype. Evolution (Biology) Developmental biology.shttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy037/2001055164.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0611/2001055164-d.html&Mary Jane West-Eberhard. ill. ; 26 cm.0195122348 0195122356 (pbk.)QH546 .W45 2003 578.4~?)Colin Bell, A. Adair, L. S. Popkin, B. M.2002NEthnic differences in the association between body mass index and hypertension346-53Am J Epidemiol1554GAdult Aged *Body Mass Index China/ethnology Cross-Sectional Studies *Ethnic Groups Female Humans Hypertension/*ethnology/*etiology Male Middle Aged Obesity/*ethnology/etiology Philippines/ethnology Prevalence Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Risk Factors Sex Factors United States/ethnologyFeb 15Interest in ethnicity-specific definitions of obesity has been hindered by a lack of data clarifying whether or not obesity-related comorbid conditions occur at different levels of body mass index (BMI) (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) in different ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to examine ethnic differences in the strength of the association between BMI and hypertension. Cross-sectional data obtained from adults aged 30-65 years in China (1997, n = 3,423), the Philippines (1998, n = 1,929), and the United States (1988-1994, n = 7,957) were used. Higher BMI was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension in all ethnic groups. However, at BMI levels less than 25, prevalence difference figures suggested a stronger association between BMI and hypertension in Chinese men and women but not in Filipino women, compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Non-Hispanic Blacks and Filipino women had a higher prevalence of hypertension at every level of BMI compared with non-Hispanic Whites and Mexican Americans. These ethnic differences in the strength of association between BMI and hypertension and in underlying prevalence warrant further investigation into the use of ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs in clinical settings to more accurately identify individuals at risk from obesity.3http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/155/4/346!0002-9262 (Print) Journal Article11836199Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997, USA. ,Xople should engage in res ~? Kuzawa, C. W.2005qFetal origins of developmental plasticity: Are fetal cues reliable predictors of future nutritional environments?5-21 Am J Hum Biol171Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics Animals Birth Weight/physiology Energy Metabolism/genetics/physiology Environment Female Fetal Development/*physiology Humans Maternal-Fetal Exchange/physiology Neuronal Plasticity/genetics/*physiology Nutrition Disorders/*etiology/genetics Phenotype Phylogeny Pregnancy *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Prenatal Nutrition/*physiology Research Selection (Genetics)Jan-FebhEvidence that fetal nutrition triggers permanent adjustments in a wide range of systems and health outcomes is stimulating interest in the evolutionary significance of these responses. This review evaluates the postnatal adaptive significance of fetal developmental plasticity from the perspective of life history theory and evolutionary models of energy partitioning. Birthweight is positively related to multiple metabolically costly postnatal functions, suggesting that the fetus has the capacity to distribute the burden of energy insufficiency when faced with a nutritionally challenging environment. Lowering total requirements may reduce the risk of negative energy balance, which disproportionately impacts functions that are not essential for survival but that are crucial for reproductive success. The long-term benefit of these metabolic adjustments is contingent upon the fetus having access to a cue that is predictive of its future nutritional environment, a problem complicated in a long-lived species by short-term ecologic fluctuations like seasonality. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the flow of nutrients reaching the fetus provides an integrated signal of nutrition as experienced by recent matrilineal ancestors, which effectively limits the responsiveness to short-term ecologic fluctuations during any given pregnancy. This capacity for fetal nutrition to minimize the growth response to transient ecologic fluctuations is defined here as intergenerational "phenotypic inertia," and is hypothesized to allow the fetus to cut through the "noise" of seasonal or other stochastic influences to read the "signal" of longer-term ecologic trends. As a mode of adaptation, phenotypic inertia may help the organism cope with ecologic trends too gradual to be tracked by conventional developmental plasticity, but too rapid to be tracked by natural selection. From an applied perspective, if a trait like fetal growth is designed to minimize the effects of short-term fluctuations by integrating information across generations, public health interventions may be most effective if focused not on the individual but on the matriline.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15611967(1042-0533 (Print) Journal Article Review15611967kDepartment of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. kuzawa@northwestern.edu ~?AKuzawa, C. W. Adair, L. S. Avila, J. L. Cadungog, J. H. Le, N. A.2003fAtherogenic lipid profiles in Filipino adolescents with low body mass index and low dietary fat intake688-96 Am J Hum Biol155<Adolescent Adolescent Nutrition/*physiology *Body Mass Index Cholesterol/*blood Cohort Studies Comparative Study *Diet, Atherogenic Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage Female Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Philippines Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Triglycerides/*bloodSep-OctThis study reports mean lipid levels and their association with body composition, diet, and activity level in 300 male and 308 female adolescents (14-16 years) living in Cebu City, the Philippines. Participants were selected from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS), a 1-year birth cohort study begun in 1982-83. Lipid profiles suggest high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in this sample, despite low intake of dietary fat (22% for both sexes) and an absence of obesity (0.3% of sample). Mean lipid levels for males and females were, respectively, 153.2 mg/dl and 182.5 mg/dl for total cholesterol (TC), 91.9 mg/dl and 104.6 mg/dl for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 38.3 mg/dl and 41.3 mg/dl for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, geometric mean), and 73.9 mg/dl and 79.6 mg/dl for triglycerides (TG, geometric mean). The atherogenic ratio of TC/HDL-C was high at 4.16 and 4.55 for males and females. Adjusting for maturational changes, the body mass index (BMI) and skinfold measures were positively associated with most lipids in males. Among females, BMI and skinfolds related positively to LDL-C and TG, and inversely to HDL-C. Although males had a higher waist hip ratio (WHR), WHR only predicted lipid profiles in females. Activity level had a beneficial association with lipid profiles in both sexes, while dietary fat intake was positively associated with LDL-C in males and with HDL-C in females. In sum, diet, adiposity, and physical activity predict variability in lipid profiles in this adolescent Filipino population. However, the low fat intake and near-absence of obesity raise questions about the causes of the high apparent risk for future CVD in this young population.Fhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/104556733/PDFSTART!1042-0533 (Print) Journal Article12953181kDepartment of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA. kuzawa@northwestern.edu L~?Kuzawa, C. W. Adair, L. S.2003lLipid profiles in adolescent Filipinos: Relation to birth weight and maternal energy status during pregnancy960-6Am J Clin Nutr774<Adipose Tissue Adolescent Arm/anatomy & histology *Birth Weight Body Composition Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology Cholesterol/blood Cohort Studies Dietary Fats/administration & dosage *Energy Intake Female Humans Infant, Low Birth Weight Infant, Newborn Lipids/*blood Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol/blood Longitudinal Studies Male *Nutritional Status Philippines/epidemiology Pregnancy *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Sex Characteristics Skinfold ThicknessAprBACKGROUND: The finding that persons with low birth weight have a higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk than do persons with higher birth weight remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that maternal arm fat area (MAFA) in the third trimester of pregnancy and birth weight of offspring are inversely related to the offspring's risk of CVD. DESIGN: In a 1-y birth cohort study (1983-1984), 296 male and 307 female offspring were followed up (1998-1999) to measure their lipid profiles. Participants came from randomly selected communities of Cebu, Philippines. RESULTS: MAFA (log cm2) was positively associated (beta) with HDL cholesterol (0.12 log mg/dL; P < 0.01) and inversely associated with total cholesterol (-10.0 mg/dL; P < 0.10), LDL cholesterol (-13.1 mg/dL; P < 0.01), and the ratios of total to HDL cholesterol and LDL to HDL cholesterol (both P < 0.001) in males. These relations were independent of birth weight, present adiposity, energy and fat intakes, maturity, and income. Birth weight < or = 2.6 kg was associated with elevated LDL cholesterol (9.9 mg/dL; P < 0.01) and an elevated ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol (0.22; P < 0.10) only in males. In females, MAFA related positively to total (15.5 mg/dL; P < 0.05) and LDL (11.9 mg/dL; P < 0.05) cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: In this Filipino population, mothers with low energy status during pregnancy gave birth to male offspring who had a high CVD risk in adolescence, as indicated by lipid profiles. The findings in females are less consistent with the fetal origins hypothesis and suggest sex differences in the relation between fetal nutrition and postnatal lipid metabolism.-http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/4/960!0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article12663298\Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. kuzawa@northwestern.edu ll.ox.ac.ukH~?4McDade, T. W. Beck, M. A. Kuzawa, C. W. Adair, L. S.2001[Prenatal undernutrition and postnatal growth are associated with adolescent thymic function1225-31J Nutr1314MAdolescent Breast Feeding *Child Development Female Fetal Diseases/*metabolism Humans Infant, Newborn Infant, Small for Gestational Age Longitudinal Studies Male Nutrition Disorders/*metabolism Prospective Studies Reference Values Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Thymopoietins/*biosynthesis Thymus Gland/*metabolism Time FactorsApr\The fetal and early infant origins of a number of adult cardiovascular and metabolic diseases have received considerable attention, but the long-term consequences of early environments for human immune function have not been reported. We investigated the effects of pre- and postnatal environments on thymic hormone production in adolescents participating in an ongoing longitudinal study in the Philippines. Prospective data collected at birth, during y 1 of life, in childhood and in adolescence were used to predict plasma thymopoietin concentration in 14- to 15-y-old adolescents (n = 103). Thymopoietin concentration was compared for small-for-gestational-age and appropriate-for-gestational-age individuals while controlling for a range of postnatal exposures. Prenatal undernutrition was significantly associated with reduced thymopoietin production in interaction with the duration of exclusive breast-feeding (P = 0.006). Growth in length during y 1 of life was positively associated with adolescent thymopoietin production (P = 0.002). These associations remained significant after adjusting for a range of potentially confounding variables. These findings provide support for the importance of fetal and early infant programming of thymic function, and suggest that early environments may have long-term implications for immunocompetence and adult disease risk..http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/131/4/1225!0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article11285331lDepartment of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-1310, USA. t-mcdale@northwestern.edu  nt. Failure of placental angi z~? Yajnik, C. S.2004_Early life origins of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in India and other Asian countries205-10J Nutr1341LAdipose Tissue Asia/epidemiology Birth Weight Body Composition Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*epidemiology/*etiology Female Fetal Growth Retardation Growth Humans India/epidemiology Infant, Newborn *Insulin Resistance Nutrition Obesity/epidemiology/etiology Pregnancy *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Rural Population Urban PopulationJanThere is a rapidly increasing epidemic of type 2 diabetes in India and other Asian countries. The thrifty genotype and the thrifty phenotype are two nonexclusive explanations. People in the Indian subcontinent have faced undernutrition for many generations, and Indian babies are among the smallest in the world. However, the diabetes epidemic is of recent origin, and diabetes is more common among urban than rural Indians despite the higher birth weight of urban babies. This suggests that postnatal factors must also contribute. Thus, a life-course model of evolution of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, incorporating fetal, postnatal and adult components, seems most appropriate. For a given BMI, Indians have a higher percentage of body fat and more visceral fat than members of other populations. This thin-fat phenotype is present at birth. Neonatal size and body composition are influenced by parental size, maternal food intake, physical activity and circulating concentrations of nutrients and metabolites (folate, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol etc.). Maternal insulin resistance promotes transfer of nutrients to the fetus. Accelerated childhood growth is another risk factor for adiposity and insulin resistance, especially in children born small. Childhood growth seems to be more influenced by paternal genetic factors, whereas intrauterine growth is more influenced by maternal factors (intrauterine environment). Urban lifestyles, including poor diet and sedentary habits, promote further obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These factors may be amenable to correction. Prevention of type 2 diabetes must begin in utero and continue throughout the life course.-http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/134/1/205(0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Review14704320sDiabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Center, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011, India. diabetes@vsnl.com !H5ZNeural circuit changes mediat ~?-Deurenberg-Yap, M. Chew, S. K. Deurenberg, P.2002Elevated body fat percentage and cardiovascular risks at low body mass index levels among Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians209-15Obes Rev33Adipose Tissue Adult Anthropometry Asian Continental Ancestry Group Blood Glucose Blood Pressure *Body Composition *Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/*etiology/genetics Cholesterol/blood Cross-Sectional Studies European Continental Ancestry Group Female Health Surveys Humans Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood Male Obesity/classification/*complications/genetics Risk Factors Singapore/epidemiology Triglycerides/bloodAug_The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%) in Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians, and to determine the risk for selected comorbidities at various BMI categories and abdominal fat distributions, as assessed by waist circumference (WC). The study was a cross-sectional (population) design. In total, 4723 subjects participated in the National Health Survey of 1998 in which the risks were investigated. A selected subsample of 291 subjects participated in a detailed body composition study, where weight, height and WC were measured, as were blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, serum triglycerides and fasting glucose. In the subsample, BF% was determined by means of a chemical four-compartment model. At any given BF% the BMI of Singaporeans was about 3 kg m(-2) lower than that of Caucasians. There were slight differences in the BF%/BMI relationship between the three ethnic groups. For all the ethnic groups, it was found that at low categories of BMI (between 22 and 24 kg m(-2)) and WC (between 75 and 80cm for women and between 80 and 85 cm for men), the absolute risks for having at least one of the aforementioned risk factors were high, ranging from 41 to 81%. At these same categories the relative risks were significantly higher compared to the reference category, odds ratios ranging from 1.97-4.38. These categories of BMI and WC were all far below the cut-off values of BMI and WC as currently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The data from the current study, which includes evidence that not only risk factors, but also BF% are elevated at low BMI values, presents a strong case for lowering the BMI cut-off value for overweight and obesity among Singaporeans, from 25 kg m(-2) and 30 kg m(-2) to 23 kg m(-2) and 27 kg m(-2), respectively.(1467-7881 (Print) Journal Article Review12164474\Research and Information Management, Health Promotion Board, Singapore. Mabel_YAP@hpb.gov.sg M@ all of which enable long-term participation in regular physical activity and~?-Benyshek, D. C. Martin, J. F. Johnston, C. S.2001A reconsideration of the origins of the type 2 diabetes epidemic among Native Americans and the implications for intervention policy25-64 Med Anthropol201Adult Alaska/epidemiology Arizona/epidemiology Canada/epidemiology Child Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*ethnology/prevention & control Diabetes, Gestational/ethnology Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data Female Genotype Humans Indians, North American/genetics/*statistics & numerical data Male Phenotype Pregnancy Prenatal Care/standards Prevalence *Public Health Practice Starvation/ethnologyGType 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in many Native American communities in North America. The overwhelming majority of physicians, biomedical researchers, and medical ecologists continue to explain the astoundingly high prevalence rates of diabetes among Native Americans and other high prevalence populations in terms of yet-to-be-identified genetic factors. Recent experimental and epidemiological research, however, has brought to light an etiological alternative to the genetic-predisposition model. This body of research suggests that type 2 diabetes may result initially from fetal malnutrition and, in subsequent generations, be propagated via perturbations in the intrauterine environment. Native American populations at greatest risk for diabetes today are the ones most likely to have endured severe nutritional stress in their recent histories, thus experiencing the conditions that are most conducive to the diabetic developmental sequence. If further substantiated, the implications of the fetal-origin model of diabetes for diabetes intervention programs are profound.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11820766(0145-9740 (Print) Journal Article Review11820766`Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 89154-5012, USA.`~?HSawaya, A. L. Grillo, L. P. Verreschi, I. da Silva, A. C. Roberts, S. B.1998Mild stunting is associated with higher susceptibility to the effects of high fat diets: Studies in a shantytown population in Sao Paulo, Brazil S415-S420J Nutr128Suppl 2Brazil Child *Child Nutrition Cohort Studies Comparative Study Dietary Fats/*adverse effects Energy Metabolism/*physiology Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Nutrition Disorders/*complications Obesity/*etiology/physiopathology Prospective StudiesFebPrevious studies by our group and others have suggested that nutritional stunting may increase the risk of obesity. To investigate mechanisms that could explain a link between stunting and obesity, a 22-mo follow-up study was conducted in two groups of shantytowns school girls (7-11 y old) in Sao Paulo, Brazil. One group (n = 15) had mild stunting (defined using a cutoff of -1.4 Z-scores of height-for-age) but normal weight-for-height; the control group (n = 15) had normal weight and height. Similar energy intake, dietary macronutrient composition and energy expenditure were observed in the two groups. Both groups showed comparable levels of IGF-1 that were below the normal range. A significant and positive association between baseline IGF-1 and the change in height-for-age during follow-up was found in all subjects combined (P = 0.044). A significant association was found between the baseline percentage of dietary energy supplied by fat and the gain in weight-for-height during follow-up in girls with mild stunting (P = 0.048), but not in the nonstunted control girls (P = 0.245); however, the slopes of these relationships were not significantly different. This study raises the question of whether a diet high in fat may increase the susceptibility to excess body fat gain in children who are mildly stunted. Further studies are need to explore this issue and to examine the possible etiological role of low levels of IGF-1..http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/128/2/415S!0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article9478039HDepto. de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo Capital, Brazil.(ind reemerging diseas ~?6Lear, S. A. Toma, M. Birmingham, C. L. Frohlich, J. J.2003lModification of the relationship between simple anthropometric indices and risk factors by ethnic background1295-301 Metabolism5210Adult Asia/ethnology Asian Continental Ancestry Group Blood Glucose/metabolism Blood Pressure *Body Constitution *Body Mass Index C-Reactive Protein/metabolism Canada/epidemiology Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data Europe/ethnology European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data Female Humans Insulin/blood Linear Models Lipids/blood Male Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology Middle Aged Predictive Value of Tests Risk Factors Sex FactorsOct;Current targets for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) may not be appropriate for those of South Asian origin. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the relationship between BMI and WC with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the same for men and women of South Asian and European descent. Apparently healthy men and women of European (n = 88) and South Asian (n = 93) descent were recruited from 3 hospital communities and assessed for BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP), lipids, insulin, glucose, and CRP. The study cohort was stratified by sex, and regression analyses were performed with individual risk factors as outcomes and ethnicity with either BMI or WC as predictors adjusting for age and height (WC only). BMI and WC were similar between the European and South Asian men and women. South Asian men had significantly higher values for total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and CRP, and significantly lower values of HDL-C. South Asian women had significantly higher values for TG, TC:HDL-C and CRP and significantly lower values of HDL-C, glucose, systolic BP and diastolic BP. In men, ethnicity was an independent predictor for all risk factors except for glucose and insulin, after adjusting for either BMI or WC independent of age and height. For women, ethnicity was an independent predictor for all risk factors except for total cholesterol (WC model only) and insulin (BMI model only), after adjusting for either BMI or WC independent of age and height. The relationship between BMI or WC and risk factors is such that men and women of South Asian descent present with a more adverse risk profile than those of European descent at the same BMI and/or WC.!0026-0495 (Print) Journal Article14564681pHealthy Heart program and Eating Disorders Program, St. Paul's Hospital, 180-1081 Burrard ST, Vancouver, Canada. MROFESSIONALS; CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY; VIGOROUS EXERCISEMayPhysical inactiv ~?;Gault, A. O'Dea, K. Rowley, K. G. McLeay, T. Traianedes, K.1996Abnormal glucose tolerance and other coronary heart disease risk factors in an isolated aboriginal community in central Australia1269-73 Diabetes Care1911{Adolescent Adult Anthropometry Australia/epidemiology Blood Glucose/metabolism Blood Pressure Body Mass Index Coronary Disease/*epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies Female Glucose Intolerance/*epidemiology Glucose Tolerance Test Humans Insulin/blood Lipids/blood Male Obesity/epidemiology *Oceanic Ancestry Group Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors Smoking/epidemiologyNov`OBJECTIVE: To determine the age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and coronary heart disease risk factors in a remote central Australian Aboriginal community maintaining some degree of traditional lifestyle, living in homeland communities on their ancestral land. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 437 subjects > or = 15 years of age (189 men, 248 women), representing 80% of the adult population residing in the community at the time of the survey, was performed and the following parameters measured: BMI, glucose tolerance, circulating insulin and lipids, and blood pressure. RESULTS: The mean BMI for this population was 22.9 +/- 4.8 kg/m2. The prevalence of diabetes in the age group of 15-34 years (103 men and 140 women) was 2 and 6% for men and women, respectively. In the 35-years-and-older age group (86 men and 108 women), diabetes prevalence was 19 and 13% for men and women, respectively. Over half the diabetic subjects did not exhibit fasting hyperglycemia. IGT occurred in 8 and 15% of younger men and women, respectively, and in 17 and 32% of older men and women, respectively. Smoking was common among men (53% current smokers) but rare among women (2% current smokers). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and overweight rose with increasing degrees of glucose intolerance. The two communities adjacent to the only store in the area had a higher prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance than did the more remote homeland communities (odds ratio for abnormal glucose tolerance: 2.92; 95% CI 1.51-5.63). CONCLUSIONS: Despite their relative leanness, this Aboriginal population exhibited relatively high prevalences of IGT and diabetes without fasting hyperglycemia. The data suggest a protective effect of a decentralized mode of living, as opposed to a more urbanized lifestyle, on the occurrence of glucose intolerance. Abnormal lipid profiles (particularly high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol) and the high prevalence of smoking in men indicated a high-risk profile for coronary heart disease in this population.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8908393!0149-5992 (Print) Journal Article8908393UDeakin Institute of Human Nutrition, Deakin University, Malvern, Victoria, Australia.n?qMolero-Conejo, E. Morales, L.M. Fernandez, V. Raleigh, X. Gomez, M. E. Semprun-Fereira, M. Campos, G. Ryder, E.2003;Lean adolescents with increased risk f? Forsdahl, A.1977tAre poor living conditions in childhood and adolescence an important risk factor for arteriosclerotic heart disease?91-95Br J Prevent Soc?@Barker, D. J. P. Osmond, C. Golding, J. Kuh, D. Wadsworth, M. E.1989fGrowth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease564-7BMJ29866732Adult Aging *Birth Weight *Blood Pressure Body Height Cardiovascular Diseases/ep [Epidemiology] *Cardiovascular Diseases/mo [Mortality] Cardiovascular Diseases/pp [Physiopathology] Child Female Fetal Development Gestational Age Great Britain Human Infant, Newborn Male Mothers Pulse Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tIn national samples of 9921 10 year olds and 3259 adults in Britain systolic blood pressure was inversely related to birth weight. The association was independent of gestational age and may therefore be attributed to reduced fetal growth. This suggests that the intrauterine environment influences blood pressure during adult life. It is further evidence that the geographical differences in average blood pressure and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Britain partly reflect past differences in the intrauterine environment. Within England and Wales 10 year olds living in areas with high cardiovascular mortality were shorter and had higher resting pulse rates than those living in other areas. Their mothers were also shorter and had higher diastolic blood pressures. This suggests that there are persisting geographical differences in the childhood environment that predispose to differences in cardiovascular mortality.~? Bateson, P.2001&Fetal experience and good adult design928-34Int J Epidemiol305VAnimals Environment *Human Development Humans Nutritional Status *Selection (Genetics)Oct2http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/30/5/928(0300-5771 (Print) Journal Article Review11689495KSub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.$S 5x!~?Bateson, P. Barker, D. Clutton-Brock, T. Deb, D. D'Udine, B. Foley, R. A. Gluckman, P. Godfrey, K. Kirkwood, T. Lahr, M. M. McNamara, J. Metcalfe, N. B. Monaghan, P. Spencer, H. G. Sultan, S. E.2004)Developmental plasticity and human health419-21Nature4306998Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology Animals Body Constitution Cues Disease Susceptibility Embryonic and Fetal Development/*physiology Energy Metabolism Female *Health Humans Infant, Newborn Male Nutrition/*physiology Pregnancy Public HealthJul 22Many plants and animals are capable of developing in a variety of ways, forming characteristics that are well adapted to the environments in which they are likely to live. In adverse circumstances, for example, small size and slow metabolism can facilitate survival, whereas larger size and more rapid metabolism have advantages for reproductive success when resources are more abundant. Often these characteristics are induced in early life or are even set by cues to which their parents or grandparents were exposed. Individuals developmentally adapted to one environment may, however, be at risk when exposed to another when they are older. The biological evidence may be relevant to the understanding of human development and susceptibility to disease. As the nutritional state of many human mothers has improved around the world, the characteristics of their offspring--such as body size and metabolism--have also changed. Responsiveness to their mothers' condition before birth may generally prepare individuals so that they are best suited to the environment forecast by cues available in early life. Paradoxically, however, rapid improvements in nutrition and other environmental conditions may have damaging effects on the health of those people whose parents and grandparents lived in impoverished conditions. A fuller understanding of patterns of human plasticity in response to early nutrition and other environmental factors will have implications for the administration of public health.Chttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n6998/pdf/nature02725.pdf&1476-4687 (Electronic) Journal Article15269759zSub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, High Street, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, UK. ppgb@cam.ac.uk  University Press A University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.U? Lucas, A.1991%Programming by early nutrition in man38-50; discussion 50-5Ciba Foundation Symposium156sAnimal Human Hypersensitivity/et [Etiology] Infant *Infant Nutrition Infant, Newborn Infant, Premature Time Factors?Whether early diet influences long-term health or achievement is a key question in nutrition. Such long-term consequences would invoke the concept of 'programming'--a more general process whereby a stimulus or insult at a critical period of development has lasting or lifelong significance. Data from small mammals and primates show that early nutrition may have potentially important long-term effects, for example on blood lipids, plasma insulin, obesity, atherosclerosis, behaviour and learning. Corresponding studies in man have been largely retrospective and difficult to interpret. The preterm infant is however an important model for human research because formal random assignment to early diet is practical. A large prospective randomized multicentre study has been undertaken on 926 preterm infants to test the hypothesis that early diet influences long-term outcome. Diets included human milk, standard formula and nutrient-enriched preterm formula. The diet consumed for on average the first month post partum had a major impact on subsequent developmental attainment, growth and allergic status in early childhood. That such a brief period of dietary manipulation has lasting significance implies that the neonatal period is critical for nutrition after preterm birth. These data may have broader implications for human nutrition.EnglishCiba Found Symps4?0Kermack, W. O. McKendrick, A. G. McKinlay P. L. 2001YDeath rates in Great Britain and Sweden: Some general regularities and their significance678~?Adair, L. S. Cole, T. J.2003RRapid child growth raises blood pressure in adolescent boys who were thin at birth451-6 Hypertension413Adolescent *Birth Weight *Blood Pressure Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology Child Female *Growth Humans Kinetics Longitudinal Studies Male Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Risk Factors ThinnessMar#Catch-up growth in previously growth-restricted children is a suggested risk factor for chronic disease risk. We use data from 2026 Filipino adolescents to identify periods of growth that matter more for risk of high blood pressure (BP). Subjects were drawn from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, which enrolled pregnant women and followed up their offspring through age 14 to 16 years. High BP was defined as the top 10% of residuals from gender-specific regressions of systolic and diastolic BP on age and height. After controlling for birth length, current body mass index, age, and height, the odds of high BP in males were significantly decreased with each kilogram increase in birth weight. The highest odds of elevated BP occurred among males who were relatively thin at birth but relatively heavy as adolescents. Larger weight increments from birth to 2 years decreased the odds of high BP in boys, whereas larger increments from 8 to 11 and 11 to 16 years increased the odds of high BP. Thinness at birth significantly interacted with growth rate after age 8, such that a high rate of weight gain increased risk only among boys who were in the lower two thirds of the body mass index distribution at birth. Results in girls indicated small or no effects of early growth. The synergistic effect on adolescent BP of rapid weight gain from late childhood into adolescence with thinness at birth is further evidence of fetal programming of BP in males and suggests long-term health risks associated with rapid growth, even in the absence of obesity.6http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/41/3/4511524-4563 Journal Article12623942Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, 123 W Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997, USA. linda_adair@unc.edu  a.med.Miami.edu~?Seckl, J. R. Meaney, M. J.2004Glucocorticoid programming63-84Ann N Y Acad Sci103211-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2/metabolism Behavior/physiology Birth Weight/physiology Cardiovascular Physiology Central Nervous System/embryology/physiology Female Fetal Development/physiology Glucocorticoids/*physiology Humans Infant, Newborn Infant, Premature Metabolism/physiology Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Stress/physiopathologyDecEpidemiological evidence suggests that an adverse fetal environment permanently programs physiology, leading to increased risks of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuroendocrine disorders in adulthood. Prenatal glucocorticoid excess or stress might link fetal maturation and adult pathophysiology. In a variety of animal models, prenatal glucocorticoid exposure or inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2), the fetoplacental "barrier" to maternal glucocorticoids, reduces birth weight and causes permanent hypertension, hyperglycemia, and increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity and behavior resembling anxiety. In humans, 11beta-HSD2 gene mutations cause low birth weight and reduced placental 11beta-HSD2 activity associated with intrauterine growth retardation. Low birth weight babies have higher plasma cortisol levels throughout adult life, indicating HPA programming. The molecular mechanisms may reflect permanent changes in the expression of specific transcription factors; key is the glucocorticoid receptor itself. Differential programming of the glucocorticoid receptor in different tissues reflects effects upon one or more of the multiple tissue-specific alternate first exons/promoters of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Overall, the data suggest that either pharmacological or physiological exposure to excess glucocorticoids prenatally programs pathologies in adult life.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15677396 0077-8923 Journal Article Review15677396Endocrinology Unit, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK. J.Seckl@ed.ac.ukZ~?tWeaver, I. C. Cervoni, N. Champagne, F. A. D'Alessio, A. C. Sharma, S. Seckl, J. R. Dymov, S. Szyf, M. Meaney, M. J.2004+Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior847-54 Nat Neurosci78Acetylation/drug effects Animals Base Sequence Blotting, Western DNA Methylation/drug effects Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage Epigenesis, Genetic/*physiology Female *Gene Expression Regulation Grooming/physiology Hippocampus/physiology Histone Deacetylases/drug effects Histones/metabolism Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology Injections, Intraventricular Maternal Behavior/*physiology Molecular Sequence Data Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology Polymerase Chain Reaction Promoter Regions (Genetics)/physiology Rats Receptors, Glucocorticoid/*genetics Repressor Proteins/metabolism Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Stress, PsychologicalAug0Here we report that increased pup licking and grooming (LG) and arched-back nursing (ABN) by rat mothers altered the offspring epigenome at a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene promoter in the hippocampus. Offspring of mothers that showed high levels of LG and ABN were found to have differences in DNA methylation, as compared to offspring of 'low-LG-ABN' mothers. These differences emerged over the first week of life, were reversed with cross-fostering, persisted into adulthood and were associated with altered histone acetylation and transcription factor (NGFI-A) binding to the GR promoter. Central infusion of a histone deacetylase inhibitor removed the group differences in histone acetylation, DNA methylation, NGFI-A binding, GR expression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to stress, suggesting a causal relation among epigenomic state, GR expression and the maternal effect on stress responses in the offspring. Thus we show that an epigenomic state of a gene can be established through behavioral programming, and it is potentially reversible.8http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v7/n8/pdf/nn1276.pdf1097-6256 Journal Article15220929WDouglas Hospital Research Center, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada. ood Sci Nutrnx?"Paneth, N. Ahmed, F. Stein, A. D. 1996MEarly nutritional origins of hypertension: A hypothesis still lacking support S121-S129Journal of Hy~?Kramer, M. S. Joseph, K. S.1996)Enigma of fetal/infant-origins hypothesis1254-5Lancet3489037Cardiovascular Diseases/*embryology/*etiology Cerebrovascular Disorders/mortality Chronic Disease Coronary Disease/mortality Embryonic and Fetal Development Female Humans Male Pelvis/anatomy & histology Risk Factors Social ClassNov 9)0140-6736 (Print) Comment Journal Article8909372?Department of Paediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. >nt in Infancy Mahwah, NJLawrence Erlbaum Associates4tho~?Adair, L. S. Dahly, D.20056Developmental determinants of blood pressure in adults407-34Annual Review of Nutrition25Animals *Birth Weight Blood Pressure/physiology Diet Female Fetal Development *Growth Homeostasis Humans *Hypertension/epidemiology/prevention & control Maternal Nutrition Motor Activity Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsOver the past 20 years a large and varied body of research has attempted to make the case for the developmental origins of elevated adult blood pressure (BP). Experimental animal research has identified plausible biological mechanisms through which fetal nutritional insufficiency may affect adult BP. The majority of human epidemiologic studies demonstrate an inverse association of birth weight (the most commonly used marker of fetal nutrition) with adult BP and higher risk of hypertension among individuals with lower weight at birth. The most adverse BP outcomes occur among individuals who were small at birth but relatively large as adults, a finding that suggests a role for postnatal growth. We critically review the literature on proposed mechanisms and epidemiologic evidence for developmental origins of adult BP and hypertension, considering associations with birth weight, maternal nutrition during pregnancy, child growth patterns, and infant feeding.Qhttp://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092538(0199-9885 (Print) Journal Article Review16011473Department of Nutrition, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-8120, USA. Linda_adair@unc.edutl?Hales, C. N. Barker, D. J. P. 1992RType 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis595-601 #~?PEriksson, J. G. Forsen, T. Tuomilehto, J. Jaddoe, V. W. Osmond, C. Barker, D. J.2002gEffects of size at birth and childhood growth on the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly individuals342-8 Diabetologia453@Adult Aged *Birth Weight *Body Constitution Body Mass Index Cohort Studies Fasting Female Growth/*physiology Humans Insulin/blood Insulin Resistance/*physiology Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol/blood Male Maternal Age Proinsulin/blood Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Triglycerides/bloodMarAIMS/HYPOTHESIS: A study of 7086 men and women born in Helsinki, Finland, has shown that the development of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated with low birth weight followed by accelerated gain in height and weight during childhood and with high maternal BMI but the processes which underlie these associations are largely not known. METHODS: We carried out standard oral glucose tolerance tests, and measured plasma insulin and proinsulin, serum lipid concentrations and blood pressure in 474 patients from the Helsinki cohort. RESULTS: We used four indices of insulin resistance: fasting and 2-h plasma insulin, and fasting proinsulin and 32-33 split proinsulin concentrations. These were associated with small body size at birth and during childhood, rapid growth in height and low maternal BMI. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Insulin resistance and Type II diabetes share common associations with retarded fetal growth and accelerated growth during childhood. They are dissimilar, however, in that insulin resistance is associated with thinness in childhood and low maternal BMI, while Type II diabetes is associated with high BMI in childhood and high maternal BMI.Ahttp://www.springerlink.com/content/18cxt4w5j40w9ecj/fulltext.pdf30012-186X (Print) Journal Article Multicenter Study11914739{National Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Helsinki, Finland. johan.eriksson@ktl.fi ~?Oken, E. Gillman, M. W.2003Fetal origins of obesity496-506Obes Res1142Adipose Tissue Adolescent Adult Birth Weight Body Composition Body Constitution Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases Female Humans Male Obesity/epidemiology/*etiology/genetics Pregnancy *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Risk FactorsApr_The worldwide epidemic of obesity continues unabated. Obesity is notoriously difficult to treat, and, thus, prevention is critical. A new paradigm for prevention, which evolved from the notion that environmental factors in utero may influence lifelong health, has emerged in recent years. A large number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between birth weight and BMI attained in later life. Although the data are limited by lack of information on potential confounders, these associations seem robust. Possible mechanisms include lasting changes in proportions of fat and lean body mass, central nervous system appetite control, and pancreatic structure and function. Additionally, lower birth weight seems to be associated with later risk for central obesity, which also confers increased cardiovascular risk. This association may be mediated through changes in the hypothalamic pituitary axis, insulin secretion and sensing, and vascular responsiveness. The combination of lower birth weight and higher attained BMI is most strongly associated with later disease risk. We are faced with the seeming paradox of increased adiposity at both ends of the birth weight spectrum-higher BMI with higher birth weight and increased central obesity with lower birth weight. Future research on molecular genetics, intrauterine growth, growth trajectories after birth, and relationships of fat and lean mass will elucidate relationships between early life experiences and later body proportions. Prevention of obesity starting in childhood is critical and can have lifelong, perhaps multigenerational, impact.3http://www.obesityresearch.org/cgi/reprint/11/4/496(1071-7323 (Print) Journal Article Review12690076Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. emily_oken@harvardpilgrim.org (i, S. Ananth2004KAng 9~?kLeon, D. A. Lithell, H. O. Vagero, D. Koupilová, I. Mohsen, R. Berglund, L. Lithell, U.-B. McKeigue, P. M.1998Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: Cohort study of 15,000 Swedish men and women born 1915-1929241-5BMJ3177153vAdolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Birth Weight Cause of Death Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies *Embryonic and Fetal Development Female Follow-Up Studies Gestational Age Humans Infant *Infant, Small for Gestational Age Male Myocardial Ischemia/*mortality Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors Sweden/epidemiologyJul 25OBJECTIVE: To establish whether fetal growth rate (as distinct from size at birth) is associated with mortality from ischaemic heart disease. DESIGN: Cohort study based on uniquely detailed obstetric records with 97% follow up over the entire life course and linkage to census data in adult life. SUBJECTS: All 14 611 babies delivered at the Uppsala Academic Hospital, Sweden, during 1915-29 followed up to end of 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality from ischaemic heart disease and other causes. RESULTS: Cardiovascular disease showed an inverse association with birth weight for both men and women, although this was significant only for men. In men a 1000 g increase in birth weight was associated with a proportional reduction in the rate of ischaemic heart disease of 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.90). Adjustment for socioeconomic circumstances at birth and in adult life led to slight attenuation of this effect. Relative to the lowest fourth of birth weight for gestational age, mortality from ischaemic heart disease in men in the second, third, and fourth fourths was 0.81 (0.66 to 0.98), 0.63 (0.50 to 0.78), and 0.67 (0.54 to 0.82), respectively. The inclusion of birth weight per se and birth weight for gestational age in the same model strengthened the association with birth weight for gestational age but removed the association with birth weight. CONCLUSION: This study provides by far the most persuasive evidence of a real association between size at birth and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in men, which cannot be explained by methodological artefact or socioeconomic confounding. It strongly suggests that it is variation in fetal growth rate rather than size at birth that is aetiologically important.!0959-8138 (Print) Journal Article9677213Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT. dleon@lshtm.ac.uk Isical activity; fitness; public health; disease prevention; weight manage C ~?9Langley-Evans, S. C. Langley-Evans, A. J. Marchand, M. C.2003>Nutritional programming of blood pressure and renal morphology8-16Arch Physiol Biochem1111PAnimals Birth Weight/genetics Blood Pressure/*physiology Disease Models, Animal Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics/*physiology Female Glucocorticoids/metabolism Humans Hypertension/embryology/genetics Kidney/*embryology/growth & development Malnutrition/physiopathology Nephrons/embryology Pregnancy Prenatal Nutrition/*physiologyFeboA range of epidemiological evidence from several diverse populations, supports the hypothesis that risk of essential hypertension, coronary heart disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes is, in part, programmed by intrauterine nutritional status. Animal models developed to investigate the mechanisms that are responsible for such programming are becoming more important as challenges to the epidemiological data become more robust. With strong evidence from animal studies it is now widely accepted that maternal nutritional status in pregnancy is a major programming influence upon the fetus. This paper considers the hypothesis that renal structure and function are determined by prenatal nutrition and that this is a key mechanism in the programming of hypertension. The feeding of low protein diets or other insults in pregnancy that have an impact upon the development of cardiovascular functions, also appears to impact upon nephron number. In the sheep nephron number is related to weight at birth following nutrient restriction, and in the rat low protein diets reduce nephron number by approximately 30%. However, it is possible that hypertension and reduced renal reserve merely coincide and are not causally associated. A study of rats fed low protein diets supplemented with additional nitrogen sources found that whilst only glycine could reverse the hypertensive effects of low protein diets, all supplements could normalise nephron number. The evidence thus suggests that prenatal undernutrition may programme renal structure in later life, but that renal programming is not one of the primary mechanisms leading to hypertension.(1381-3455 (Print) Journal Article Review12715270Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK. Simon.Langley-Evans@Nottingham.ac.uk Q health problem, and compelling evidence suggests that it is a contributing facto~?McMillen, I. C. Robinson, J. S.2005XDevelopmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: Prediction, plasticity, and programming571-633 Physiol Rev852oAging Animals Epigenesis, Genetic Humans Metabolic Syndrome X/*embryology/genetics Models, Biological PhenotypeAprThe "fetal" or "early" origins of adult disease hypothesis was originally put forward by David Barker and colleagues and stated that environmental factors, particularly nutrition, act in early life to program the risks for adverse health outcomes in adult life. This hypothesis has been supported by a worldwide series of epidemiological studies that have provided evidence for the association between the perturbation of the early nutritional environment and the major risk factors (hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity) for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome in adult life. It is also clear from experimental studies that a range of molecular, cellular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and physiological adaptations to changes in the early nutritional environment result in a permanent alteration of the developmental pattern of cellular proliferation and differentiation in key tissue and organ systems that result in pathological consequences in adult life. This review focuses on those experimental studies that have investigated the critical windows during which perturbations of the intrauterine environment have major effects, the nature of the epigenetic, structural, and functional adaptive responses which result in a permanent programming of cardiovascular and metabolic function, and the role of the interaction between the pre- and postnatal environment in determining final health outcomes.2http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/85/2/571(0031-9333 (Print) Journal Article Review15788706Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomeducal Sciences, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Australia. caroline.mcmillen@adelaide.edu.au d to the pathogenesis of r?Kuzawa, C. W. 2001QMaternal Nutrition, Fetal Growth, and Cardiovascular Risk in Filipino Adolescents453 Anthropology Atlant ~?oLawlor, D. A. Riddoch, C. J. Page, A. S. Andersen, L. B. Wedderkopp, N. Harro, M. Stansbie, D. Davey Smith, G.2005eInfant feeding and components of the metabolic syndrome: Findings from the European Youth Heart Study582-8Arch Dis Child906\Adolescent Anthropometry Blood Pressure/physiology Breast Feeding Child Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) Female Humans Infant Infant Nutrition/*physiology Infant, Newborn Insulin Resistance/physiology Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood Male Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology/*prevention & control Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Triglycerides/bloodJunAIMS: To assess the associations of type and duration of infant feeding with components of the metabolic syndrome in children aged 9 and 15. METHODS: A total of 2192 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 9 and 15 years from Estonia (n = 1174) and Denmark (n = 1018) were studied. Insulin resistance (homoeostasis model assessment), triglyceride levels, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure were measured. RESULTS: Children who had ever been exclusively breast fed had lower systolic blood pressures than those who were not. With full adjustment for age, sex, country, birth weight, pubertal stage, body mass index, height, maternal and paternal education, income, smoking, and body mass index the mean systolic blood pressure of children who had ever been breast fed was 1.7 mm Hg (95% CI -3.0 to -0.5) lower than those who had never been exclusively breast fed. There was a dose-response in this association with decreasing mean systolic blood pressure across categories from never exclusively breast fed to breast fed for more than six months. Exclusive breast feeding was not associated with other components of the metabolic syndrome. Results were similar when examined separately in each country. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of the association, its independence of important confounding factors, and the dose-response suggest that exclusive breast feeding is causally associated with reduced systolic blood pressure. The magnitude of the effect we found with blood pressure is comparable to the published effects of salt restriction and physical activity on blood pressure in adult populations, suggesting that it is of public health importance./http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/90/6/58281468-2044 (Electronic) Journal Article Multicenter Study15908621RDepartment of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, UK. d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk 4ASCULAR-DISEASE; HEALTH-PZ*~?0Arenz, S. Ruckerl, R. Koletzko, B. von Kries, R.20049Breast-feeding and childhood obesity: A systematic review1247-56Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord2810*Breast Feeding Child Humans Infant Infant Nutrition Infant, Newborn Obesity/epidemiology/*prevention & control Research Design Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tOctOBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between breast-feeding and obesity in childhood. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published epidemiological studies (cohort, case-control or cross-sectional studies) comparing early feeding-mode and adjusting for potential confounding factors. Electronic databases were searched and reference lists of relevant articles were checked. Calculations of pooled estimates were conducted in fixed- and random-effects models. Heterogeneity was tested by Q-test. Publication bias was assessed from funnel plots and by a linear regression method. OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratio (OR) for obesity in childhood defined as body mass index (BMI) percentiles. RESULTS: Nine studies with more than 69,000 participants met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed that breast-feeding reduced the risk of obesity in childhood significantly. The adjusted odds ratio was 0.78, 95% CI (0.71, 0.85) in the fixed model. The assumption of homogeneity of results of the included studies could not be refuted (Q-test for heterogeneity, P>0.3), stratified analyses showed no differences regarding different study types, age groups, definition of breast-feeding or obesity and number of confounding factors adjusted for. A dose-dependent effect of breast-feeding duration on the prevalence of obesity was reported in four studies. Funnel plot regression gave no indication of publication bias. CONCLUSION: Breast-feeding seems to have a small but consistent protective effect against obesity in children.;http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v28/n10/abs/0802758a.html60307-0565 (Print) Journal Article Meta-Analysis Review15314625qInstitute for Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany.  q~? Ong, K. K. L.20063Size at birth, postnatal growth and risk of obesity65-9Horm Res65 Suppl 3Birth Weight/*physiology Body Size/physiology Child Development/*physiology Female Humans Infant Nutrition/physiology Infant, Newborn/*growth & development Obesity/*physiopathology/prevention & control Pregnancy Risk Factors Weight Gain/physiologyEpidemiological studies over the last 15 years have shown that size at birth, early postnatal catch-up growth and excess childhood weight gain are associated with an increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. At the same time, rising rates of obesity and overweight in children, even at pre-school ages, have shifted efforts towards the identification of very early factors that predict risk of subsequent obesity, which may allow early targeted interventions. Overall, higher birth weight is positively associated with subsequent greater body mass index in childhood and later life; however, the relationship is complex. Higher birth weight is associated with greater subsequent lean mass, rather than fat mass. In contrast, lower birth weight is associated with a subsequent higher ratio of fat mass to lean mass, and greater central fat and insulin resistance. This paradoxical effect of lower birth weight is at least partly explained by the observation that infants who have been growth restrained in utero tend to gain weight more rapidly, or 'catch up', during the early postnatal period, which leads to increased central fat deposition. There is still debate as to whether there are critical early periods for obesity: does excess weight gain during infancy, childhood or even very early neonatal life have a greater impact on long-term fat deposition and insulin resistance? Early identification of childhood obesity risk will be aided by identification of maternal and fetal genes that regulate fetal nutrition and growth, and postnatal genes that regulate appetite, energy expenditure and the partitioning of energy intake into fat or lean tissue growth.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16612116(0301-0163 (Print) Journal Article Review16612116aMRC Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK. ken.ong@mr~?Gluckman, P. D. Hanson, M. A.2004aELiving with the past: Evolution, development, and patterns of disease1733-6Science3055691Animals Birth Weight *Chronic Disease Cues Disease/*etiology *Disease Susceptibility *Embryonic and Fetal Development *Environment *Evolution Female Humans Infant, Newborn Life Style Nutrition Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Risk FactorsSep 17Epidemiological observations have led to the hypothesis that the risk of developing some chronic noncommunicable diseases in adulthood is influenced not only by genetic and adult life-style factors but also by environmental factors acting in early life. Research in evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and animal and human physiology provides support for this idea and suggests that environmental processes influencing the propensity to disease in adulthood operate during the periconceptual, fetal, and infant phases of life. This "developmental origins of health and disease" concept may have important biological, medical, and socioeconomic implications.mhttp://plinks.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=8&hid=101&sid=d5219046-ff0f-4f90-ac58-f8c90e70e018%40sessionmgr4-1095-9203 (Electronic) Journal Article Review15375258Liggins Institute, University of Auckland and National Research Centre for Growth and Development, 2-6 Park Avenue, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. pd.gluck uUniversity August, 1981Nhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/MEETING/004/M2885E/M2885E00.HTM (accessed July 2006)EPR/81/7 TrlandWorld Health ersity Press rsity Press iversity Press $ersity Press 4~?EHeller, D. A. de Faire, U. Pedersen, N. L. Dahlen, G. McClearn, G. E.1993CGenetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels in twins1150-6 N Engl J Med32816Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Analysis of Variance Apolipoproteins/blood Cholesterol/blood Female Humans Lipids/*blood Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood Male Middle Aged Regression Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Sex Factors *Social Environment Triglycerides/blood Twins/*genetics Twins, Dizygotic/genetics Twins, Monozygotic/geneticsApr 22BACKGROUND. The extent to which serum lipid levels are affected by genetic and environmental factors remains a point of controversy. We examined both genetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels in twins reared either together or apart who participated in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. METHODS. We studied 302 pairs of twins (mean age, 65.6 years; range, 52 to 86); 146 pairs had been reared apart. We simultaneously compared the twins on the basis of both zygosity and rearing status, which allowed joint estimation of genetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels. Genetic influence was expressed in terms of heritability, the proportion of the population variation attributable to genetic variation (a value of 1.0 indicates that all of the population variation is attributable to genetic variation). The serum lipids and apolipoproteins measured included total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, and triglycerides. RESULTS. Structural-equation analyses revealed substantial heritability for the serum levels of each lipid measured, ranging from 0.28 to 0.78. Comparisons of the twins reared together with those reared apart suggested that the environment of rearing had a substantial impact on the level of total cholesterol (accounting for 0.15 to 0.36 of the total variance). Sharing the same environment appeared to affect the other lipid measures much less, however, than did genetic factors and unique environmental factors not shared by twins. Comparisons of younger with older twins suggested that heritability for apolipoprotein B and triglyceride levels decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS. The effect of genetic factors on the serum levels of some but not all lipids appears to decrease with age. Early rearing environment appears to remain an important factor in relation to levels of total cholesterol later in life, but it has less effect on other serum lipids and apolipoproteins in the elderly.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8455681!0028-4793 (Print) Journal Article8455681Program in Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802. ~? Denver, R. J.1999vEvolution of the corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling system and its role in stress-induced phenotypic plasticity46-53)Annals of the New York Academy of Science897Animals Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*physiology Fetus/physiology Humans Metamorphosis, Biological Phenotype Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Signal Transduction/*physiology VertebratesBDeveloping animals respond to variation in their habitats by altering their rates of development and/or their morphologies (i.e., they exhibit phenotypic plasticity). In vertebrates, one mechanism by which plasticity is expressed is through activation of the neuroendocrine system, which transduces environmental information into a physiological response. Recent findings of ours with amphibians and of others with mammals show that the primary vertebrate stress neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), is essential for adaptive developmental responses to environmental stress. For instance, CRH-dependent mechanisms cause accelerated metamorphosis in response to pond-drying in some amphibian species, and intrauterine fetal stress syndromes in humans precipitate preterm birth. CRH may be a phylogenetically ancient developmental signaling molecule that allows developing organisms to escape deleterious changes in their larval/fetal habitat. The response to CRH is mediated by at least two different receptor subtypes and may also be modulated by a secreted binding protein.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10676434(0077-8923 (Print) Journal Article Review10676434VDepartment of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann A !~?Crespi, E. J. Denver, R. J.20051Ancient origins of human developmental plasticity44-54 Am J Hum Biol171cAdaptation, Physiological/*genetics Adrenal Cortex Hormones/*metabolism Animals Catecholamines/metabolism *Developmental Biology Environment Evolution Female Fetal Development/genetics/physiology Humans Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/*growth & development/metabolism Infant, Newborn Metamorphosis, Biological/genetics/physiology Models, Animal Neuronal Plasticity/*genetics Neurosecretory Systems/*growth & development/metabolism Phenotype Phylogeny Pituitary-Adrenal System/*growth & development/metabolism Pregnancy *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Stress/metabolismJan-FebAnimals have the ability to alter development, physiology, growth, and behavior in response to different environmental conditions. These responses represent critical assessments of both external and internal factors. For example, the timing of metamorphosis, hatching, or birth depends on the trade-offs between growth opportunity and mortality risk in the developmental habitat. Physiological sensors compute these trade-offs as a function of energy balance and environmental stress, and effectors initiate physiological, developmental, and behavioral responses to these determinations. The neuroendocrine stress axis provides a means for animals to integrate information from multiple sources and to respond accordingly. Considerable evidence now supports the view that the secretion of hormones critical to development (corticosteroid and thyroid hormones) is controlled by a common neuroendocrine stress pathway involving corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and related peptides. CRF produced in the hypothalamus stimulates the biosynthesis and secretion of both thyroid and corticosteroid hormones, leading to accelerated tadpole metamorphosis. Similarly, in mammals CRF of fetal and placental origin has been shown to influence the timing of birth. Studies in several experimental animal models and in humans show that early life experience can have long-term phenotypic consequences. Furthermore, there is evidence that phenotypic expression is strongly influenced by the actions of stress hormones produced during development. The integrated neuroendocrine response to stress, and its role in timing critical life history transitions and establishing long-term phenotypic expression, arose early in the evolution of vertebrates.Fhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/109859439/PDFSTART(1042-0533 (Print) Journal Article Review15611964xDepartment of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.*~?Challis, J. R. Bloomfield, F. H. Bocking, A. D. Casciani, V. Chisaka, H. Connor, K. Dong, X. Gluckman, P. Harding, J. E. Johnstone, J. Li, W. Lye, S. Okamura, K. Premyslova, M.2005Fetal signals and parturition492-9J Obstet Gynaecol Res316$Animals Female Fetal Development Fetus/*physiology Humans Hydrocortisone/physiology Infant, Newborn Maternal-Fetal Exchange Models, Biological Parturition/*physiology Pregnancy Premature Birth Prostaglandins/physiology Receptors, Progesterone/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SheepDecehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16343248(1341-8076 (Print) Journal Article Review16343248NDepartment of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada. j.challis@utoronto.ca ~?j Horton, T. H.1984eGrowth and reproductive development of male Microtus montanus is affected by the prenatal photoperiod499-504 Biol Reprod313"Animals Arvicolinae/*growth & development Body Weight Comparative Study Environment, Controlled Female Genitalia, Male/growth & development *Light Male *Maternal-Fetal Exchange Organ Size Pregnancy Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. *Sexual MaturationOctdRates of growth and sexual maturation of microtine rodents vary in response to photoperiod. Previous work with Microtus montanus has shown that the photoperiod present prior to weaning influences how voles will respond to photoperiods seen following weaning. The data presented demonstrate that information about the photoperiod seen by the mother during pregnancy influences the postweaning development of male M. montanus. Adult M. montanus were paired in photoperiods consisting of 8, 14 or 16 h light/day. Their litters were conceived and born in these photoperiods. On the day of birth the litters were recorded and retained in the gestation photoperiod (Groups C8, C14 and C16) or transferred to the 14-h photoperiod (Groups E8 and E16). The growth of males was followed from weaning until 74 days of age, at which time the voles were sacrificed and their reproductive organs weighed. There were no differences in body weight or length between groups at 18 days of age. At 74 days of age the development of the voles could be ranked in the following sequence: C8 less than E16 less than C14 less than E8 less than C16..http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/id?7Roy, K. Valentine, J. W. Jablonski, D. Kidwell, S. M. 1996oScales of climatic variability and time averaging in Pleistocene biotas: Implications for ecology and evolution458-63Trend,t?j)Negus, N. C. Berger, P. J. Pinter, A. J|?Negus, N. C. Berger, P. J.1987GCohort analysis: Environmental cues and "diapause" in microtine rodents65-74:Symposium on Population Biology and Life History Evolution Boyce, M. New Hav0u`?j*Frandson, T. C. Boyd, S. S. Berger, B. J.1993c0h?X3Berger, P.J. Negus, N. C. Pinter, A. J. Nagy, T. R.1992jOu??Epstein, W. W. Rowsemitt, C. N. Berger, P. J. Negus, N. C. 19864Dynamics of 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone in winter wheat 2011-$~?Goldman, B. D.2003kPattern of melatonin secretion mediates transfer of photoperiod information from mother to fetus in mammalsPE29Sci STKE2003192Animals Biological Clocks/physiology Embryonic and Fetal Development/*physiology Female Mammals/embryology/*physiology Maternal-Fetal Exchange/*physiology Melatonin/physiology/*secretion *Photoperiod PregnancyJuly 22Studies performed over the past 20 years have revealed that mother rodents can provide photoperiod information to their developing fetuses. In adult mammals, the pattern of pineal melatonin secretion changes in relation to changes in day length, and the melatonin pattern is a key part of the photoperiodic mechanism. Melatonin crosses the placenta, and fetal rodents can respond to the maternal melatonin rhythm. Thus, the mother's melatonin rhythm provides day-length information to the fetus, and this information is used, along with photoperiod information that is obtained after birth, to influence juvenile development. The transfer of photoperiod information from mother to fetus may be part of an adaptive system. When young are born early in the spring or summer breeding season, the increase in day length between the times of fetal and postnatal life results in rapid reproductive maturation, allowing these early-born animals to reproduce later during the same breeding season. In contrast, for young born late in the breeding season, the decrease in photoperiod between fetal and postnatal life results in delayed maturation of the gonads, and reproduction is delayed until the beginning of the next year's breeding season.-1525-8882 (Electronic) Journal Article Review12881612Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, U-4156, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. goldman@oracle.pnb.uconn.edu MÄl benefits across a broad range of health outcomes for sedentary adults. This~?Weaver, D. R. Reppert, S. M.1986MMaternal melatonin communicates daylength to the fetus in Djungarian hamsters2861-3 Endocrinology1196Animals Cricetinae/*physiology Female Light Maternal-Fetal Exchange Melatonin/*physiology *Periodicity Pineal Gland/*physiology Pregnancy Reproduction Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.DecDaylength (photoperiod) influences the rate of reproductive development in the juveniles of some photoperiodic species. Recent studies show that daylength during the prenatal period is perceived by the fetus and that this perception can profoundly influence postnatal reproductive and somatic development. Using the photoperiodic Djungarian hamster, we assessed the role of the maternal pineal gland and its hormone, melatonin, in this prenatal perception of daylength. Maternal pinealectomy eliminated the influence of prenatal photoperiod on testicular and body weights of male pups, suggesting that a product from the maternal pineal gland communicates daylength to the fetus. Infusion of the pineal hormone melatonin into pinealectomized dams for various durations during gestation mimicked the effect of varying the prenatal photoperiod on both testicular and body weights. These results indicate that pineal melatonin is involved in this novel form of communication from mother to fetus.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3780553!0013-7227 (Print) Journal Article3780553~?/Lee, T. M. Spears, N. Tuthill, C. R. Zucker, I.1989YMaternal melatonin treatment influences rates of neonatal development of meadow vole pups495-502 Biol Reprod403Animals Arvicolinae/*physiology Birth Weight/drug effects Energy Intake/drug effects Female Hair/growth & development Lactation/drug effects Male Melatonin/*pharmacology/secretion Periodicity Pregnancy Pregnancy, Animal/*drug effects Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Reproduction/drug effects Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Testis/drug effects/growth & development Uterus/drug effects/growth & developmentMarMeadow vole dams, housed in a 14L:10D photoperiod were injected daily 3 h before onset of darkness with 10 micrograms melatonin. Treatment during gestation or lactation produced offspring that exhibited altered somatic, testicular, and pelage growth. Gestational melatonin treatment decreased preweaning weight gain, delayed testicular development, and increased pelage growth in offspring, whereas melatonin treatment during lactation increased pelage depth at weaning and increased post-weaning somatic growth. These results suggest that pre- and postnatal maternal melatonin secretory patterns influence postnatal development of photosensitive traits in offspring.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2667649!0006-3363 (Print) Journal Article2667649CDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720. 9~?8Singhal, A. Wells, J. Cole, T. J. Fewtrell, M. Lucas, A.2003`Programming of lean body mass: A link between birth weight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease?726-30Am J Clin Nutr773fAdipose Tissue/physiology Adolescent Birth Weight/*physiology Body Composition/*physiology Body Height/physiology Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology Densitometry, X-Ray Electric Impedance Female Humans Male Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Obesity/epidemiology/*etiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors Skinfold ThicknessMar0BACKGROUND: A high birth weight has been suggested to increase the later risk of obesity, as measured by body mass index, but, paradoxically, to decrease the later propensity to cardiovascular disease. Programming of more lean tissue rather than fat mass by a high birth weight might explain this paradox and also explain the association of birth weight with later body mass index. This concept has been inadequately tested. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that a high birth weight programs a greater proportion of lean mass in children and adolescents. DESIGN: Body fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by both skinfold-thickness measurement and bioelectrical impedance analysis in adolescents aged 13-16 y (n = 78) who were part of a study that investigated the early origins of cardiovascular disease. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a separate group of younger children. RESULTS: An increase in birth weight of 1 SD was significantly associated with a 0.9-1.4-kg (2-3%) increase in fat-free mass in adolescents but not with an increase in fat mass. This association was independent of age, sex, height, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Similar observations were made in younger children. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that fetal growth, measured by birth weight, programs lean mass later in life. Our observations may therefore explain the association of birth weight with body mass index and have implications for the early origins of both obesity and cardiovascular disease.(http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/77/3/726!0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article12600868gMRC Childhood Nutrition Research Center, Institute of Child Health, London, UK. a.singhal@ich.ucl.ac.uk tr.ISI:000078662900021 ~?OKensara, O. A. Wootton, S. A. Phillips, D. I. Patel, M. Jackson, A. A. Elia, M.2005Fetal programming of body composition: Relation between birth weight and body composition measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometric methods in older Englishmen980-7Am J Clin Nutr825Adipose Tissue/metabolism Aged Analysis of Variance Anthropometry Birth Weight/genetics/*physiology Body Composition/genetics/*physiology *Body Fat Distribution Body Height/physiology Body Mass Index Case-Control Studies Densitometry, X-Ray Humans Male Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Waist-Hip RatioNovBACKGROUND: Reduced fetal growth is associated with differences in body composition in adult life that may predispose to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Most published data are based on simple anthropometric measures, which incompletely describe body composition. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess body composition and fat distribution by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DESIGN: This was a case-control study of 64-72-y-old white men (n = 32) with a low (mean: 2.76 kg) or high (mean: 4.23 kg) birth weight. RESULTS: Compared with the high-birth-weight group, after adjustment for weight and height, the low-birth-weight group had a higher percentage body fat (29.31% compared with 25.33%; P = 0.029) and fat mass (P = 0.039) but a lower fat-free soft tissue (56.32 compared with 59.22 kg; P = 0.024), muscle mass (27.25 compared with 29.22 kg; P = 0.022), and muscle-to-fat ratio. Low birth weight was also associated with a higher trunk-to-limb fat ratio after control for total fat mass (1.42 compared with 1.16; P = 0.005) or percentage body fat (P = 0.041). The same body mass index predicted a greater percentage body fat (P = 0.019) in the low- than in the high-birth-weight group, and the same ratio of trunk-to-limb skinfold thickness (or waist-to-hip ratio) predicted a higher trunk-to-limb fat ratio (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Lifelong differences in adult body composition and fat distribution between the low- and high-birth-weight groups are consistent with programming in early life. The use of BMI to predict percentage body fat and the use of the trunk-to-limb skinfold thickness ratio (and waist-to-hip ratio) to predict the trunk-to-limb fat ratio measured by DXA can be misleading when low- and high-birth-weight groups are compared.(http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/82/5/980!0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article16280428sInstitute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom. %lations747-756Genetics158U'~?IZhu, M. J. Ford, S. P. Means, W. J. Hess, B. W. Nathanielsz, P. W. Du, M.2006PMaternal nutrient restriction affects properties of skeletal muscle in offspring241-250 J Physiol5751Jun 8Maternal nutrient restriction (NR) affects fetal development with long-term consequences on postnatal health of offspring, including predisposition to obesity and diabetes. Most studies have been conducted in fetuses in late gestation and little information is available on the persistent impact of NR from early to mid-gestation on properties of offspring skeletal muscle, which was the aim of this study. Pregnant ewes were subjected to 50% NR from day 28 to 78 of gestation and allowed to deliver. The longissimus dorsi muscle was sampled from 8-month old offspring. Maternal NR during early to mid-gestation decreased the number of myofibres in the offspring and increased the ratio of myosin IIb to other isoforms by 17.6 +/- 4.9 % (P < 0.05) compared with offspring of ad libitum fed ewes. Activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), a key enzyme controlling fatty acid oxidation, was reduced by 24.7 +/- 4.5% (P < 0.05) in skeletal muscle of offspring of NR ewes and would contribute to increased fat accumulation observed in offspring of NR ewes. Intramuscular triglyceride content (IMTG) was increased in skeletal muscle of NR lambs, a finding which may be linked to predisposition to diabetes in offspring of NR mothers, since enhanced IMTG predisposes to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Proteomic analysis by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrated down regulation of several catabolic enzymes in 8-month old offspring of NR ewes. These data demonstrate that the early to mid-gestation period is important for skeletal muscle development. Impaired muscle development during this stage of gestation affects the number and composition of fibres in offspring which may lead to long-term physiological consequences, including predisposition to obesity and diabetes.*http://jp.physoc.org/cgi/reprint/575/1/241!0022-3751 (Print) Journal article16763001University of Wyoming. H~?JMoore, S. E. Jalil, F. Ashraf, R. Szu, S. C. Prentice, A. M. Hanson, L. A.2004aBirth weight predicts response to vaccination in adults born in an urban slum in Lahore, Pakistan453-9Am J Clin Nutr802Adult Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood Antibodies, Viral/*blood *Birth Weight Female Humans Immunoglobulin M/blood/immunology Infant, Newborn Male Pakistan *Poverty Rabies Vaccines/*immunology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/*immunology Urban PopulationAug?BACKGROUND: Substantial evidence exists linking small size at birth to later-life susceptibility to chronic disease. Evidence is also emerging that some components of immune function may be programmed in early life. However, this evidence is limited and requires confirmation. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between size at birth and response to vaccination in a cohort of 257 adults (mean age: 29.4 y; 146 men) born in an urban slum in Lahore, Pakistan, during 1964-1978. DESIGN: A single dose of Vi polysaccharide vaccine for Salmonella typhi and 2 doses of rabies vaccine were given to each subject. Antibody titers were measured in prevaccination serum samples (Vi) and in postvaccination samples (Vi and rabies). RESULTS: The mean birth weight of the subjects was 3.24 kg; 14% of the subjects had low birth weights (<2.5 kg). Vaccine responses were not consistently associated with contemporary variables (month of study, sex, current age, or indicators of wealth). Response to typhoid vaccination was positively related to birth weight (anti-Vi immunoglobulin G: r = 0.138, P = 0.031; anti-Vi immunoglobulin M: r = 0.197, P = 0.034). Response to the rabies vaccine was not significantly associated with birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: These findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that components of the immune system may be permanently programmed by events in early life. The contrasting effects on typhoid and rabies responses suggest that antibody generation to polysaccharide antigens, which have greater B cell involvement, is compromised by fetal growth retardation.(http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/80/2/453!0002-9165 (Print) Journal Article15277170Medical Research Council International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. sophie.moore@lshtm.ac.uk  demiol.ISI:000173787100053 ~?XPark, K. S. Kim, S. K. Kim, M. S. Cho, E. Y. Lee, J. H. Lee, K. U. Pak, Y. K. Lee, H. K.2003kFetal and early postnatal protein malnutrition cause long-term changes in rat liver and muscle mitochondria3085-90J Nutr13310Aging *Animal Nutrition Animals Body Weight DNA, Mitochondrial/*analysis/blood *DNA-Binding Proteins Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics Female Insulin Resistance Lipid Peroxidation Liver/embryology/enzymology Male Mitochondria, Liver/*chemistry Mitochondria, Muscle/*chemistry *Mitochondrial Proteins Muscle, Skeletal/embryology/enzymology/ultrastructure NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics Nuclear Proteins/genetics Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Protein Deficiency/*complications/metabolism RNA, Messenger/analysis Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism Transcription Factors/geneticsOct@Epidemiologic data suggest a strong association between low birth weight and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in adult life. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To test the hypothesis that mitochondrial changes may serve as a link between poor nutrition in early life and insulin resistance in later life, we investigated the effect of protein malnutrition during gestation and lactation on mitochondria of the liver and skeletal muscle. Female offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats fed a low protein diet (casein, 80 g/kg) were randomly divided into two groups and weaned onto either the low protein diet or a control diet (casein, 180 g/kg). As a control group, offspring of rats fed the control diet were weaned onto the control diet. The rats in each group were randomly divided into four groups that were killed at 5, 10, 15 and 20 wk of age. Both mitochondrial DNA content and the expression of mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes in liver and muscle were measured. Mitochondrial transcription factor A and antioxidant enzyme activities were also determined. The mitochondrial DNA content of the liver and skeletal muscle were reduced in fetal and early postnatal malnourished rats even when proper nutrition was supplied after weaning. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial DNA-encoded gene expression; however, they were not dependent on mitochondrial transcriptional factor A. Our findings indicate that poor nutrition in early life causes long-lasting changes in mitochondria that may contribute to the development of insulin resistance in later life./http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/133/10/3085!0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article14519789]Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.(n4k Barker, D. J.#~?6Galler, J. R. Fox, J. G. Murphy, J. C. Melanson, D. E.1979SUlcerative dermatitis in rats with over fifteen generations of protein malnutrition611-8 Br J Nutr413 Animals Body Weight Dermatitis/*etiology/microbiology/pathology Female Male Protein Deficiency/*complications/microbiology Rats Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Sex Factors Skin/microbiology/pathology Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification/pathogenicityMay1. Male and female rats with histories of up to twenty generations of protein malnutrition were found to be at a higher risk for the development of ulcerative dermatitis than rats maintained on a low-protein diet for one generation or in controls on an adequate-protein intake. 2. In all groups, female rats were more likely to have dermatitis than male rats. 3. Bacteriologic examination was performed in the intergenerationally malnourished and control animals; Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the skins of animals in both groups, whether or not any lesion was present. In these two groups of animals, experimental inoculation with S. aureus produced dermatitis only in the malnourished animals.http://docstore.ingenta.com/cgi-bin/ds_deliver/1/u/d/ISIS/32004273.1/cabi/bjn/1979/00000041/00000003/art00025/562CC75AF3C60A0A1159509944D~?Gluckman, P. D. Pinal, C. S.20034Regulation of fetal growth by the somatotrophic axis 1741S-1746SJ Nutr133 5 [Suppl 2]Birth Weight Embryonic and Fetal Development/*physiology Female Fetal Diseases/epidemiology/etiology Growth Hormone/*physiology Human Growth Hormone/*physiology Humans Infant, Newborn Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/physiology Micronutrients Models, Biological *Nutrition PregnancyMaySuboptimal fetal growth is associated with higher fetal mortality and with higher neonatal morbidity and mortality. It increases the likelihood of premature birth that in turn further compounds perinatal health risks. Moreover, an abnormal fetal environment, as reflected in an altered birth size phenotype, increases the propensity for disease in childhood and adulthood. Fetal growth represents the culmination of interaction between the fetal genome and the in utero environment determined by maternal-placental function. The role of endocrine and metabolic factors in mediating this interaction will be reviewed. There is also evidence that fetal growth, as measured in late gestation, is dependent not only on the maternal environment but on events that occurred during the periconceptual period. Thus, fetal growth not only reflects the immediate fetal environment but events surrounding conception and embryonic life./http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/133/5/1747S(0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Review12730493The Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. pd.gluckman@auckland.ac.nz alth recommendations for  *~?=Symonds, M. E. Mostyn, A. Pearce, S. Budge, H. Stephenson, T.2003HEndocrine and nutritional regulation of fetal adipose tissue development293-9 J Endocrinol1793Adipose Tissue/*embryology/physiology Embryonic and Fetal Development/physiology Endocrine System/*embryology/physiology Female Humans Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Prenatal Nutrition/*physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tDecIn the fetus, adipose tIssue comprises both brown and white adipocytes for which brown fat is characterised as possessing the unique uncoupling protein (UCP)1. The dual characteristics of fetal fat reflect its critical role at birth in providing lipid that is mobilised rapidly following activation of UCP1 upon cold exposure to the extra-uterine environment. A key stage in the maturation of fetal fat is the gradual rise in the abundance of UCP1. For species with a mature hypothalamic-pituitary axis at birth there is a gradual increase in the amount and activity of UCP1 during late gestation, in conjunction with an increase in the plasma concentrations of catecholamines, thyroid hormones, cortisol, leptin and prolactin. These may act individually, or in combination, to promote UCP1 expression and, following the post-partum surge in each hormone, UCP1 abundance attains maximal amounts.Adipose tIssue grows in the fetus at a much lower rate than in the postnatal period. However, its growth is under marked nutritional constraints and, in contrast to many other fetal organs that are unaffected by nutritional manipulation, fat mass can be significantly altered by changes in maternal and, therefore, fetal nutrition. Fat deposition in the fetus is enhanced during late gestation following a previous period of nutrient restriction up to mid gestation. This is accompanied by increased mRNA abundance for the receptors of IGF-I and IGF-II. In contrast, increasing maternal nutrition in late gestation results in less adipose tIssue deposition but enhanced UCP1 abundance. The pronounced nutritional sensitivity of fetal adipose tIssue to both increased and decreased maternal nutrition may explain why the consequences of an adverse nutritional environment persist into later life.;http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/reprint/179/3/293(0022-0795 (Print) Journal Article Review14656200Academic Division of Child Health, School of Human Development, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. Michael.Symonds@nottingham.ac.uk ~? Kramer, M. S.20004Balanced protein/energy supplementation in pregnancyCD000032Cochrane Database Syst Rev2z*Dietary Supplements *Embryonic and Fetal Development Energy Intake Female Humans Pregnancy Pregnancy Outcome *Weight GaintBACKGROUND: Observational and non-randomized studies have suggested that energy/protein supplementation in pregnant women increases gestational weight gain and fetal growth. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of a balanced protein/energy supplement for pregnant women on gestational weight gain and on the outcome of pregnancy. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register was searched. Date of last search: January 2000. SELECTION CRITERIA: Acceptably controlled trials of energy/protein supplementation for pregnant women in which the protein content of the supplement was 'balanced' (protein content less than 25% of total energy content). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One reviewer assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen trials were included. They were of variable quality. Balanced protein/energy supplementation was associated with modest increases in maternal weight gain (weighted mean difference 17 grams per week, 95% confidence interval 5-29 grams per week) and fetal growth (birth weight increase, weighted mean difference 25 grams, 95% confidence interval 4-55 grams). The reduction in risk of small for gestational birth was substantial, however (odds ratio 0. 64, 95% confidence interval 0.53-0.78). These effects did not appear to be greater in undernourished women, nor did they seem to confer long term benefits to the child. No significant effects were detected on preterm birth, but significant reductions in stillbirth and neonatal death (based on only 3 trials) appear important. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Balanced energy/protein supplementation improves fetal growth and may reduce the risk of fetal and neonatal death. The evidence is insufficient to evaluate whether there are other potential benefits to pregnant women or their infants.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10796092-1469-493X (Electronic) Journal Article Review10796092zFaculty of Medicine, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA, H3A 1A2. mikek@epid.lan.mcgill.ca ~?Dufour, D. L. Sauther, M. L.2002ZComparative and evolutionary dimensions of the energetics of human pregnancy and lactation584-602 Am J Hum Biol145Adipose Tissue/metabolism Animals Body Constitution Comparative Study Energy Metabolism/*physiology *Evolution Female Hominidae/*metabolism Humans Lactation/*metabolism Mammals/metabolism Models, Biological Pregnancy/*metabolismSep-OctbThe purpose of this article is to compare the energetics of reproduction for human and other primates in order to evaluate the extent to which human reproductive energetics are distinct from other primates and other large-bodied placental mammals. The article also evaluates the energetics of human and primate gestation and lactation using data from a variety of different populations living under different environmental circumstances. Energetics refers to energy intake and expenditure, and changes in body fat stores. Human and nonhuman primates have longer periods of gestation and lactation and slower prenatal and postnatal growth than other mammals of similar size. This reduces daily maternal energy costs. The development of sizable fat stores is not unique to humans, but fat stores are typically greater in human females and may play a greater role in reproduction. The strategies used to meet the energy costs of pregnancy vary among populations of humans and nonhuman primates and among humans interindividual variability is high. In pregnancy, some increase energy intake but others apparently do not. Increases in metabolic efficiency are evident in some human populations, whereas decreases in physical activity occur, but are not seen in all human or primate populations. Lactation is more energetically costly on a daily basis among humans and nonhuman primates, but has not been as well studied. It appears that both nonhuman and human primates tend to increase energy intake to meet in part the cost of lactation. They also use other strategies such as relying on body tissue stores, reductions in physical activity, and/or increases in metabolic efficiency to meet the remainder of the cost. It is also clear that human females in different populations and different women in the same population use a different combination of strategies to meet the cost of lactation.Ehttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/98016113/PDFSTART(1042-0533 (Print) Journal Article Review12203813pDepartment of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0233, USA. darna.dufour@colorado.edu$?Institute of Medicine,19900Nutrition During Pregnancy. Part I. Weight GainWashington, DCNational Ac +~?aCeesay, S. M. Prentice, A. M. Cole, T. J. Foord, F. Weaver, L. T. Poskitt, E. M. Whitehead, R. G.1997Effects on birth weight and perinatal mortality of maternal dietary supplements in rural Gambia: 5 year randomised controlled trial786-90BMJ3157111Birth Weight/*physiology Dietary Supplements/*statistics & numerical data Female Gambia/epidemiology Humans Incidence *Infant Mortality Infant, Newborn Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology Patient Acceptance of Health Care Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology Prenatal Care Prospective Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Rural Health/*statistics & numerical data Seasons Weight Gain/physiologySep 27OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy in terms of birth weight and infant survival of a diet supplement programme in pregnant African women through a primary healthcare system. DESIGN: 5 year controlled trial of all pregnant women in 28 villages randomised to daily supplementation with high energy groundnut biscuits (4.3 MJ/day) for about 20 weeks before delivery (intervention) or after delivery (control). SETTING: Rural Gambia. SUBJECTS: Chronically undernourished women (twin bearers excluded), yielding 2047 singleton live births and 35 stillbirths. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Birth weight; prevalence of low birth weight (< 2500 g); head circumference; birth length; gestational age; prevalence of stillbirths; neonatal and postneonatal mortality. RESULTS: Supplementation increased weight gain in pregnancy and significantly increased birth weight, particularly during the nutritionally debilitating hungry season (June to October). Weight gain increased by 201 g (P < 0.001) in the hungry season, by 94 g (P < 0.01) in the harvest season (November to May), and by 136 g (P < 0.001) over the whole year. The odds ratio for low birthweight babies in supplemented women was 0.61 (95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.79, P < 0.001). Head circumference was significantly increased (P < 0.01), but by only 3.1 mm. Birth length and duration of gestation were not affected. Supplementation significantly reduced perinatal mortality: the odds ratio was 0.47 (0.23 to 0.99, P < 0.05) for stillbirths and 0.54 (0.35 to 0.85, P < 0.01) for all deaths in first week of life. Mortality after 7 days was unaffected. CONCLUSION: Prenatal dietary supplementation reduced retardation in intrauterine growth when effectively targeted at genuinely at-risk mothers. This was associated with a substantial reduction in the prevalence of stillbirths and in early neonatal mortality. The intervention can be successfully delivered through a primary healthcare system.8http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7111/786L0959-8138 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial93451735MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, Keneba, Gambia, West Africa. ~?.Rayco-Solon, P. Fulford, A. J. Prentice, A. M.20056Maternal preconceptional weight and gestational length1133-6Am J Obstet Gynecol1924(Body Composition *Body Weight Cohort Studies Comparative Study Developing Countries Female Gambia *Gestational Age Humans *Infant, Low Birth Weight Infant, Newborn *Nutritional Status Preconception Care Pregnancy Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Retrospective Studies Risk Assessment Time FactorsAprRecent animal studies suggest that preconceptional undernutrition shortens gestation. We retested this idea among rural Gambian women who experience annual fluctuations in energy balance caused by the rains (with lowest weights in September to November) using records from 1918 infants. Pregnancies conceived in September to November were significantly shorter than those from better-fed months (38.6 vs 39.0 weeks; log-rank chi 2 = 17.4, P < .0001).!0002-9378 (Print) Journal Article15846192SMRC Keneba, Medical Research Council Laboratories, The Gambia, Banjul, West Africa.K ?l .Barnes, K. C. Armelagos, G. J. Morreale, S. C.1999/Dar 3~?Harding, J. E.2003!Nutrition and growth before birthS28Asia Pac J Clin Nutr12 Suppl Background - It has long been known that babies born small are at increased risk of dying before or immediately after birth. They are also at high risk of infection, lung disease and poor growth, and of adverse developmental outcomes. We now know that these small babies are also at increased long-term risk particularly of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. However the role of nutrition in the cause and possible treatment of these problems remains uncertain. Review - Although severely undernourished women have smaller babies, nutritional supplements make little difference to mean birthweight. However animal studies show that maternal under-nutrition can and does limit fetal growth. This apparent paradox can be resolved if the clear distinction is drawn between fetal nutrition and maternal nutrition. Fetal nutrition regulates fetal growth both directly and by regulating circulating levels of fetal hormones. In contrast, maternal nutrition may have little influence on fetal nutrition depending on the capacity of the fetal supply line to transfer those nutrients from mother to fetus. More recent data from human populations shows that maternal nutrition does influence size at birth. The balance of macronutrient intake, and particularly protein: carbohydrate balance, appears to be important, with an imbalance associated with reduced birthweight and adverse long-term effects. The timing of maternal nutritional changes are also important. Maternal undernutrition in late pregnancy in both rats and humans is associated with reduced birthweight and increased postnatal risk of diabetes. However maternal undernutrition around conception is associated with other risks including obesity, heart disease and reduced birthweight in the second generation. In sheep, periconceptual undernutrition sets a slow fetal growth trajectory and results in lambs with altered pancreatic function, altered endocrine development, altered metabolism and early delivery. The role of maternal micronutrient intake in fetal growth remains unclear, but there is growing evidence of its potential importance. Whether growth that has been impaired by inadequate nutrition before birth can be improved after birth remains unclear. Nutritional supplements in very low birthweight babies can improve early growth rates. This may be advantageous for short-term outcomes such as neonatal respiratory function and time of discharge. However the longterm implications both for continuing postnatal growth and for subsequent adult health remain of concern. Conclusions - Growth before birth is regulated by fetal nutrition. The role of maternal nutrition in human pregnancy is unclear but undoubtedly important. Specific recommendations about diet before, during and after pregnancy must await further research.Jhttp://www.healthyeatingclub.org/APJCN/ProcNutSoc/2000%2B/2003/Harding.pdf!0964-7058 (Print) Journal Article15023631TLiggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.(~?ALawlor, D. A. Okasha, M. Gunnell, D. Davey Smith, G. Ebrahim, S.2003Associations of adult measures of childhood growth with breast cancer: Findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study81-7 Br J Cancer891Aged *Birth Weight *Body Height Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology/pathology Cross-Sectional Studies Female Humans Infant, Newborn Leg/anatomy & histology Middle Aged Odds Ratio Regression Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk FactorsJul 7 Since the two components of adult height - leg length and trunk length - are poorly correlated with each other and appear to be influenced by different early life factors, examining their separate influence on breast cancer may provide additional insights into the mechanisms responsible for the positive association between adult height and breast cancer. In a cross-sectional study of 4286 women aged 60-79 years, in whom there were 170 cases of breast cancer, we found total height, leg length and trunk length were all modestly positively and linearly associated with breast cancer. The magnitudes of the associations of leg and trunk length were similar: fully adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of breast cancer for a one standard deviation (s.d.) increase in leg length 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) and for a 1 s.d. increase in trunk length 1.19 (0.99, 1.41). Self-reported birth weight (available on 33% of the sample) was positively and linearly associated with breast cancer: fully adjusted odds ratio of breast cancer for a 1 s.d. increase in birth weight 1.30 (0.93, 1.80). These associations were all independent of each other and other potential confounding factors and are likely to reflect different mechanisms by which factors operating prenatally and prepubertally influence breast cancer risk.9http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v89/n1/pdf/6600972a.pdf!0007-0920 (Print) Journal Article12838305Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK. d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk ~?2Martin, R. M. Smith, G. D. Frankel, S. Gunnell, D.2004DParents' growth in childhood and the birth weight of their offspring308-16 Epidemiology153hAdult Age Factors *Anthropometry *Birth Weight Body Height Body Weight Child Development/*physiology Cross-Sectional Studies Female Great Britain Growth/*physiology Humans Infant, Newborn Linear Models Male Middle Aged Mother-Child Relations Parents Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Assessment Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Factors Socioeconomic FactorsMayBACKGROUND: A person's birth weight is inversely related to both their own and their parents' cardiovascular disease mortality risk, but mechanisms underlying such transgenerational associations are unclear. We investigated the influence of the childhood growth of the mother or father on the birth weight of their first-born offspring. METHODS: We used data from the long-term follow up (in 1997-1998) of 4999 children from 1352 families who participated in the Boyd Orr Survey of Diet and Health in Pre-War Britain (1937-1939). Complete information on childhood height, potential confounding variables, and the birth weight of first-born offspring was available for 637 subjects. RESULTS: Mother's height in childhood was positively associated with her offspring's birth weight. Leg length, but not trunk length, was the component of maternal height associated with offspring birth weight. For each unit increase in z-score for maternal childhood leg length, there was a 96-g (95% confidence interval = 6-186) increase in offspring birth weight after controlling for childhood socioeconomic variables and adult height. There were weaker positive associations of paternal height and leg length in childhood with offspring birth weight. Associations were not confounded by maternal birth weight or midgrandparental height. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal growth during childhood influences offspring birth weight, independently of maternal birth weight, final attained height, or midgrandparental height. Because leg length is a sensitive marker of adverse nutritional and social exposures during childhood, these results suggest a key role for a mother's early environmental exposures as a determinant of her child's subsequent health.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15097011!1044-3983 (Print) Journal Article15097011_Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. richard.martin@bristol.ac.uk~?Scrimshaw, N. S. Behar, M.1965(Malnutrition in underdeveloped countries193-8 N Engl J Med272*Anemia, Hypochromic *Anemia, Macrocytic *Central America *Copper *Deficiency Diseases *Goiter *Infection *Magnesium Deficiency *Nutrition Disorders *Preventive Medicine *Tropical Medicine *ZincJan 28ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14222020(0028-4793 (Print) Journal Article Review14222020 B~?:Ramakrishnan, U. Martorell, R. Schroeder, D. G. Flores, R.19992Role of intergenerational effects on linear growth S544-S549J Nutr129 Suppl 2 Adult Birth Weight *Body Height *Cohort Effect Developing Countries Guatemala Humans Infant, Newborn Prospective Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.FebCurrent knowledge on the role of intergenerational effects on linear growth is reviewed on the basis of a literature search and recent findings from an ongoing study in Guatemala. Fourteen studies were identified, most of which examined the intergenerational relationships in birth weight. Overall, for every 100 g increase in maternal birth weight, her child's birth weight increased by 10-20 g. The study samples were primarily from developed countries, and birth weight data were extracted from hospital records and/or birth registries. Among the few studies that examined associations between the adult heights of parents and their offspring, correlation coefficients of 0.42-0.5 were reported. None of the studies examined intergenerational relationships in birth length or linear growth patterns during early childhood, preadolescence and/or adolescence. Prospectively collected data from long-term studies being carried out in rural Guatemala provide the first evidence of intergenerational relationships in birth size in a developing country setting. Data were available for 215 mother-child pairs. Maternal birth size was a significant predictor (P < 0.05) of child's birth size after adjusting for gestational age and sex of the child and other potential confounders. Child's birth weight increased by 29 g/100 g increase in maternal birth weight which is nearly twice that reported in developed countries. Similarly, child's birth length increased by 0.2 cm for every 1 cm increase in mother's birth length. The effect of maternal birth weight remained significant even after adjusting for maternal adult size. More evidence from developing countries will help explain the underlying mechanisms and identify appropriate interventions to prevent growth retardation..http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/129/2/544S(0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article Review10064328tDepartment of International Health, The Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.$p1~?1Alberman, E. Emanuel, I. Filakti, H. Evans, S. J.1992cThe contrasting effects of parental birthweight and gestational age on the birthweight of offspring134-44Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol62Adult *Birth Weight Cohort Studies Female Follow-Up Studies *Gestational Age Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Infant, Newborn Male Regression Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Sex Factors Vital StatisticsApr]Investigations on intergenerational effects on birthweight have been carried out using the data of the 1958 British National Birthday Trust Fund cohort and its follow-up to 23 years, the National Child Development Study (NCDS-4), which included information on all births to cohort members by that age. This report is directed particularly at ascertaining the independent effect of parental gestational age on babies' birthweight. The two main findings are a direct association between parental and offspring birthweight (significant for both mothers and fathers after allowing for confounding factors), but an inverse association with parental gestational age (significant only for the mothers). It is postulated that at least part of this effect is mediated through the association between maternal fetal growth rate and their babies' birthweight; the faster the rate the shorter the gestational age for a given birthweight. It was not possible to ascertain what part genetic factors played in this relationship. Larger and more informative intergenerational studies are needed to further knowledge on this question.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1584716!0269-5022 (Print) Journal Article1584716\Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, London Hospital Medical College, England.~? Lumey, L. H.1992cDecreased birthweights in infants after maternal in utero exposure to the Dutch famine of 1944-1945240-53Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol62W*Birth Weight Cohort Studies Comparative Study Female Gestational Age History, 20th Century Humans Infant, Newborn Multivariate Analysis Netherlands/epidemiology Pregnancy *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Residence Characteristics Starvation/epidemiology/*historyAprUsing maternity records of the University of Amsterdam teaching hospital for births 1960-1984, obstetric outcomes in 1808 first-born singleton offspring of mothers born between 1 January 1944 and 30 June 1946 in The Netherlands were analysed. Most of these mothers had experienced, during intra-uterine life, a war-induced famine that lasted from November 1944 to May 1945. The study was prompted by a report on increased perinatal mortality in offspring of such mothers and it aimed at describing late effects, if any, of such an exposure. Mothers exposed to famine during their first and second trimester in utero had offspring with birthweights lower than mothers not exposed to famine. The decrease in birthweight was in part due to slower fetal growth rate, in part to shorter gestation. Birthweights in the offspring of mothers exposed in their third trimester in utero were, however, not reduced. These findings in mothers exposed to famine in utero are in contrast to the effects of the famine on their mothers during their pregnancies, where third trimester exposure was associated with a reduction in birthweight. The effect of in utero exposure on birthweight persisted after control for potential confounding and intervening variables. Paradoxically, similar effects were seen in offspring of some mothers presumably not exposed to malnutrition. In this study, clear effects on reproductive outcomes are seen in the generation following an environmental exposure in utero.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=158472540269-5022 (Print) Historical Article Journal Article1584725RGertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Faculty of Medicine, Columbia University, New York.s,?jPrice, K. C. Coe, C. L.2000Maternal constraint on fetal growth patterns in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): The intergenerational link between mothers and daughters452-7Human Reproduction152Animal *Birth Weight Female Genomic Imprinting Human *Infant, Newborn *Macaca mulatta/ph [Physiology] Male *Mothers Odds Ratio Pregnancy Pregnancy Outcome *Pregnancy, Animal Sex Factors Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.The gestational experience of a mother can influence the intrauterine environment she provides her own offspring, allowing prenatal events to affect pregnancy outcomes across several generations. Using a multigenerational database, we determined the reproductive consequences for rhesus monkeys descended from small-for-date and large-for-date birth weight matrilines. Both the maternal half-brothers and -sisters of large-for-date infants exhibited enhanced fetal growth, but for small-for-date probands, only the maternal half-sisters experienced significant intrauterine growth constraint. In addition, the growth-restricted females were at higher risk of poor reproductive outcomes in adulthood, and they perpetuated the matrilineal birth weight pattern by selectively constraining the fetal development of their daughters. Collectively,  S~?j#Price, K. C. Hyde, J. S. Coe, C. L.1999iMatrilineal transmission of birth weight in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) across several generations128-34Obstet Gynecol941Animals Animals, Newborn Birth Weight/*genetics Body Weight Female Macaca mulatta Male Pregnancy Regression Analysis Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Weight GainJulOBJECTIVE: To investigate how secular trends in maternal weight characteristics, in response to living in a permissive laboratory environment, influence intergenerational trends in birth weight in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and to assess the role of female offspring in perpetuating these matrilineal traits. METHODS: A multigenerational data set was used to evaluate the relationship between familial and contemporaneous pregnancy factors and infant birth weight across several generations. These records provided 25 years of information on the maternal and paternal ancestries and reproductive histories, gestation lengths, and birth weights for 1321 infants. RESULTS: Pregnancy weight gain, gestation length, and maternal familial factors were the most important predictors of infant birth weight, followed by infant sex, paternity, and maternal pregravid weight (P<.001 for each variable). Furthermore, the trend in fetal growth across generations followed a matrilineal pattern of transmission that was much more pronounced for female than male offspring (P<.001). Although secular increases in maternal pregravid weight and pregnancy weight gain were detected, the upward shift in female birth weight was not explained solely by these changes in maternal weight parameters. CONCLUSION: With the delivery of ample nutrition and health care in a laboratory setting, there was a dramatic increase in the birth weight of daughters within certain matrilines, providing evidence that an intrauterine mechanism transmitted through female progeny can regulate fetal development. Further, the upward trend in female birth weight had a beneficial influence on the reproductive performance of female descendants in those lineages.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10389733!0029-7844 (Print) Journal Article10389733Department of P?Jablonka, Eva Lamb, Marion J.2005lEvolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life x, 462 p. Life and mind Cambridge, MA MIT PressEvolution (Biology)jby Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb with illustrations by Anna Zeligowski. ill. ; 24 cm. "A Bradford book."0262101076 (alk. paper)QH366.2 .J322 2005 576.8?Jablonka, Eva Lamb, Marion J.1995>Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension x, 346 p. Oxford, UKOxford University PressAEvolution (Biology) Genetics. Inheritance of acquired characters.{http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0638/94032108-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0638/94032108-t.html.Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb. ill. ; 24 cm.0198540620 (hbk)QH366.2 .J32 1995 575.01/66 ~?KLillycrop, K. A. Phillips, E. S. Jackson, A. A. Hanson, M. A. Burdge, G. C.2005Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring1382-6J Nutr1356Acyl-CoA Oxidase/genetics Animals Animals, Newborn/metabolism DNA Methylation *Diet, Protein-Restricted Epigenesis, Genetic/*drug effects Female Folic Acid/*pharmacology Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects Liver/metabolism/*physiology PPAR alpha/genetics PPAR gamma/genetics Pregnancy Pregnancy, Animal/*physiology *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects RNA, Messenger/metabolism Rats Rats, Wistar Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tJunKEnvironmental constraints during early life result in phenotypic changes that can be associated with increased disease risk in later life. This suggests persistent alteration of gene transcription. DNA methylation, which is largely established in utero, provides a causal mechanism by which unbalanced prenatal nutrition results in such altered gene expression. We investigated the effect of unbalanced maternal nutrition on the methylation status and expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) genes in rat offspring after weaning. Dams were fed a control protein (C; 180 g/kg protein plus 1 mg/kg folic acid), restricted protein (R; 90 g/kg casein plus 1 mg/kg folic acid), or restricted protein plus 5 mg/kg folic acid (RF) diet throughout pregnancy. Pups were killed 6 d after weaning (n = 10 per group). Gene methylation was determined by methylation-sensitive PCR and mRNA expression by semiquantitative RT-PCR. PPARalpha gene methylation was 20.6% lower (P < 0.001) and expression 10.5-fold higher in R compared with C pups. GR gene methylation was 22.8% lower (P < 0.05) and expression 200% higher (P < 0.01) in R pups than in C pups. The RF diet prevented these changes. PPARgamma methylation status and expression did not differ among the groups. Acyl-CoA oxidase expression followed that of PPARalpha. These results show that unbalanced prenatal nutrition induces persistent, gene-specific epigenetic changes that alter mRNA expression. Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription provides a strong candidate mechanism for fetal programming..http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/135/6/1382!0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article15930441<Development and Cell Biology, University of Southampton, UK. lnta. [References: 78]Revie#~?-Benyshek, D. C. Johnston, C. S. Martin, J. F.2006Glucose metabolism is altered in the adequately-nourished grand-offspring (F(3) generation) of rats malnourished during gestation and perinatal life1117-9 Diabetologia495MayAhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/t2v5160ljv122300/fulltext.pdf!0012-186X (Print) Journal Article16557373kDepartment of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-5003, USA, daniel.benyshek@unlv.edu.?Bonner, John Tyler1974$On Development: The Biology of Form282 p. Cambridge, MAHarvard University PressDevelopmental biology.)illus. 24 cm. "A Commonwealth Fund book." 0674634101QH491 .B62 574.3~?Chong, S. Whitelaw, E.2004Epigenetic germline inheritance692-6Curr Opin Genet Dev146Animals Environment *Evolution Genotype Germ Cells/*metabolism Humans *Models, Genetic Phenotype Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics)DecOur increased knowledge of epigenetic reprogramming supports the idea that epigenetic marks are not always completely cleared between generations. Incomplete erasure at genes associated with a measurable phenotype can result in unusual patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next. It is also becoming clear that the establishment of epigenetic marks during development can be influenced by environmental factors. In combination, these two processes could provide a mechanism for a rapid form of adaptive evolution.(0959-437X (Print) Journal Article Review15531166School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, Biochemistry Building-G08, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.K?q Blurton Jones,N.G.1987`Tolerated theft, suggestions abou ydtates and Canada xvii, 346 p. incl. maps, tables. Bulletin 4 New York City3Carnegie Foundation for the AdvancemenF~?Prentice, A. M. Moore, S. E.2005>Early programming of adult diseases in resource poor countries429-32Arch Dis Child904Adult Child Child Nutrition Disorders/*complications/economics *Developing Countries Genotype *Health Status Humans Income Nutritional Status Phenotype *Poverty Areas Risk Factors Survival AnalysisAprConsiderable evidence now exists to suggest that early exposure to nutritional deprivation can have long term consequences to health, with low birth weight now considered a risk factor for later health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Of importance, such effects are most exaggerated when faced with over-nutrition in later life, forming the basis for the "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis. The evidence in support of these associations comes largely from retrospective cohort studies in which adult outcomes were correlated with birth weight records. Relatively little data is available from developing countries, where long term record keeping of birth weight data has not been a high priority. Arguably however, such countries are at the greatest risk from the mismatch of early nutritional deprivation and later nutritional affluence. This paper explores the importance of the "developmental origins of health and disease" hypothesis in resource poor countries./http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/90/4/429&1468-2044 (Electronic) Journal Article15781942xMRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Andrew.Prentice@lshtm.ac.uk$n4 nutrition and c~?CMoore, S. E. Halsall, I. Howarth, D. Poskitt, E. M. Prentice, A. M.2001UGlucose, insulin and lipid metabolism in rural Gambians exposed to early malnutrition646-53 Diabet Med188GAdult Anthropometry Blood Glucose/*metabolism Blood Pressure Body Height Body Weight Female Gambia/epidemiology Humans Hunger Infant, Low Birth Weight Infant, Newborn Insulin/*blood Insulin Resistance/*physiology Lipids/*blood Male Nutrition Disorders/*blood/*epidemiology/physiopathology Risk Factors *Rural Population SeasonsAugAIMS: There is now substantial evidence to suggest that susceptibility to certain non-communicable diseases may be increased by early undernutrition. In rural Gambia, an annual hungry season reduces birth weight by 200-300 g and increases the prevalence of low birth weight (< 2500 g) from 11% to 24%. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fetal nutritional stress (using season of birth as a proxy measure for prenatal growth retardation) or early childhood malnutrition (using historical anthropometric records) had a residual influence on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a cohort of rural Gambian adults. METHODS: Two hundred and nineteen adults (mean age = 35.8 years; mean body mass index = 21.3 kg/m2; women = 181) for whom month of birth and infant anthropometric records were available participated in this study. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease were measured. RESULTS: No differences were found between season of birth groups (hungry vs. harvest) and fasting measures of glucose, insulin, lipids, fibrinogen or cortisol, or against 30 and 120 min glucose and insulin levels following an oral glucose tolerance test, or blood pressure. Similarly, these risk factors for adult disease were not related to the subjects' weight-for-age as children. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate-to-severe fetal and childhood malnutrition in rural Gambia caused no detectable impairment of the glucose/insulin axis, or of other cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults remaining lean and fit on a low-fat diet.!0742-3071 (Print) Journal Article11553202=MRC Keneba, The Gambia, West Africa. Sophie.Moore@LSHTM.ac.uk Qpreeclampsia. It currently is believed that soluble factors released by the disea z~?&Fagerberg, B. Bondjers, L. Nilsson, P.2004Low birth weight in combination with catch-up growth predicts the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in men at late middle age: The atherosclerosis and insulin resistance study254-9 J Intern Med2563+Adolescent Anthropometry Birth Weight Female Humans Infant, Low Birth Weight/*physiology Infant, Newborn Insulin/blood Lipids/blood Male Metabolic Syndrome X/blood/embryology/*etiology Middle Aged Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors *Weight GainSepLOBJECTIVES: To study the combined effects of a low birth weight and a pronounced weight increase up to early adulthood on the presence of cardiovascular risk factors constituting the metabolic syndrome in late middle age. DESIGN AND SETTING: A structured sample of 396 men, 58 years old from the general population. Birth weight and weight at 18 years were obtained from medical records and registers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI), waist : hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure, serum concentrations of insulin, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL particle size at age 58 years. RESULTS: The ratio between weight at age 18 years and birth weight correlated with a number of characteristics at age 58 years: BMI (r = 0.24, P < 0.001), WHR (r = 0.24, P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.13, P < 0.05), insulin (r = 0.14, P < 0.01), triglycerides (r = 0.10, P < 0.05), HDL cholesterol (r = -0.13, P < 0.01) and LDL particle size (r = -0.17, P < 0.05). The metabolic syndrome, according to current definitions, were more common at the age of 58 years in the third tertile of the weight at 18/birth ratio, than in the other tertiles (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The interaction between a low birth weight and an accelerated catch-up growth to early adulthood is associated with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in the late middle age. These findings are in accord with the concept that the effects of genes are conditioned by fetal growth, and that the effects of a small body size at birth are conditioned by growth during childhood and by environmental factors in childhood and adult life.Jhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01361.x!0954-6820 (Print) Journal Article15324369gInstitute of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden. ~?Huang, R. C. Burke, V. Newnham, J. P. Stanley, F. J. Kendall, G. E. Landau, L. I. Oddy, W. H. Blake, K. V. Palmer, L. J. Beilin, L. J.20079Perinatal and childhood origins of cardiovascular disease236-244 International Journal of Obesity312May 23HBackground:Features of the metabolic syndrome comprise a major risk for cardiovascular disease and will increase in prevalence with rising childhood obesity. We sought to identify early life influences on development of obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia in children.Methods and results:Cluster analysis was used on a subset of a longitudinal Australian birth cohort who had blood samples at age 8 (n=406). A quarter of these 8-year-olds fell into a cluster with higher body mass index, blood pressure (BP), more adverse lipid profile and a trend to higher serum glucose resembling adult metabolic syndrome. There was a U-shaped relationship between percentage of expected birth weight (PEBW) and likelihood of being in the high-risk cluster. The high-risk cluster had elevated BP and weight as early as 1 and 3 years old. Increased likelihood of the high-risk cluster group occurred with greatest weight gain from 1 to 8 years old (odds ratio (OR)=1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.3-1.5/kg) and if mothers smoked during pregnancy (OR=1.82, CI=1.05-3.2). Risk was lower if children were breast fed for >/=4 months (OR=0.6, 95% CI=0.37-0.97). Newborns in the upper two quintiles for PEBW born to mothers who smoked throughout pregnancy were at greatest risk (OR=14.0, 95% CI=3.8-51.1) compared to the nadir PEBW quintile of non-smokers.Conclusion:A U-shaped relationship between birth weight and several components of the metabolic syndrome was confirmed in a contemporary, well-nourished Western population of full-term newborns, but post-natal weight gain was the dominant factor associated with the high-risk cluster. There was a prominence of higher as well as lowest birth weights in those at risk. Future health programs should focus on both pre- and post-natal factors (reducing excess childhood weight gain and smoking during pregnancy), and possibly the greatest benefits may arise from targeting the heaviest, as well as lightest newborns, especially with a history of maternal smoking during pregnancy.International Journal of Obesity advance online publication, 23 May 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803394.!0307-0565 (Print) Journal article167182813[1] 1School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia (UWA) (M570), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia [2] 2Laboratory for Genetic Epidemiology, WAIMR, Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Western Australia, Australia. 'LE 4017647~?-Popkin, B. M. Richards, M. K. Montiero, C. A.1996oStunting is associated with overweight in children of four nations that are undergoing the nutrition transition3009-16J Nutr12612SBody Mass Index Brazil/epidemiology Child Child Nutrition Disorders/complications Child, Preschool China/epidemiology Comparative Study Growth Disorders/complications/*epidemiology/ethnology Humans Nutrition Surveys Obesity/complications/*epidemiology/ethnology Poverty Prevalence Russia/epidemiology South Africa/epidemiology World HealthDecA higher risk of obesity in stunted children has been described in Hispanic-American, Jamaican and Andean populations, but little systematic exploration has been done concerning this area in nutrition. This paper examines the relationship between stunting and overweight status for children aged 3-6 and 7-9 y in nationally representative surveys in Russia, Brazil, and the Republic of South Africa and a large nationwide survey in China. Using identical cut-offs for body mass index, the prevalence of child overweight in these countries ranges from 10.5 to 25.6% (based on the 85th percentile); recent NHANES III results indicate that this prevalence is around 22% in the U.S. Stunting is also common in the surveyed countries affecting 9.2-30.6% of all children. Our results showed a significant association between stunting and overweight status in children of all countries. The income-adjusted risk ratios of being overweight for a stunted child ranged from 1.7 to 7.8. Clearly, there is an important association between stunting and high weight-for-height in a variety of ethnic environmental and social backgrounds. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored, this association has serious public health implications particularly for lower income countries. As these countries enter the nutrition transition experiencing large changes in dietary and activity patterns, they may face, among other problems, additional difficulties in their fight against obesity.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9001368!0022-3166 (Print) Journal Article9001368oDepartment of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27516-3997, USA.~?ESteyn, K. Bourne, L. Jooste, P. Fourie, J. M. Rossouw, K. Lombard, C.1998RAnthropometric profile of a black population of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa35-40East Afr Med J751Adolescent Adult *African Continental Ancestry Group Arm/*anatomy & histology *Body Height *Body Mass Index *Body Weight Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Male Middle Aged Nutrition Surveys Obesity/*diagnosis/*ethnology South Africa/epidemiology *Urban HealthJanThis study describes the anthropometry of an urban black population living in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. A random sample of 986 selected adults aged 15-64 years and 163 children aged three to six years, included data on heights, weights, and mid-upper arm circumferences and calculation of the body mass index (BMI). The mean height of men was 168.3 cm and that of women 158.3 cm. Mean weight, BMI and mid-upper arm circumference for men were 66.2 kg, 23.4 and 28.1 cm and for women 69.8 kg, 27.8 and 30.6 cm respectively. The prevalence of underweight in men (BMI < 20) was 19% and in women (BMI < 19) 3.7%; 22% of the men were overweight (BMI > or = 25) and 7.9% obese (BMI > or = 30), while 36.4% of women were overweight (BMI > or = 24) and 34.4% obese (BMI > or = 30). More than half of the women above the age of 35 years were obese. Anthropometry of the three to six year old children was calculated for stunting, wasting and underweight, expressed in terms of the National Centre for Health Statistics standards, and revealed co-existing evidence of growth retardation and wasting with emergent obesity. These findings suggest that a part of this community, who may have been nutritionally deprived during childhood, has moved from undernutrition to extreme overnutrition without having achieved optimal nutritional status. Complexities that need to be considered when planning strategies to address malnutrition in the black South African population are identified.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9604533!0012-835X (Print) Journal Article9604533[Chronic Diseases of Lifestyle Programme, Medical Research Council, Fygerberg, South Africa. +~?OFlorencio, T. T. Ferreira, H. S. Cavalcante, J. C. Luciano, S. M. Sawaya, A. L.2003Food consumed does not account for the higher prevalence of obesity among stunted adults in a very-low-income population in the Northeast of Brazil (Maceió, Alagoas)1437-46Eur J Clin Nutr5711Adult Body Composition Body Constitution Body Height/*physiology Body Mass Index Brazil *Eating Female Growth Disorders/*physiopathology Humans Male Mental Recall Obesity/*epidemiology/etiology *Poverty Prevalence Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tNov^OBJECTIVE: To study the food pattern of stunted and nonstunted, obese and nonobese individuals in a very-low-income population. DESIGN: A household survey. SETTING: Slum set up by the 'Homeless Movement', city of Maceio (Alagoas), Brazil. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 532 adults classified by sex, stature (Z -2s.d. of the NCHS curves), and body mass index (BMI) were compared using the following variables: waist circumference, waist-hip circumference ratio (W/H), percentage body fat (skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance), and food intake (24-h recall). RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting was 22.6%. In all, 30% of the stunted subjects were overweight or obese, compared with 23% for the nonstunted individuals (P<0.05). In women, logistic regression analysis showed a strong association among weight, abdominal fat, and stunting (r=0.81). No significant differences were observed in the values of W/H or in the qualitative menu of the different categories. Energy intake was below the RDA figures (about 63%). There was similarity among the groups regarding the proportion of macronutrients, except for the fact that stunted obese women ingested less fat and protein than nonstunted obese women. Stunted obese individuals consumed less energy (5962 kJ) than the population as a whole (6213 kJ), an amount far lower than their average needs, which were calculated on the basis of their shorter stature (8109 kJ). CONCLUSION: The observed energy consumption seems compatible with the panorama of undernutrition present in the population, but it does not explain the high prevalence of obesity detected.;http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v57/n11/pdf/1601708a.pdf!0954-3007 (Print) Journal Article14576757Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Botucatu, Ciencias Biomedicas, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. telmatf_a@hotmail.com q~?Garrett, J. L. Ruel, M. T.2005lStunted child-overweight mother pairs: Prevalence and association with economic development and urbanization209-21Food Nutr Bull262Adult Africa Asia Body Height Body Mass Index Body Weight Child Child Nutrition Disorders/*epidemiology Demography Developing Countries Female Health Surveys Humans Latin America Male *Mothers Prevalence Public Policy Rural Health *Social Class Urban Health *UrbanizationJunThis paper explores the prevalence of the coexistence of a stunted child and an overweight mother in the same household (SCOWT), a somewhat paradoxical phenomenon when found in the developing world. It tests whether this phenomenon is associated with a country's level of economic development and urbanization and, by implication, the nutrition transition. It then highlights policy directions for public nutrition. Data from 42 Demographic and Health Surveys in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were used. Stunting was defined as height-for-age < -2 SD of the reference population, and maternal overweight as a body-mass index > 25 kg/m2. World Bank and United Nations figures were used for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (an indicator of economic development) and for level of urbanization. Descriptive statistics were derived, and regression analysis was used to model the association between economic development, urbanization, and the prevalence of pairs of stunted children and overweight mothers. The prevalence of this phenomenon is generally below 10%, except in four countries, three of them in Latin America. The phenomenon is generally more prevalent in Latin America than in Africa, though not necessarily more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The analysis finds that the phenomenon is associated with economic development, but not urbanization, and that it does differ between urban and rural areas and regions. The association with GDP per capita supports the hypothesis that SCOWT increases with economic development, up to a point. SCOWT appears to be most prevalent, as expected, in those countries in the midst of the nutrition transition. Recognizing this phenomenon is important for delineating strategies that respond to the differential needs of individuals within the household and do not just affect the household as a whole. This may become especially important with future economic development and, potentially, urbanization.,http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/fnb26-2.pdf!0379-5721 (Print) Journal Article16060222Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC 20006, USA. j.garrett@cgiar.org !d(exercise or caloric restriction t ~?tGarces, C. Benavente, M. Ortega, H. Rubio, R. Lasuncion, M. A. Rodriguez Artalejo, F. Fernandez Pardo, J. de Oya, M.2002^Influence of birth weight on the apo E genetic determinants of plasma lipid levels in children873-8 Pediatr Res526EAlleles Apolipoprotein A-I/blood Apolipoproteins B/blood Apolipoproteins E/*genetics Base Sequence *Birth Weight Child Cholesterol/blood DNA/genetics Female Humans Infant, Newborn Lipids/*blood Lipoproteins, HDL Cholesterol/blood Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol/blood Male Polymorphism, Genetic Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tDecKTo evaluate the influence of birth weight on apolipoprotein (apo) E genetic determinants of plasma lipids levels in prepubertal children we studied 933 healthy children (491 males and 442 females) 6 to 8 years old (mean age of 6.7 y), whose weight was recorded at birth. Plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and apo E genotypes were determined. We observed a greater effect of the apo E polymorphism on total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and especially apo B levels in children with birth weight in the lower tertile compared with those with birth weights in higher tertiles. Taking the epsilon3 allele homozygosity as reference, in boys with birth weights in the low tertile the overall lowering effect of the epsilon2 allele on TC, LDL-C and apo B was greater (10.5% (p < 0.01), 20.2% (p < 0.01) and 18.8% (p < 0.01), respectively) than in those in the highest tertile (5.6% on TC, 10.3% on LDL-C and 12.6% (p < 0.01) on apo B). A similar trend in this effect between tertiles of birth weight was also observed in girls. For both sexes, linear regression analysis demonstrates a positive and significant interaction between birth weight and epsilon2, which may explain the fact that the decrease in TC, LDL-C and apo B associated with the epsilon2 allele is more marked the lower the birth weight. Taking into account the prevalence of apo E polymorphism, and that appears to be the main genetic factor affecting plasma lipids, the interaction of apo E genotype and birth weight could be an important determinant of TC, LDL-C and apo B levels, and, as a consequence, of atherosclerosis.4http://www.pedresearch.org/cgi/content/full/52/6/873!0031-3998 (Print) Journal Article12438664xUnidad de Lipidos, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Avda. Reyes Catolicos, 2 28040 Madrid, Spain. Ҙ may need additional Kl~?jKInfante-Rivard, C. Lévy, E. Rivard, G. E. Guiguet, M. Feoli-Fonseca, J. C.2003kSmall babies receive the cardiovascular protective apolipoprotein ε 2 allele less frequently than expected626-9 J Med Genet408p*Alleles Apolipoproteins E/*genetics/physiology Birth Weight/genetics Cardiovascular Diseases/*genetics/*prevention & control Female Fetal Growth Retardation/genetics/prevention & control Heterozygote Detection Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Infant, Small for Gestational Age/metabolism Lipoproteins, LDL Cholesterol/blood/genetics Male Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tAug/http://jmg.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/40/8/62681468-62 ~?KCambien, F. Leger, J. Mallet, C. Levy-Marchal, C. Collin, D. Czernichow, P.1998Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism modulates the consequences of in utero growth retardation on plasma insulin in young adults470-5Diabetes473Adult Blood Glucose/analysis Cohort Studies Comparative Study Female Fetal Growth Retardation/blood/*genetics Follow-Up Studies Genotype Gestational Age Glucose Tolerance Test Humans Infant, Small for Gestational Age/blood/*physiology Insulin/*blood/metabolism Insulin Resistance/genetics Male Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/*genetics Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics Prospective Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Single-Blind MethodMar8 In utero growth retardation has been linked to a reduced rate of cell division in the fetal organs that undergo rapid growth and to permanent changes and adaptations (programming) that may affect the physiology in adult life. In particular, in utero growth retardation as reflected by a low birth weight for gestational age has been shown to be associated with a relative insulin resistance in adults. How programming may influence glucose metabolism is not completely understood, and the possible role of genetic factors has not been explored. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphism may predispose to insulin resistance and modulate the expression of several common cardiovascular and renal disorders, especially in people with diabetes. The possible impact of this polymorphism on plasma glucose and insulin levels was investigated in a group of young adults born at term whose length or weight at birth were in the lowest 3% of the sex and gestational age-adjusted distribution (SGA, n = 172) and a group of control individuals born with an appropriate birth weight for gestational age (AGA, n = 207). In this study, we have previously demonstrated an association between SGA and relative insulin resistance, especially in those with shorter gestational age. In the SGA group, fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were significantly correlated (R = 0.196, P < 0.015), with this association being significant only in ACE II individuals (R = 0.539, P < 0.0009). In the AGA group, fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were not significantly correlated. Consistent with this observation, the relationship between the ACE polymorphism and the insulin response to a glucose load was significantly heterogeneous between the AGA and SGA groups (P < 0.05); this was due to a tendency for ACE II individuals in the SGA group to exhibit increased 30-min plasma insulin levels (P < 0.05). In the SGA group, there was a significant interaction between gestational age and genotype on the insulin area (P < 0.0004); this index was inversely associated with gestational age in ACE II (P < 0.0005) and ACE ID (P < 0.005) subjects, but not in DD homozygotes (P > 0.05). The ACE D allele may thus attenuate the additive consequences of SGA and relatively short duration of gestation on insulin resistance in young adults.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9519756!0012-1797 (Print) Journal Article95197560INSERM SC7, Paris, France. cambien@infobiogen.fr ~? tVu-Hong, T. A. Durand, E. Deghmoun, S. Boutin, P. Meyre, D. Chevenne, D. Czernichow, P. Froguel, P. Levy-Marchal, C.2006The INS VNTR locus does not associate with smallness for gestational age (SGA) but interacts with SGA to increase insulin resistance in young adults2437-40J Clin Endocrinol Metab916Adult Genotype Humans Infant, Newborn *Infant, Small for Gestational Age Insulin/*genetics *Insulin Resistance *Minisatellite Repeats Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tJunCONTEXT: Both adverse intrauterine events and genetic background have been suggested to promote insulin resistance in subjects born small for gestational age (SGA). Among candidate genes that potentially influence both fetal growth and glucose metabolism is insulin. The potential effect of the insulin gene VNTR (INS) on birth weight has been controversial so far. OBJECTIVE: The present association study aimed at testing for the contribution of the INS VNTR locus on birth weight and on the metabolic profile of young adults born SGA (mean age, 22 yr). Two groups of subjects were selected on birth data: SGA (birth weight < 10th percentile; n = 735), and appropriate for gestational age (AGA; birth weight between 25th and 75th percentiles; n = 886). All subjects were genotyped for rs689 A/T single nucleotide polymorphism, in complete linkage disequilibrium with the INS VNTR classes I and III, respectively. RESULTS: Class I INS frequencies were similar in the two groups (70% in AGA; 72% in SGA; P = 0.42). There was significant effect on mean birth weight in neither SGA (P = 0.99) nor AGA (P = 0.18). Although the INS VNTR locus did not associate with anomalies of insulin resistance indices in the AGA group, in the SGA group, INS VNTR class III allele was associated with higher insulin resistance (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index = 0.38 vs. 0.39; P = 0.05). Furthermore, there was evidence of an interaction between the SGA/AGA status and INS VNTR locus on insulin resistance indices (P = 0.01) in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The INS VNTR locus does not associate in a major way with SGA in the French population. However, our data support an interaction between severe fetal growth restriction and INS VNTR locus, which were associated with insulin resistance in young adults born SGA.2http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/reprint/91/6/2437!0021-972X (Print) Journal Article16595598Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale Unit 690, Robert Debre Hospital, 48, Boulevard Serurier, 75019 Paris, France.  ews.org/doi/pdf/10.11[~? PDennison, E. M. Syddall, H. E. Rodriguez, S. Voropanov, A. Day, I. N. Cooper, C.2004OPolymorphism in the growth hormone gene, weight in infancy, and adult bone mass4898-903J Clin Endocrinol Metab8910Aged Birth Weight Bone Density/*genetics Comparative Study Female Femur Growth Hormone/blood/*genetics Haplotypes Humans Lumbar Vertebrae Male Middle Aged Osteocalcin/blood Osteoporosis/*genetics *Polymorphism, Genetic Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tOctEpidemiological studies point to the importance of gene-environment interactions during early life as determinants of later osteoporosis and fracture. We examined associations between common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human GH (GH1) gene and weight in infancy, adult bone mass and bone loss rates, and circulating GH profiles. Two hundred and five men and 132 women, aged 61-73 yr, in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study were included; bone mineral density was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry over 4 yr. Twenty-four-hour circulating GH profiles were constructed in a subset of 71 men and women. Genomic DNA was examined for two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GH gene (one in the promoter region and one in intron 4). Homozygotes at loci GH1 A5157G and T6331A displayed low baseline bone density and accelerated bone loss; there was also a significant (P = 0.04) interaction among weight at 1 yr, GH1 genotype, and bone loss rate. There was a graded association between alleles and circulating GH concentration among men. This study suggests that common diversity in the GH1 region predisposes to osteoporosis via effects on the level of GH expression. The interaction with infant weight suggests that early environment may influence the effect of GH1 genotype on bone loss.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15472182!0021-972X (Print) Journal Article15472182Medical Research Council Epidemiology Resource Center, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom SO16 6YD. emd@mrc.soton.ac.uk &~? te Velde, S. J. van Rossum, E. F. Voorhoeve, P. G. Twisk, J. W. Delemarre van de Waal, H. A. Stehouwer, C. D. van Mechelen, W. Lamberts, S. W. Kemper, H. C.2005An IGF-I promoter polymorphism modifies the relationships between birth weight and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes at age 365BMC Endocrine Disorders5Jun 1OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether IGF-I promoter polymorphism was associated with birth weight and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and whether the birth weight--risk factor relationship was the same for each genotype. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: 264 subjects (mean age 36 years) had data available on birth weight, IGF-I promoter polymorphism genotype, CVD and T2DM risk factors. Student's t-test and regression analyses were applied to analyse differences in birth weight and differences in the birth weight--risk factors relationship between the genotypes. RESULTS: Male variant carriers (VCs) of the IGF-I promoter polymorphism had a 0.2 kg lower birth weight than men with the wild type allele (p = 0.009). Of the risk factors for CVD and T2DM, solely LDL concentration was associated with the genotype for the polymorphism. Most birth weight--risk factor relationships were stronger in the VC subjects; among others the birth weight--systolic blood pressure relationship: 1 kg lower birth weight was related to an 8.0 mmHg higher systolic blood pressure CONCLUSION: The polymorphism in the promoter region of the IGF-I gene is related to birth weight in men only, and to LDL concentration only. Furthermore, the genotype for this polymorphism modified the relationships between birth weight and the risk factors, especially for systolic and diastolic blood pressure.:http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6823-5-5.pdf&1472-6823 (Electronic) Journal Article15927083Institute for research in extramural medicine (EMGO), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.tevelde@erasmusmc.nl ~? Cooper, R. S. Kaufman, J. S.1998,Race and hypertension: Science and nescience813-6 Hypertension325*Continental Population Groups/genetics Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Hypertension/ethnology/*genetics Laterality Research Risk FactorsNov1http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/32/5/813!0194-911X (Print) Journal Article9822436Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. rcooper@wpo.it.luc.edu T NC 27599-8120, USA. nanc B~? ;Alexander, G. R. Tompkins, M. E. Allen, M. C. Hulsey, T. C.1999BTrends and racial differences in birth weight and related survival71-9Matern Child Health J32Comparative Study *Continental Population Groups Female Gestational Age Humans Infant Mortality/*trends *Infant, Low Birth Weight Infant, Newborn Longitudinal Studies Pregnancy Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Jun~OBJECTIVE: In the past two decades, infant mortality rates in the United States declined in African-American and White populations. Despite this, racial disparities in infant mortality rates have increased and rates of low birth weight deliveries have shown little change. In this study, we examine temporal changes in birth weight distributions, birth weight specific neonatal mortality, and the birth weight threshold for an adverse risk of survival within both racial groups in order to explore the mechanisms for the disparities in infant mortality rates. METHOD: Single live births born to South Carolina resident mothers between 1975 and 1994 and considered White or African-American based on the mother's report of maternal race on the birth certificate were selected for investigation. We define the birth weight threshold for adverse survival odds as the birth weight at which 50% or more of infants in the population died within the first month of life. RESULTS: Despite significant increases in very low birth weight percentages, neonatal mortality rates markedly declined. Birth weight specific neonatal mortality decreased for both races, although greater reductions accrued to White low birth weight infants. By the end of the study period, the birth weight at which over 50% of newborns died within the first month of life was 696 g for Whites and 673 g for African-Americans. DISCUSSION: The ongoing decline in neonatal mortality is mainly due to reductions in birth weight specific neonatal mortality, probably related to high-risk obstetric and neonatal care. Technological developments in these areas may have differentially benefited Whites, resulting in an increasing racial disparity in mortality rates. Moreover, the relatively greater and increasing mortality risk from postmaturity and macrosomia in infants of African-America mothers may further exacerbate the racial gap in infant mortality.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10892415!1092-7875 (Print) Journal Article10892415University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health 35294-0022, USA. greg.alexander@uab.edu ~?)Collins Jr., J. W. Wu, S. Y. David, R. J.2002Differing intergenerational birth weights among the descendants of US-born and foreign-born Whites and African Americans in Illinois210-6Am J Epidemiol1553African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics Birth Weight/*genetics Cohort Effect European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics Family Fathers/statistics & numerical data Female Humans Illinois/epidemiology Infant, Low Birth Weight Infant, Newborn Male Maternal Age Mothers/statistics & numerical data Parents Paternal Age Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. RiskFeb 1The authors analyzed Illinois vital records to determine the intergenerational birth weight patterns among the descendants of US-born and foreign-born White and African-American women. Among the descendants of the generation 1 US-born White women (n = 91,061), generation 3 females had a birth weight 65 g more than that of their generation 2 mothers (p < 0.0001); generation 3 infants had a 10% lower moderately low birth weight (1,500-2,499 g) rate than did their generation 2 mothers: 5.0% versus 5.5% percent, respectively (relative risk = 0.9, 95% confidence interval: 0.9, 0.9). Among the descendants of generation 1 European-born White women (n = 3,339), generation 3 females had a birth weight 45 g more than that of their generation 2 mothers (p < 0.0001). Among the descendants of generation 1 US-born African-American women (n = 31,699), generation 3 females had a birth weight 17 g more than that of their generation 2 mothers (p < 0.001). Among the descendants of generation 1 African/Caribbean-born women (n = 104), generation 3 females had a birth weight 57 g less than that of their generation 2 mothers; generation 3 females had a 40% greater moderately low birth weight rate than did their generation 2 mothers: 9.6% percent versus 6.7% percent (relative risk = 1.4, 95% confidence interval: 0.6, 3.6). Maternal age and marital status did not account for the birth weight trends. The authors conclude that the expected intergenerational rise in birth weight does not occur among the direct female descendants of foreign-born African-American women.3http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/155/3/210!0002-9262 (Print) Journal Article11821245Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. jcollins@northwestern.edu y_dole@unc.edu~?ICollins Jr., J. W. David, R. J. Symons, R. Handler, A. Wall, S. Andes, S.1998vAfrican-American mothers' perception of their residential environment, stressful life events, and very low birthweight286-9 Epidemiology937Adolescent Adult African Americans/*psychology Case-Control Studies Environment Female Housing Humans *Infant, Very Low Birth Weight Marital Status Pregnancy Pregnancy Outcome/psychology Questionnaires Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Self Concept Social Class *Stress, Psychological United States/epidemiologyMayWe performed a hospital-based case-control study of African-American mothers to explore the relation between a mother's perception of her own residential environment and very low birthweight. We administered a structured questionnaire to mothers of very-low-birthweight (<1,500 gm; N = 28) and critically ill non-low-birthweight (>2,500 gm; N = 52) infants. The groups had similar sociodemographic characteristics. The vast majority of participants were unmarried and had no private medical insurance. The odds ratios of very low birthweight fluctuated between 1.7 and 3.2 for African-American mothers who rated their neighborhoods (in terms of police protection, protection of property, personal safety, friendliness, delivery of municipal services, cleanliness, quietness, and schools) unfavorably. Additionally, the odds ratio of very low birthweight for mothers exposed to three or more stressful life events during pregnancy was 3.1 (95% confidence interval = 1.2-8.2). We conclude that African-American mothers' perception of their residential environment and frequency of stressful life events are associated with very low birthweight in their infants.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9583420!1044-3983 (Print) Journal Article9583420vDepartment of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital/Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60614, USA. ~? David, R. J. Collins Jr., J. W. 1997cDiffering birth weight among infants of U.S.-born blacks, African-born blacks, and U.S.-born whites1209-14 N Engl J Med33717 Africa/ethnology *African Continental Ancestry Group Birth Weight/*genetics *European Continental Ancestry Group Female Humans Infant, Low Birth Weight Infant, Newborn Male Mothers Reproductive History Risk Factors Socioeconomic Factors United States Vital StatisticsOct 23.BACKGROUND: In the United States, the birth weights of infants of black women are lower than those of infants of white women. The extent to which the lower birth weights among blacks are related to social or genetic factors is unclear. METHODS: We used vital records for 1980 through 1995 from Illinois to determine the distribution of birth weights among infants born to three groups of women -- U.S.-born blacks, African-born blacks, and U.S.-born whites. RESULTS: The mean birth weight of 44,046 infants of U.S.-born white women was 3446 g, that of 3135 infants of African-born black women was 3333 g, and that of 43,322 infants of U.S.-born black women was 3089 g. The incidence of low birth weight (weight less than 2500 g) was 13.2 percent among infants of U.S.-born black women and 7.1 percent among infants of African-born black women, as compared with 4.3 percent among infants of U.S.-born white women (relative risks, 3.1 and 1.6, respectively). Among the women at lowest risk (those 20 to 39 years old, with 12 years of education for themselves and their spouses, early prenatal care, gravida 2 or 3, and no previous fetal loss), the rate of low birth weight in infants of African-born black women (3.6 percent) was closer to the rate in infants of U.S.-born white women (2.4 percent), and the rate in infants of U.S.-born black women remained high (7.5 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The birth-weight patterns of infants of African-born black women and U.S.-born white women are more closely related to one another than to the birth weights of infants of U.S.-born black women.3http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/337/17/1209.pdf!0028-4793 (Print) Journal Article9337381QDivision of Neonatology, Cook County Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. ɐpreservation of function,wA,~?VDole, N. Savitz, D. A. Siega-Riz, A. M. Hertz-Picciotto, I. McMahon, M. J. Buekens, P.2004gPsychosocial factors and preterm birth among African American and white women in central North Carolina1358-65Am J Public Health948Adaptation, Psychological Adult *African Americans/education/ethnology/psychology/statistics & numerical data Anxiety/complications/ethnology/psychology Attitude to Health/ethnology Birth Rate/*ethnology Comparative Study Educational Status *European Continental Ancestry Group/education/ethnology/psychology/statistics & numerical data Female Health Behavior/ethnology Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Humans Life Change Events North Carolina/epidemiology *Obstetric Labor, Premature/ethnology/psychology Pregnancy Pregnancy Outcome/ethnology/psychology Problem Solving Prospective Studies Questionnaires Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Risk Factors Social Support Stress, Psychological/complications/ethnology/psychologyAug[OBJECTIVES: We assessed associations between psychosocial factors and preterm birth, stratified by race in a prospective cohort study. METHODS: We surveyed 1898 women who used university and public health prenatal clinics regarding various psychosocial factors. RESULTS: African Americans were at higher risk of preterm birth if they used distancing from problems as a coping mechanism or reported racial discrimination. Whites were at higher risk if they had high counts of negative life events or were not living with a partner. The association of pregnancy-related anxiety with preterm birth weakened when medical comorbidities were taken into account. No association with preterm birth was found for depression, general social support, or church attendance. CONCLUSIONS: Some associations between psychosocial variables and preterm birth differed by race.http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=23&did=676914211&SrchMode=3&sid=2&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1159507954&clientId=1917&aid=2&cfc=1!0090-0036 (Print) Journal Article15284044Carolina Population Center, CB 8120, University of North Carolina at  V~?nCruickshank, J. K. Mzayek, F. Liu, L. Kieltyka, L. Sherwin, R. Webber, L. S. Srinavasan, S. R. Berenson, G. S.2005Origins of the "black/white" difference in blood pressure: Roles of birth weight, postnatal growth, early blood pressure, and adolescent body size: The Bogalusa heart study1932-7 Circulation11115;Adolescent African Continental Ancestry Group Birth Weight/*physiology Blood Pressure/*physiology Body Mass Index Body Size/*physiology Child, Preschool European Continental Ancestry Group Fetal Development/physiology Growth/*physiology Humans Hypertension/*ethnology/etiology Infant Infant, Newborn Logistic ModelsApr 19BACKGROUND: The determinants of differences in blood pressure that emerge in adolescence between black Americans of predominantly African descent and white Americans of predominantly European descent are unknown. One hypothesis is related to intrauterine and early childhood growth. The role of early blood pressure itself is also unclear. We tested whether differences in birth weight and in carefully standardized subsequent measures of weight, height, and blood pressure from 0 to 4 or 5 years were related to black/white differences in blood pressure in adolescence. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two Bogalusa cohorts who had complete follow-up data on birth weights and early childhood and adolescent anthropometric and blood pressure measures were pooled. One hundred eighty-five children (48 black and 47 white boys and 41 black and 49 white girls) were followed up and studied after 15 to 17 years. Birth weights were a mean 443 and 282 g lower in black boys and girls, respectively, than in whites (P<0.001). Blood pressures in adolescence were 3.4/1.9 and 1.7/0.6 mm Hg higher, respectively, and tracked from early childhood. In regression analyses, birth weight accounted for the ethnic difference in adolescent blood pressure, which was also independently predicted, in decreasing impact order, by adolescent height, adolescent body mass index, and systolic blood pressure at 4 to 5 years and inversely by growth from 0 to 4 to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: If these results can be replicated in larger and independent samples, they suggest that efforts to improve intrauterine growth in black infants as well as lessen weight gain in adolescence might substantially reduce excess high blood pressure/hypertension in this ethnic group.3http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/111/15/1932&1524-4539 (Electronic) Journal Article15837946Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University Medical Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA. clinep@man.ac.uk  350 microsatellites were studied in a global sample of humans showed that they could be grouped according to their continental origin, and this was widely interpreted as evidence for a discrete distribution of human genetic diversity. Here, we investigate how study design can influence such conclusions. Our results show that when individuals are sampled homogeneously from around the globe, the pattern seen is one of gradients of allele frequencies that extend over the entire world, rather than discrete clusters. Therefore, there is no reason to assume that major genetic discontinuities exist between different continents or "races."+http://www.genome.org/cgi/reprint/14/9/1679!1088-9051 (Print) Journal Article15342553^Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. serre@eva.mpg.de( dHed many of the patho~?!Ounsted, M. Scott, A. Ounsted, C.1986STransmission through the female line of a mechanism constraining human fetal growth143-51 Ann Hum Biol132Analysis of Variance *Birth Weight *Embryonic and Fetal Development England Family Female Humans Infant, Low Birth Weight Infant, Newborn Infant, Small for Gestational Age Male *Mothers PregnancyMar-AprCross-breeding experiments between large and small strains of mammals have shown the powerful influence of the maternal organism on the control of fetal growth. The prepotency of a maternal regulator has also been demonstrated in humans. Our earlier studies indicated that this regulator acts by means of constraint; there is no equivalent accelerating mechanism. Data on 1092 siblings and 5207 paternal and maternal relatives of 986 probands show different patterns of birthweight among families ascertained, respectively, through very large and very small babies. When constraint is relaxed the Mendelian laws of inheritance are clearly followed. At the lower extreme there is evidence for the transmission of constraint through the female line only. This could be due to the maternal genotype, but our data suggest that a non-Mendelian path might also be involved. Such a process would be adaptive, facilitating fairly fast changes in fetal growth rate as the conditions under which a population lives deteriorate or improve.!0301-4460 (Print) Journal Article3707043 & New York, NYOxford University Press~?m cBdolah, YlDD? Waterlow, J. C. 1981The Energy Cost of GrowthHJoint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein RequirementsGeneva, SwitzerlandpFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,World Health OrgTO?]!Eveleth, Phyllis B. Tanner, J. M.1990#Worldwide Variation in Human Growth xii, 397 p. Cambridge, UKCambridge University Press2nd(Children Growth. Children Anthropometry.mhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam024/90034824.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam026/90034824.html2Phyllis B. Eveleth~? Jablonka, E.2004Epigenetic epidemiology929-35Int J Epidemiol335Animals *Epidemiology, Molecular *Epigenesis, Genetic Genetic Diseases, Inborn/epidemiology/genetics Genetic Predisposition to Disease HumansOct2http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/33/5/929(0300-5771 (Print) Journal Article Review15166187The Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel. jablonka@post.tau.ac.il.  Pg4q9.pdf%Proc. R. Soc. xkh?Pinker, S. Bloom, P.1990&Natural language and natural selection707-784Brain Behavygjx? Boas, F. 19123Changes in bodily form of descendants of immigrants530-562Amer j[h? Bateson, G. 1963'The role of somatic change in evolution529-539 Evo?"Gluckman, Peter D. Hanson, Mark A.20055The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development, and Disease xiv, 257 p. New York, NYCambridge University PressbDevelopmental biology. Embryology, Human. Human evolution. Medicine, Preventive. Medical genetics.qhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam041/2004045815.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam041/2004045815.html ill. ; 25 cm.0521834570 0521542359 (pb.)QH491 .G584 2005 612.6/4r|D?(Kuzawa, C. W. Gluckman, P. Hanson, M. in press4Developmental perspectives on the origins of obesity3Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Health and DiseaseFantuzzi, G. Mazzone, T I~?'Drake, A. J. Walker, B. R. Seckl, J. R.2005cIntergenerational consequences of fetal programming by in utero exposure to glucocorticoids in ratsR34-R38&Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2881RAnimals Birth Weight/drug effects Body Weight/drug effects Dexamethasone/*pharmacology Female Glucocorticoids/*pharmacology Glucose Intolerance/physiopathology Liver/enzymology Male Phenotype Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/metabolism Pregnancy *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Rats Rats, Wistar Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tJanEpidemiological studies linking low birth weight and subsequent cardiometabolic disease have given rise to the hypothesis that events in fetal life permanently program subsequent cardiovascular risk. The effects of fetal programming may not be limited to the first-generation offspring. We have explored intergenerational effects in the dexamethasone-programmed rat, a model in which fetal exposure to excess glucocorticoid results in low birth weight with subsequent adult hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia underpinned by increased activity of the key hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). We found that the male offspring of female rats that had been exposed prenatally to dexamethasone, but were not manipulated in their own pregnancy, also had reduced birth weight (5.66 +/- 0.06 vs. 6.12 +/- 0.06 g, P < 0.001), glucose intolerance, and elevated hepatic PEPCK activity (5.7 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.2 nmol.min(-1).mg protein(-1), P < 0.001). These effects resolved in a third generation. Similar intergenerational programming was observed in offspring of male rats exposed prenatally to dexamethasone mated with control females. The persistence of such programming effects through several generations, transmitted by either maternal or paternal lines, indicates the potential importance of epigenetic factors in the intergenerational inheritance of the "programming phenotype" and provides a basis for the inherited association between low birth weight and cardiovascular risk factors.3http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/288/1/R34!0363-6119 (Print) Journal Article15178540Endocrinology Unit, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Center, Western General Hospital, United Kingdom. mandy.drake@ed.ac.uk  @ubaclu.unibas.ch+~? Drake, A. J. Walker, B. R.2004The intergenerational effects of fetal programming: Non-genomic mechanisms for the inheritance of low birth weight and cardiovascular risk1-16 J Endocrinol1801Adaptation, Physiological Animals *Birth Weight Cardiovascular Diseases/*embryology/*etiology Causality Embryonic and Fetal Development Female Humans Infant, Newborn Male Maternal Nutrition Models, Animal Pregnancy Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Stress Transients and MigrantsJanMany epidemiological studies in diverse populations have demonstrated a link between low birth weight and subsequent disease. This evidence has given rise to the fetal origins hypothesis, which suggests that exposure of the fetus to an adverse environment in utero leads to permanent programming of tIssue function and a risk of cardiovascular disease. An alternative hypothesis is that low birth weight and adult cardiovascular disease are independent features of a genetic predisposition to cardiovascular disease. This review describes evidence that the programming phenomenon may not be limited to the first generation offspring. Results of human and animal studies identify intergenerational programmed effects on both birth weight and cardiovascular disease. This may represent a mechanism for the non-genetic inheritance of a predisposition to low birth weight and adverse cardiovascular risk across a number of generations.9http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/reprint/180/1/1(0022-0795 (Print) Journal Article Review14709139Endocrinology Unit, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. mandy.drake@ed.ac.uk ~?! Wells, J. C.2003FThe thrifty phenotype hypothesis: Thrifty offspring or thrifty mother?143-61 J Theor Biol2211Adaptation, Physiological Environment Evolution Female Genotype Growth/*physiology Humans Nutrition/*physiology *Phenotype Pregnancy Prenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsMar 7Medical research is increasingly focusing on the contribution of nutritional programming to disease in later life. Programming is a process whereby a stimulus during a critical window of time permanently affects subsequent structure, function or developmental schedule of the organism. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis is widely used to interpret such studies, with early growth restriction seen as adaptation to environmental deprivation. However, such permanent adjustment is less beneficial than maintaining flexibility so as to recover from early growth deficits if the environment improves. Thus, the existing thrifty phenotype hypothesis fails to explain why plasticity is lost so early in development in species with extended growth. One explanation is that the developing organism simply cannot maintain phenotypic plasticity throughout the period of organ growth. This article adds a life history perspective, arguing that programming of the offspring may in some species benefit maternal fitness more than it does that of individual offspring. Closing the critical window early in development allows the preservation of maternal strategy in offspring phenotype, which in humans benefits the mother by constraining offspring demand after weaning. The offspring gains by being buffered against environmental fluctuations during the most sensitive period of development, allowing coherent adaptation of organ growth to the state of the environment. The critical window is predicted to close when offspring physiology becomes independent of maternal physiology, the timing of which depends on offspring trait. Because placental nutrition and lactation buffer against short-term environmental fluctuations, maternal strategy is predicted to derive from long-term experience, encapsulated in maternal size and nutritional status. Such an approach implies that public health programmes for improving birth weight may be more effective if they target maternal development rather than nutrition during pregnancy. Equally, aggressive nutritional management of infants born small or pre-term may induce the very environmental fluctuations that are naturally softened by maternal nutrition.(0022-5193 (Print) Journal Article Review12634051MRC Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. j.well@ich.ucl.ac.uk ne & Hygiene48o+?d Allison, A. C.1954!Notes ?"Dawkins, Richard1996Climbing Mount Improbable xii, 340 p. New York, NYNorton8Natural selection. Evolutionary genetics. Morphogenesis.@Richard Dawkins ; original drawings by Lalla Ward. ill. ; 24 cm. 0393039307QH375 .D376 1996 575.01/62?#Carroll, Robert Lynn1997.Patterns and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution xvi, 448 p.!Cambridge paleobiology series ; 2 New York, NYCambridge University Press5Vertebrates, Fossil Evolution. Vertebrates Evolution.mhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam028/96044161.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam026/96044161.html Robert L. Carroll. ill. ; 27 cm.0521472326 052147809X (pbk.)QE841 .C2538 ~?$Haig, D.1993$Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy495-532 Q Rev Biol684+Chorionic Gonadotropin/physiology Embryo Implantation Embryonic and Fetal Development Female Growth Hormone/physiology Humans Maternal-Fetal Exchange/genetics Pre-Eclampsia/etiology Pregnancy/*genetics/immunology/physiology Pregnancy Maintenance Prolactin/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tDece Pregnancy has commonly been viewed as a cooperative interaction between a mother and her fetus. The effects of natural selection on genes expressed in fetuses, however, may be opposed by the effects of natural selection on genes expressed in mothers. In this sense, a genetic conflict can be said to exist between maternal and fetal genes. Fetal genes will be selected to increase the transfer of nutrients to their fetus, and maternal genes will be selected to limit transfers in excess of some maternal optimum. Thus a process of evolutionary escalation is predicted in which fetal actions are opposed by maternal countermeasures. The phenomenon of genomic imprinting means that a similar conflict exists within fetal cells between genes that are expressed when maternally derived, and genes that are expressed when paternally derived. During implantation, fetally derived cells (trophoblast) invade the maternal endometrium and remodel the endometrial spiral arteries into low-resistance vessels that are unable to constrict. This invasion has three consequences. First, the fetus gains direct access to its mother's arterial blood. Therefore, a mother cannot reduce the nutrient content of blood reaching the placenta without reducing the nutrient supply to her own tissues. Second, the volume of blood reaching the placenta becomes largely independent of control by the local maternal vasculature. Third, the placenta is able to release hormones and other substances directly into the maternal circulation. Placental hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL), are predicted to manipulate maternal physiology for fetal benefit. For example, hPL is proposed to act on maternal prolactin receptors to increase maternal resistance to insulin. If unopposed, the effect of hPL would be to maintain higher blood glucose levels for longer periods after meals. This action, however, is countered by increased maternal production of insulin. Gestational diabetes develops if the mother is unable to mount an adequate response to fetal manipulation. Similarly, fetal genes are predicted to enhance the flow of maternal blood through the placenta by increasing maternal blood pressure. Preeclampsia can be interpreted as an attempt by a poorly nourished fetus to increase its supply of nutrients by increasing the resistance of its mother's peripheral circulation.dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8115596(0033-5770 (Print) Journal Article Review8115596QMuseum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. ~?%bVaag, A. Jensen, C. B. Poulsen, P. Brons, C. Pilgaard, K. Grunnet, L. Vielwerth, S. Alibegovic, A.2006UMetabolic aspects of insulin resistance in individuals born small for gestational age137-43Horm Res65 Suppl 3Adipose Tissue/metabolism Adult Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology Female Glucose/metabolism Homeostasis Humans Infant, Newborn Infant, Small for Gestational Age/*physiology Insulin Resistance/*physiology Liver/metabolism Male Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism Pregnancy Twin StudiesNumerous studies have shown an association between low weight at birth and being born small for gestational age (SGA) on the one hand and risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on the other. Our studies in twins have indicated a non-genetic age-dependent origin of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes associated with being born SGA. In order to gain insight into the molecular metabolic defects and mechanisms linking SGA with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, we performed a series of experiments in young and elderly twins, and, in particular, in young men (aged 19-23 years) with a weight at birth at term in the lowest 10th percentile with no family history of diabetes. The control group included age-matched men with birth weights at term in the upper normal range. While body mass index and waist-to-hip ratios were similar in the individuals born SGA and controls, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry studies documented a higher degree of abdominal obesity in the men who had a low weight at birth. Using the gold standard hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp technique combined with glucose tracers and studies of forearm glucose uptake, we found an impairment of insulin-stimulated glycolytic flux and reduced forearm (muscle) glucose uptake in the face of normal whole-body glucose uptake. In addition, we found a significantly decreased insulin secretion rate during oral glucose ingestion after correction for insulin action (disposition index), a paradoxical enhanced insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production and lower fasting plasma glycerol levels, suggesting impaired lipolysis. Finally, analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies showed reduced muscle expression of several key proteins involved in insulin signalling and glucose transport, including protein kinase C-zeta, the two subunits of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (i.e., p85alpha and p110beta) and the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter, Glut-4, in individuals of low birth weight. In conclusion, being born SGA and of low birth weight is associated with type 2 diabetes in a non-genetic manner, and programming of muscle insulin action and signalling represents an early mechanism responsible for this association.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16612127(0301-0163 (Print) Journal Article Review16612127)Steno Diabetes Centre, Gentofte, Denmark.~?&Popkin, B. M. Gordon-Larsen, P.2004KThe nutrition transition: Worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinantsS2-S9Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord28 Suppl 3Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Developing Countries *Diet Europe/epidemiology Exercise/physiology Female Humans Incidence Male Obesity/*epidemiology/etiology United States/epidemiology *World HealthNovOBJECTIVE: This paper explores the major changes in diet and physical activity patterns around the world and focuses on shifts in obesity. DESIGN: Review of results focusing on large-scale surveys and nationally representative studies of diet, activity, and obesity among adults and children. SUBJECTS: Youth and adults from a range of countries around the world. MEASUREMENTS: The International Obesity Task Force guidelines for defining overweight and obesity are used for youth and the body mass index > or =25 kg/m(2) and 30 cutoffs are used, respectively, for adults. RESULTS: The nutrition transition patterns are examined from the time period termed the receding famine pattern to one dominated by nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (NR-NCDs). The speed of dietary and activity pattern shifts is great, particularly in the developing world, resulting in major shifts in obesity on a worldwide basis. Data limitations force us to examine data on obesity trends in adults to provide a broader sense of changes in obesity over time, and then to examine the relatively fewer studies on youth. Specifically, this work provides a sense of change both in the United States, Europe, and the lower- and middle-income countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. CONCLUSION: The paper shows that changes are occurring at great speed and at earlier stages of the economic and social development of each country. The burden of obesity is shifting towards the poor.ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15543214(0307-0565 (Print) Journal Article Review15543214Department of Nutrition, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997, USA. }k?'von Bertalanffy, L. 1950b1The theory of open systems in physics and biology23-29SceW`?(von Bertalanffy, L. 1969General System Theory New York, NYGe?)Boaz, N.2002REvolving Health: The Origins of Illness and How the Modern World Is Making Us Sick New York, NYJohn Wile?* Boorse, C.1997A rebuttal on health3-134What is Disease?Humber, JM Almeder, KF Totowa, NJ Humana Press"Books photocopied Reprint suppliedk?+Charlton, B. 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Melanie20027Nature's Perfect Food: How Milk Became America's Drink New York, NYNew York Unive p?(United States Department of Agriculture,2003;The National School Lunch Program: History and Development2003 2 OctoberWashington, DC'United States Department of Agriculture?http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/lunch/AboutLuq? Flatz, G.1987'Genetics of lactose digestion in humans1-77Advances in Human Genetics16?4Suarez, F. L. Adshead, J. Furne, J. K. Levitt, M. D.1998cLactose maldigestion is not an impediment to the intake of 1,500 mg calcium daily as dairy products 1118-1122&American Journal of Clinical Nutrition685spD?(United States Department of Agriculture,1990 Fluid Milk Promotion Act of 1990Washington, DCAp,? (United States Department of Agriculture,2004Report to Congress on the National Dairy Promotion and Research Program and the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion ProgramWashington, DC'Un 8(omething?673-686Social Science & Medicine415ug?Flatz, G. Rotthauwe, H. W.1973'Lactose nutrition and natural selection76-77Lan  tr. Child Health $ Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA 9-21 Nursery WorldJanuary{8?McCracken, R. D.19714Lactase deficiency: An example of dietary evolution479-517Current Anthropolo?Simoons, F. J.1978OThe geographic hypothesis and lactose malabsorption: A weighing of the evidence963-980&Ameri? Bayless, T. M. Rosensweig, N. S.1967dIncidence and implications of lactase deficiency and milk intolerance in white and Negro populations54-64Johns Hopkins Medical Journart? Bayless, T. M. Rosensweig, N. S.1966A racial difference in incidence of lactase deficiency: A survey of milk intolerance and lactase deficiency in healthy adult males968-972+Journal of the American Medical Associa?Wang, Yangxi Harvey, Clare B Hollox, Edward J Phillips, Alan D Poulter, Mark Clay, Peter Walker-Smith, John A Swallow, Dallas M.1998AThe genetically programmed down-regulation of lactase in children 1230-1236Gastroenterolog?Sahi, T.1994a4Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia7-20(Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology29 Suppl 202 s?Hollox, Edward J. Poulter, Mark Zvarik, Marek Ferak, Vladimir Krause, Amanda Jenkins, Trefor Saha, Nilmani Kozlov, Andrew I. Swallow, Dallas M.2000,Lactase haploytpe diversity in the Old World160-172"American Journal of Human G`?eEnattah, Nabil Sabri Sahi, Timo Savilahti, Erkki Terwilliger, Joseph D. Peltonen, Leena Varvela, Irma2002CIdentification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia233-237Nature Gen?6Maloni, T Colombo, C Ruggiu, G Denena, M Meloni, G. F.1998CPrimary lactase deficiency and past malarial endemicity in Sardinia490-4932Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepats ?Anderson, B. Vullo, C.19948Did malaria select for primary adult lactase deficiency? 1487-1489ux?8Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,2006Food Guidelines by Country2006May 15 New York, NY7Food and Agriculture Orga ~?CONSENSUS Trial Study Group,1987Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) 1429-1435 N Engl J Med31623Uadministration & dosage adverse effects Aged Blood Pressure chemically induced Clinical Trials Double-Blind Method drug effects drug therapy Drug Therapy,Combination Enalapril Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Hypotension Male mortality Prognosis Random Allocation Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't therapeutic use Vasodilator Agents9To evaluate the influence of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor enalapril (2.5 to 40 mg per day) on the prognosis of severe congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class IV), we randomly assigned 253 patients in a double-blind study to receive either placebo (n = 126) or enalapril (n = 127). Conventional treatment for heart failure, including the use of other vasodilators, was continued in both groups. Follow-up averaged 188 days (range, 1 day to 20 months). The crude mortality at the end of six months (primary end point) was 26 percent in the enalapril group and 44 percent in the placebo group--a reduction of 40 percent (P = 0.002). Mortality was reduced by 31 percent at one year (P = 0.001). By the end of the study, there had been 68 deaths in the placebo group and 50 in the enalapril group--a reduction of 27 percent (P = 0.003). The entire reduction in total mortality was found to be among patients with progressive heart failure (a reduction of 50 percent), whereas no difference was seen in the incidence of sudden cardiac death. A significant improvement in NYHA classification was observed in the enalapril group, together with a reduction in heart size and a reduced requirement for other medication for heart failure. The overall withdrawal rate was similar in both groups, but hypotension requiring withdrawal occurred in seven patients in the enalapril group and in no patients in the placebo group. After the initial dose of enalapril was reduced to 2.5 mg daily in high-risk patients, this side effect was less frequent. We conclude that the addition of enalapril to conventional therapy in patients with severe congestive heart failure can reduce mortality and improve symptoms. The beneficial effect on mortality is due to a reduction in death from the progression of heart failure PM:2883575 DA - 19870622 NOT IN FILE13 w V~? Anonymous1991Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators293-302 N Engl J Med3255adverse effects Arrhythmia blood Blood Pressure Cause of Death Chronic Disease Double-Blind Method drug effects drug therapy Electrolytes Enalapril Female Follow-Up Studies Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Kidney Male Middle Aged mortality Patient Compliance physiopathology Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Risk Stroke Volume Survival Rate therapeutic use therapyBACKGROUND. Patients with congestive heart failure have a high mortality rate and are also hospitalized frequently. We studied the effect of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, on mortality and hospitalization in patients with chronic heart failure and ejection fractions less than or equal to 0.35. METHODS. Patients receiving conventional treatment for heart failure were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (n = 1284) or enalapril (n = 1285) at doses of 2.5 to 20 mg per day in a double-bind trial. Approximately 90 percent of the patients were in New York Heart Association functional classes II and III. The follow-up averaged 41.4 months. RESULTS. There were 510 deaths in the placebo group (39.7 percent), as compared with 452 in the enalapril group (35.2 percent) (reduction in risk, 16 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 5 to 26 percent; P = 0.0036). Although reductions in mortality were observed in several categories of cardiac deaths, the largest reduction occurred among the deaths attributed to progressive heart failure (251 in the placebo group vs. 209 in the enalapril group; reduction in risk, 22 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 35 percent). There was little apparent effect of treatment on deaths classified as due to arrhythmia without pump failure. Fewer patients died or were hospitalized for worsening heart failure (736 in the placebo group and 613 in the enalapril group; risk reduction, 26 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 18 to 34 percent; P less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS. The addition of enalapril to conventional therapy significantly reduced mortality and hospitalizations for heart failure in patients with chronic congestive heart failure and reduced ejection fractions PM:2057034 DA - 199108 7~?Anand-Srivastava, M. B.20057Natriuretic peptide receptor-C signaling and regulation 1044-1059Peptides266Adenylate Cyclase Amino Acid Sequence Animals Cell Membrane chemistry Cytoplasm Dose-Response Relationship,Drug Gene Expression Regulation Humans Kinetics metabolism Models,Biological Molecular Sequence Data Peptides Pertussis Toxin pharmacology Phosphatidylinositols Protein Binding Protein Structure,Tertiary Receptors,Atrial Natriuretic Factor Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Sequence Homology,Amino Acid Signal Transduction Time FactorsThe natriuretic peptides (NP) are a family of three polypeptide hormones termed atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). ANP regulates a variety of physiological parameters by interacting with its receptors present on the plasma membrane. These are of three subtypes NPR-A, NPR-B, and NPR-C. NPR-A and NPR-B are guanylyl cyclase receptors, whereas NPR-C is non-guanylyl cyclase receptor and is coupled to adenylyl cyclase inhibition or phospholipase C activation through inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (Gi). ANP, BNP, CNP, as well as C-ANP(4-23), a ring deleted peptide that specifically interacts with NPR-C receptor inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity through Gi protein. Unlike other G-protein-coupled receptors, NPR-C receptors have a single transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic domain of 37 amino acids, which has a structural specificity like those of other single transmembrane domain receptors. A 37 amino acid cytoplasmic peptide is sufficient to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity with an apparent Ki similar to that of ANP(99-126) or C-ANP(4-23). In addition, C-ANP(4-23) also stimulates phosphatidyl inositol (PI) turnover in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) which is attenuated by dbcAMP and cAMP-stimulatory agonists, suggesting that NPR-C receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and resultant decreased levels of cAMP may be responsible for NPR-C-mediated stimulation of PI turnover. Furthermore, the activation of NPR-C receptor by C-ANP(4-23) and CNP inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase activity stimulated by endothelin-3, platelet-derived growth factor, phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate, suggesting that NPR-C receptor might also be coupled to other signal transduction system or that there may be an interaction of the NPR-C receptor and some other signaling pathways. In this review article, NPR-C receptor coupling to different signaling pathways and their regulation will be discussed PM:15911072 DA - 20050524 NOT IN FILE1Department of Physiology and Groupe de Recherche, Sur le Systeme Nerveux Autonome (GRSNA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Que., Canada H3C 3J7. anandsrm@physio.umontreal.ca>#~?iAnderson, J. L. Lutz, J. R. Gilbert, E. M. Sorensen, S. G. Yanowitz, F. G. Menlove, R. L. Bartholomew, M.1985ZA randomized trial of low-dose beta-blockade therapy for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy471-475American Journal of Cardiology554Adrenergic beta-Antagonists Adult Aged Blood Pressure Cardiomyopathy,Dilated Clinical Trials drug effects drug therapy Drug Tolerance Female Heart Failure,Congestive Heart Rate Humans Male Middle Aged mortality physiopathology Prognosis Random Allocation therapeutic useBeta-blockade therapy to improve survival in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) has been both advocated and criticized. However, randomized studies have not been performed. Thus, 50 patients with IDC were randomized in pairs to standard therapy (C) alone or with beta blockade (BB). Beta-blockade therapy with metoprolol was titrated from 12.5 to 50 mg twice daily as tolerated (final average dose, 61 mg/day). Groups were comparable in age (C, 50 +/- 15 years; BB, 51 +/- 13 years), gender (C, 76% male; BB, 56% male), entry functional class (C, 2.8 +/- 0.8; BB, 2.7 +/- 0.7), and left ventricular ejection fraction (C, 27 +/- 12%; BB, 29 +/- 10%). Follow-up averaged 19 months (range 1 to 38). One subject in each group was lost to follow-up. There were 3 early BB dropouts (within 2 days) due to low-output syndrome (2 patients) or fatigue (1 patient). Eleven patients died. By intention to treat, 5 BB and 6 C patients died (difference not significant). By actual treatment, 3 BB patients died, including 2 late dropouts (at 0.2, 10 and 17 months), and 8 C patients died (at 2, 9, 9, 15, 18, 24, 29 and 32 months, p = 0.12). In additional, functional evaluation on follow-up (functional class, San Diego questionnaire and exercise time) all tended to favor those receiving BB. Low-dose BB is tolerated in 80% of IDC patients on a long-term basis. Those continuing to take BB have a good prognosis. Mortality in C patients, however, is less than in some retrospective studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PM:2857523 DA#,~?5Augustinsson, K. B. Fange, R. Johnels, A. Ostlund, E.1956|Histological, physiological and biochemical studies ~?oBenedict, C. R. Shelton, B. Johnstone, D. E. Francis, G. Greenberg, B. Konstam, M. Probstfield, J. L. Yusuf, S.1996Prognostic significance of plasma norepinephrine in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators690-697 Circulation944Angina,Unstable Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Biological Markers blood drug therapy Enalapril epidemiology Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Male Middle Aged mortality Myocardial Infarction Myocardial Ischemia Norepinephrine Placebos Predictive Value of Tests Prognosis Renin Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Risk Factors Survival Rate therapeutic use Ventricular Dysfunction,Left BACKGROUND: Elevated plasma neurohormonal levels are associated with increased mortality rates in patients with symptomatic heart failure. A previous Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trial suggested that neurohumoral activation precedes the development of symptoms as demonstrated by increased neurohormonal levels in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. However, the significance of this early neurohumoral activation is unclear. The goals of this study were to determine the prognostic significance of the plasma concentrations of plasma norepinephrine (PNE) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the renin activity (PRA) in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: PNE and PRA were measured before randomization in 514 patients with left ventricular ejection fractions < or = 35% who did not require treatment for congestive heart failure and were enrolled in the SOLVD Prevention Trial. Plasma ANP levels were measured in a subset of 241 patients owing to study design. Using the Cox proportional hazards model that included left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association functional class, age, sex, treatment assignment to placebo or enalapril, and cause of heart failure, we examined whether these neurohormones predicted all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, development of heart failure, or development of ischemic events (myocardial infarction or unstable angina). PNE was the strongest predictor of clinical events in this patient population. PNE levels above the median of 393 pg/mL were associated with a relative risk of 2.59 (P = .002) for all-cause mortality, 2.55 (P = .003) for cardiovascular mortality, 2.55 (P = .005) for hospitalization for heart failure, 1.88 (P = .002) for development of heart failure, 1.92 (P = .001) for ischemic events, and 2.59 (P = .005) for myocardial infarction. PNE remained the most powerful predictor for all-cause mortality and ischemic events when the analysis included only the patients with histories of ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. The increases in other neurohormonal levels were not useful in predicting the subsequent development of clinical events. CONCLUSIONS: Increased PNE levels in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction appear to predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities and development of clinical events related to the onset of heart failure or acute ischemic syndromes. Thus, measurement of PNE may be a possible early marker for assessment of disease progression in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, and modulating the release or effect of PNE may lead to improved prognosis and/or a reduction in morbidity PM:8772689 DA - 19961010 NOT IN FILE6NDivision of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030, USAM~?Bennett, A. F.1991"The evolution of activity capacity1-23 J Exp Biol160pAnimals Energy Metabolism Evolution Exertion metabolism Physical Endurance Research Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.The capacities of animals for activity (burst speed, maximal exertion, endurance) are examined in relation to their selective importance in extant populations and the pattern of their evolution in major animal taxa. Activity capacities have been demonstrated to be both heritable and highly variable in natural populations and hence susceptible to natural selection. Some field studies have demonstrated significant positive associations between activity capacities, particularly burst speed, and survivorship; other studies have not. The potential for such selection therefore clearly exists, although it may not operate in all populations. Comparative studies of major taxa have linked endurance capacities to maximal rates of oxygen consumption; speed and exertion are correlated with capacities for anaerobic metabolism, either the catabolism of phosphagens or the production of lactic acid or octopine, depending on taxon. In vertebrates, the primitive metabolic pattern involved the use of aerobic metabolism to support moderate swimming performance, supplemented by bursts of activity fuelled through lactic acid production. Because of much greater locomotor costs, the transition of vertebrates onto land entailed a decrease in endurance, which was greatly expanded again only after the evolution of the higher rates of aerobic metabolism characteristic of the birds and mammals. These greater aerobic capacities may have been selected for thermoregulatory reasons and/or for increased activity capacity itself PM:1960510 DA - 19920107 NOT IN FILE7VDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717 H~?Bishopric, N. H.2005+Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man13-29)Annals of the New York Academy of Science10470Adult Animals Bacteria blood cytology Eukaryotic Cells Evolution Evolution,Molecular growth & development Heart Heart Rate Homeostasis Humans innervation metabolism Myocardium pharmacology physiology Research Support,N.I.H.,Extramural Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. TimeVThis review provides an overview of the evolutionary path to the mammalian heart from the beginnings of life (about four billion years ago ) to the present. Essential tools for cellular homeostasis and for extracting and burning energy are still in use and essentially unchanged since the appearance of the eukaryotes. The primitive coelom, characteristic of early multicellular organisms ( approximately 800 million years ago), is lined by endoderm and is a passive receptacle for gas exchange, feeding, and sexual reproduction. The cells around this structure express genes homologous to NKX2.5/tinman, and gradual specialization of this "gastroderm" results in the appearance of mesoderm in the phylum Bilateria, which will produce the first primitive cardiac myocytes. Investment of the coelom by these mesodermal cells forms a "gastrovascular" structure. Further evolution of this structure in the bilaterian branches Ecdysoa (Drosophila) and Deuterostoma (amphioxus) culminate in a peristaltic tubular heart, without valves, without blood vessels or blood, but featuring a single layer of contracting mesoderm. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system. A later innovation is the parallel circulation to the lungs, followed by the appearance of septa and the four-chambered heart in reptiles, birds, and mammals. With differentiation of the cardiac chambers, regional specialization of the proteins in the cardiac myocyte can be detected in the teleost fish and amphibians. In mammals, growth constraints are placed on the heart, presumably to accommodate the constraints of the body plan and the thoracic cavity, and adult cardiac myocytes lose the ability to re-enter the cell cycle on demand. Mammalian cardiac myocyte innervation betrays the ancient link between the heart, the gut, and reproduction: the vagus nerve controlling heart rate emanates from centers in the central nervous system regulating feeding and affective behavior PM:16093481 DA - 20050811 NOT IN FILE8{Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 3310~?Bradshaw, S. D. Bradshaw, F. J.2002CArginine vasotocin: Site and mode of action in the reptilian kidney7-13Gen Comp Endocrinol1261Hanatomy & histology Animals Argipressin Kidney Lizards physiology SnakeskRecent morphological, physiological, and molecular studies that shed light on the functional significance of the neurohypophysial peptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) in the reptilian kidney are reviewed. Several structural features of the reptilian nephron are highlighted, including the presence of an incipient juxta-glomerular apparatus, aglomerular nephrons, and the thin, very short intermediate segment (IS) joining proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Although the V(2)-like AVT receptor and its gene have yet to be sequenced in any reptile, AVT receptors have been located in both the IS and the branched collecting duct system in the agamid lizard Ctenophorus ornatus. These findings suggest that AVT may have a dual effect in the reptilian kidney, first diluting the urinary fluid in the thin-intermediate segment, prior to its entering the collecting duct system, and then facilitating water reabsorption along an osmotic gradient as the urine passes through the final segments of the nephron. The IS may thus prove to be the evolutionary homologue of the thin-ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the mammalian kidney PM:11944961 DA - 20020411 NOT IN FILE2Department of Zoology and Centre for Native Animal Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia @ k ~?X7Brown, J. A. Cobb, C. S. Frankling, S. C. Rankin, J. C.2005pActivation of the newly discovered cyclostome renin-angiotensin system in the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis223-232 J Exp Biol2082Acclimatization analysis Analysis of Variance Angiotensins Animals blood Blood Volume Comparative Study Denmark Evolution Fresh Water Injections,Intraperitoneal Lampreys physiology Radioimmunoassay Renin-Angiotensin System Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Water-Electrolyte BalanceThis study describes the first investigations of the physiological signals involved in activating the newly discovered cyclostome renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its role in the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. Experimental manipulation showed that volume depletion (removal of 40% blood volume) rapidly activated the RAS of lampreys acclimated to water at 576 mOsm kg(-1) (21 p.p.t.), significantly increasing plasma angiotensin concentrations after 30 min and 60 min. In agreement with these results, a rapid change in environmental salinity (758 mOsm kg(-1) to freshwater (FW) and FW to 605 mOsm kg(-1)), resulted in a rapid decrease and increase in plasma [angiotensin], respectively. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of FW-acclimated river lampreys with 1% body mass by volume of nominally isosmotic saline (120 mmol l(-1) NaCl; 233 mOsm kg(-1)) resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma angiotensin concentration within 15 min. In contrast, i.p. injection of hyperosmotic saline (4 mol l(-1) NaCl) at 1% body mass by volume, which significantly increased plasma osmolality, had no significant effect on plasma [angiotensin], suggesting that volume/pressure receptors and osmoreceptors interact in regulating the lamprey RAS. These results indicate an important role for volume/pressor receptors, as in teleosts, but with an additional osmoreceptor mechanism, such that circulatory [angiotensin] is determined by interaction of volume/pressure and osmoreceptors and their relative sensitivities. The volume/pressure sensitivity is in keeping with the recent evidence of a vasoconstrictor action of homologous lamprey angiotensin and provides evidence that the fundamental role of the RAS in maintaining volume and pressure is an ancient function conserved over 500 million years of vertebrate evolution PM:15634842 DA - 20050106 NOT IN FILE9School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Hatherly LaboY~?0Bystrova, O. A. Parfenov, V. N. Martynova, M. G.2002CAtrial natriuretic peptide in the granular cells of the snail heart115-119 Tsitologiia442Animals Atrial Natriuretic Factor cytology Cytoplasm Heart Helix (Snails) Immunohistochemistry metabolism Microscopy,Electron Myocardium Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't ultrastructureCardiomyocytes of vertebrates combine contractile and endocrine functions. They synthesize and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which is localized in their specific granules. The presence of ANP has been shown in some tissues of invertebrates, including the heart of molluscs. We have studied localization of ANP in cells of the snail heart. METHOD: The atrial and ventricular tissues of the snail Helix pomatia were studied by electron microscope immunocytochemistry, using anti-ANP antibodies. ANP-immunoreactivity has been detected in granules of granular cells located on the luminal surface of the snail myocardium. These cells are abundant in the atrium being very rare in the ventricle. Granular cells at different stages of maturation were revealed. Immature granular cells have light granules of moderate size with homogeneous tight content, while mature granular cells are huge in size and all their granules are fused together. The material of these granules loosens up and almost completely fills up the cytoplasm. No ANP-immunoreactivity was observed in muscle cells or nerve fibers. A possible origin of granular cells from the cardiac endothelial cells is discussed. The molluscan heart, similar to that of vertebrates, is a bifunctional organ. However, contrary to the heart of vertebrates, in the molluscan heart contractile and endocrine functions are separated between different types of cells PM:12053761 DA - 20020610 NOT IN FILE101Institute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia~?Chatterjee, K.2005PNeurohormonal activation in congestive heart failure and the role of vasopressin8B-13B Am J Cardiol959AAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers antagonists & inhibitors Argipressin blood Blood Volume drug therapy Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Homeostasis Humans mortality physiology physiopathology Receptors,Vasopressin Renin-Angiotensin System Sympathetic Nervous System therapeutic use&Vasoactive neurohormonal systems (eg, sympathetic nervous system [SNS], renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and arginine vasopressin [AVP]) are defense mechanisms designed to preserve arterial volume and circulatory homeostasis during periods of low cardiac output. Neurohormonal systems, which are normally stimulated under conditions of acute volume depletion, are activated by the low cardiac output and arterial pressure. However, sustained and chronic activation of these systems, as occurs in congestive heart failure (CHF), can cause progressive ventricular remodeling and worsening heart failure. Vasoconstriction, water retention, and increased blood volume are results of the activation of the SNS, the renin-angiotensin pathway, and AVP secretion. These effects can accelerate progression of CHF, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. AVP regulates vascular tone and free-water reabsorption, respectively, through the vasopressin V(1a) and V(2) receptor subtypes and therefore is a potential neurohormonal target in the treatment of CHF PM:15847852 DA - 20050425 NOT IN FILE11Chatterjee Center for Cardiac Research, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. chatteri@medicine.ucsf.edu ~?kVCobb, C. S. Frankling, S. C. Thorndyke, M. C. Jensen, F. B. Rankin, J. C. Brown, J. A.2004Angiotensin I-converting enzyme-like activity in tissues from the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) and detection of immunoreactive plasma angiotensins357-364'Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol13842Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Angiotensins Animals blood Captopril chemistry Dose-Response Relationship,Drug Hagfishes Heart Kidney metabolism Microscopy,Fluorescence Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A pharmacology Radioimmunoassay Renin-Angiotensin System Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Tissue DistributionUUsing a highly sensitive fluorimetric assay, significant levels of angiotensin I -converting enzyme-like activity (ACELA) were detected in a range of tissues (branchial heart, gill, kidney with associated vasculature and archinephric duct, liver, whole brain and gut) from the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa). The highest ACELA occurred in heart and gill (1.8 and 1.5 nmol His-Leu min(-1) mg protein(-1), respectively). The mammalian angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril, at 10(-5) M was a potent inhibitor of the ACELA found in all hagfish tissues. Radioimmunoassay showed that immunoreactive angiotensins (251.8+/-11.8 pM) were detectable in hagfish plasma. The validity of the assay for measurement of hagfish angiotensins was indicated by the parallelism of the angiotensin II standard curve against serially diluted hagfish plasma. Measurement of immunoreactive plasma angiotensins and detection of significant levels of ACELA in a wide range of tissues gives indirect evidence for the presence of a renin-angiotensin system in hagfishes, the earliest evolved group of craniates PM:15325335 DA - 20040824 NOT IN FILE12School of Biological and ChemicapD~?Colucci, W. S.2006a.Patient Information: Overview of Heart FailureUpToDate Rose, B. D. Waltham, MAUpToDateHeartwww.UpToDate.com NOT =~?(Cooper, R. S. Amoah, A. G. Mensah, G. A.2003^High blood pressure: The foundation for epidemic cardiovascular disease in African populationsS48-S52Ethn Dis13 2 [Suppl 2]EAfrica Africa South of the Sahara African Continental Ancestry Group Antihypertensive Agents blood Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Diseases complications Cost of Illness drug therapy epidemiology etiology genetics Heart Humans Hypertension Kidney Prevalence Public Health Practice Risk therapeutic use Urbanization World HealthiHigh-blood pressure is a powerful independent risk factor for death from heart disease and stroke. It is also a common clinical condition affecting more than 600 million persons worldwide and seen in nearly all populations. Although reliable, large-scale, population-based data on high blood pressure in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are limited, recent studies provide important and worrisome findings in both epidemiology and clinical outcomes. Although overall hypertension prevalence is between 10%-15%, prevalence rates as high as 30%-32% have been reported in middle-income urban and some rural areas. Importantly, hypertension awareness, treatment, and control rates as low as 20%, 10%, and 1%, respectively have also been found. Stroke has been by far the most common clinical sequela. In most SSA settings, hypertension control assumes a relatively low priority and little experience exists in implementing sustainable and successful programs for drug treatment. Rapid urbanization and transition from agrarian life to the wage-earning economy of city life continue to fuel increases in average blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension. Although the true burden of high blood pressure in sub-Saharan Africa remains largely unmeasured, compelling preliminary evidence suggests that it is the foundation for epidemic cardiovascular disease in Africa and already contributes substantively to death and disability from stroke, heart failure, and kidney failure in this region. Success in limiting this epidemic in SSA will depend heavily on the implementation of sustainable and aggressive population-based programs for high blood pressure awareness, prevention, treatment, and control. It will be critical to obtain investments in improved surveillance and program-relevant research to provide the evidence base for policy development and effective hypertension prevention and control PM:13677414 DA - 20030917 NOT IN FILE81Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA. rcooper@lumc.edu ~?dCowie, M. R. Mosterd, A. Wood, D. A. Deckers, J. W. Poole-Wilson, P. A. Sutton, G. C. Grobbee, D. E.1997!The epidemiology of heart failure208-225 Eur Heart J182Age Distribution diagnosis epidemiology etiology Europe Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Incidence Prevalence Prognosis Risk Factors Survival Rate United States PM:9043837 DA - 19970505 NOT IN FILE14aDepartment of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, U.K~?BCubillos-Garzon, L. A. Casas, J. P. Morillo, C. A. Bautista, L. E.2004<Congestive heart failure in Latin America: The next epidemic412-417 Am Heart J1473Adolescent Adult Aged Cause of Death Chagas Disease Chronic Disease Disease Outbreaks epidemiology Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Hypertension Incidence Latin America Male Middle Aged mortality Myocardial Infarction Prevalence Rheumatic Heart Disease Risk FactorsCoronary artery disease is the main cause of congestive heart failure (CHF) in all populations. Latin American countries (LAC) are undergoing the first phase of an epidemic of coronary artery disease that probably will lead to an increased incidence of CHF. The progressive implementation of successful interventions, such as early reperfusion and rehabilitation programs, should increase the survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction and the population at high risk of CHF. The increasing prevalence of risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, and the ageing of the population may also contribute to a rising incidence of CHF in LAC. Moreover, infectious diseases such as Chagas disease and rheumatic heart disease, known causes of CHF, are still frequent in this population and additionally contribute to the incidence of CHF. If timely preventive interventions are not implemented, CHF could become one of the main contributors to the burden of morbidity, mortality, and health costs in LAC. Properly conducted clinical and epidemiologic studies are needed to identify, implement, and evaluate preventive strategies that are likely to succeed within the specific context of LAC PM:14999188 DA - 20040304 NOT IN FILE15HHeart Failure Council, Colombian Society of Cardiology, Bogota, Colombia~? Day, M. H.1999Forwardvii-ixEvolutionary Medicine,Trevathan, W. R. Smith, E. O. McKenna, J. J. New York, NYOxford University Press NOT IN FILE86 7 I.D.S664)American Journal of Physical Anthropology Mhn, DC@National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases7ht en, CTYale University Press 21221 NOT IN FILE54  oscience4710  k, NY Times Books G 0299142507 029914254X (pbk.) ocm29877776GT2865 .S55 1994 394.1/6 U#ography.JJefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms RJ131 .T3 1962 , The United Nations  ՠ"United Kingdon !al of Clinical Nutrition812  of Arizona Press W , James M. Tanner. ill. ; 24 cm.0521350247 0521359163 (pbk.)GN63 .E94 1990 573/.6 { cord>Falk, D.1990.Brain evolution in Homo: The "radiator" theory333-381Behavioral and Brain Sciences132 a'IN FILE22vDepartment of Biology and School of Dentistry, University of Nevada, 4505 Maryland  .K74 1972 X f Medicinexxx, 304Philadelphia, PABoericke & Tafel6thTAUB 615.53 H15or R6 ! α149-162Genes & Developme ] Rms QL737.P9 J64 1985 Main or Science/Business Reading Rms - STORED OFFSITE QL737.P9 J64 1985 y30813 NOT IN FILE35`Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan. kawakosi@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp 9w.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/308/5729/1730.pdf15961643 %2Jun2http://www.genetics.org/cgi d FILE37WDepartment of Physiology, Jeonbug National University Medical School, Republic of Korea iversity Press Wiley & Sonseimal source foods in human (Homo) evolution 3886S-3892SJournal of Nutrition133 11 [Suppl 2] ?ol and Prevention+http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/Default.htm vgenes during multi-stage epidermal carcinogenesis and wound healing 6189-6195Cancer Research602100085472 cet27820WĄ?N Ford, Gina2001The Contented Little Baby Book xiv, 177 p. Lond hse diet humans t of TeachingNMedicine Study and teaching United States. Medicine Study and teaching Canada.10013867 by Abraham Flexner, with an introduction by Henry S. Pritchett, President of th~?Farrell, A. P.1991Circulation of body fluids509-558Comparative Animal Physiology Prosser, C L. New York, NYJohn Wiley and Sons physiology NOT IN FILE83 m~?Farrell, A. P. Olson, K. R.2000SCardiac natriuretic peptides: A physiological lineage of cardioprotective hormones?1-11Physiol Biochem Zool731Animals Atrial Natriuretic Factor blood Blood Volume Cardiovascular Physiology Epinephrine Evolution Fishes Heart Homeostasis Mammals Peptides pharmacology physiology Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Research Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. secretion Vertebrates Water-Electrolyte Balance Vertebrate hearts from fish to mammals secrete peptide hormones with profound natriuretic, diuretic, and vasodilatory activity; however, the specific role of these cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) in homeostasis is unclear. NPs have been suggested to be involved in salt excretion in saltwater teleosts, whereas they are proposed to be more important in volume regulation in mammals. In this review, we consider an alternative (or perhaps complementary) function of NPs to protect the heart. This hypothesis is based on a number of observations. First, evidence for NPs, or NP-like activity has been found in all vertebrate hearts thus far examined, from osmoconforming saltwater hagfish to euryhaline freshwater and saltwater teleosts to terrestrial mammals. Thus the presence of cardiac NPs appears to be independent of environmental conditions that may variously affect salt and water balance. Second, cardiac stretch is a universal, and one of the most powerful, NP secretagogues. Furthermore, stretch-induced NP release in euryhaline teleosts appears relatively independent of ambient salinity. Third, excessive cardiac stretch that increases end-diastolic volume (EDV) can compromise the mechanical ability of the heart by decreasing actin-myosin interaction (length-tension) or through Laplace effects whereby as EDV increases, the wall tension necessary to maintain a constant pressure must also increase. Excessive cardiac stretch can be produced by factors that decrease cardiac emptying (i.e., increased arterial pressure), or by factors that increase cardiac filling (i.e., increased blood volume, increased venous tone, or decreased venous compliance). Fourth, the major physiological actions of cardiac NPs enhance cardiac emptying and decrease cardiac filling. In fish, NPs promote cardiac emptying by decreasing gill vascular resistance, thereby lowering ventral aortic pressure. In mammals a similar effect is achieved through pulmonary vasodilation. NPs also decrease cardiac filling by decreasing blood volume and increasing venous compliance, the latter producing a rapid fall in central venous pressure. Fifth, the presence of NP clearance receptors in the gill and lung (between the heart and systemic circulation) suggest that these tissues may be exposed to considerably higher NP titers than are systemic tissues. Thus, a decrease in outflow resistance immediately downstream from the heart may be the first response to increased cardiac distension. Because the physiology of cardiac NPs is basically the same in fish and mammals, we propose that the cardioprotective effects of NPs have been well preserved throughout the course of vertebrate evolution. It is also likely that the cardioprotective role of NPs was one of the most primordial homeostatic activities of these peptides in the earliest vertebrates PM:10685901 DA - 20000428 NOT IN FILE18WBiological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada~?|Francis, G. S. Benedict, C. Johnstone, D. E. Kirlin, P. C. Nicklas, J. Liang, C. S. Kubo, S. H. Rudin-Toretsky, E. Yusuf, S.1990Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) 1724-1729 Circulation825$Argipressin Atrial Natriuretic Factor blood Comparative Study epidemiology Female Health Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Male Middle Aged Norepinephrine physiology physiopathology Renin Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Stroke Volume Sympathetic Nervous System Ventricular Function,LeftNeuroendocrine activation is known to occur in patients with congestive heart failure, but there is uncertainty as to whether this occurs before or after the presence of overt symptoms. In the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD), a multicenter study of patients with ejection fractions of 35% or less, we compared baseline plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, plasma atrial natriuretic factor, and plasma arginine vasopressin in 56 control subjects, 151 patients with left ventricular dysfunction (no overt heart failure), and 81 patients with overt heart failure before randomization. Median values for plasma norepinephrine (p = 0.0001), plasma atrial natriuretic factor (p less than 0.0001), plasma arginine vasopressin (p = 0.006), and plasma renin activity (p = 0.03) were significantly higher in patients with left ventricular dysfunction than in normal control subjects. Neuroendocrine values were highest in patients with overt heart failure. Plasma renin activity was normal in patients with left ventricular dysfunction without heart failure who were not receiving diuretics and was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in patients on diuretic therapy. We conclude that neuroendocrine activation occurs in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and no heart failure. Neuroendocrine activation is further increased as overt heart failure ensues and diuretics are added to therapy PM:2146040 DA - 19901211 NOT IN FILE19Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 5~?Galli, S. M. Phillips, M. I.1996ZInteractions of angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide in the brain: Fish to rodent128-137Proc Soc Exp Biol Med2132FAmino Acid Sequence analysis Angiotensin II Animals Atrial Natriuretic Factor blood Blood Volume Brain Chemistry Comparative Study Evolution Fishes Homeostasis Humans Mammals Molecular Sequence Data Natriuretic Peptide,C-Type Peptides physiology Proteins Rats Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Sodium Water-Electrolyte BalanceThe brain peptides atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and angiotensin II (AngII) have antagonistic actions centrally that have evolved to play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of fluid volume and electrolytes. This paper discusses the possible evolution of these functions as viewed through studies on fish and rats. In the euryhaline teleost fish, the major form of ANP is CNP. CNP is important for the adaptation of fish in sea water to water with lower salinity (50% SW). The concentration of CNP in the hypothalamus (HTS-CNP) of toadfish is significantly increased when the fish moves from SW to 50% SW. Interestingly, the plasma CNP concentrations of these fish go in the opposite direction to the brain CNP. Plasma CNP is reduced 24 hrs and 10 days after the fish has been in 50% SW. We postulate that the increased hypothalamic CNP is correlated with an increase in hypothalamic dopamine turnover. Dopamine is the main inhibitory factor for the release of prolactin. In sea-water-adapted fish, prolactin plasma levels are low. In 50% SW, the levels are increased. Extracts of fish-brain CNP caused an increase in urinary sodium and volume, indicating the natriuretic action of CNP. In contrast to CNP, hypothalamic AngII was decreased during adaptation to 50% SW. Thus, CNP and AngII in the brain have opposite actions in fish which aid in their survival in adapting to different salinities. This implies that the hormones evolved as sodium/osmoregulatory peptides, not volume-regulatory peptides. In moving from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, ANP further evolved in mammals as a volume-regulating hormone while retaining its sodium-regulating properties. In the brain the antagonism between the peptides is apparent in many actions, but when volume is changed both peptides are increased. This is in contrast to plasma ANP and plasma AngII, which have opposite actions during hemorrhage. Plasma AngII is increased and plasma AnP is decreased after blood volume loss. Brain ANP counteracts the thirst-inducing and volume-restoring roles of brain AngII in mammals. By these actions, the brain peptides play significant roles in maintaining volume and electrolyte homeostasis PM:8931659 DA - 19961220 NOT IN FILE20aDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0274, USA z~?Gheorghiade, M. Orlandi, C. Burnett, J. C. Demets, D. Grinfeld, L. Maggioni, A. Swedberg, K. Udelson, J. E. Zannad, F. Zimmer, C. Konstam, M. A.2005Rationale and design of the multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of Vasopressin antagonism in Heart Failure: Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST)260-269 J Card Fail114antagonists & inhibitors Benzazepines Body Weight Comparative Study Double-Blind Method drug effects drug therapy Follow-Up Studies Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Hypokalemia mortality Placebos prevention & control Quality of Life Receptors,Vasopressin Research Design Stroke Volume Survival Rate therapeutic use Time Treatment Outcome Urination Ventricular Dysfunction,LeftBACKGROUND: Hospitalizations for worsening heart failure due to fluid overload (congestion) are common. Agents that treat congestion without causing electrolyte abnormalities or worsening renal function are needed. Tolvaptan is an oral vasopressin (V 2 ) antagonist that decreases body weight and increases urine volume without inducing renal dysfunction or hypokalemia. The Efficacy of Vasopressin antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial is evaluating mortality, morbidity, and patient-assessed global clinical status in patients treated with tolvaptan compared with standard care. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients are eligible for inclusion if they have a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and are hospitalized for worsening heart failure with evidence of systemic congestion. Patients are randomized 1:1 to tolvaptan 30 mg/day or matching placebo for a minimum of 60 days. Time to all-cause mortality and time to cardiovascular mortality or heart failure hospitalization are the coprimary end points. Patient-assessed global clinical status and quality of life are also evaluated. EVEREST will be continued until 1065 deaths occur. As of April 18, 2005, 2260 patients have been enrolled. CONCLUSION: Tolvaptan has been shown to reduce body weight in patients with worsening heart failure without inducing renal dysfunction or causing hypokalemia. The results of EVEREST will determine whether these effects translate into improved clinical outcomes PM:15880334 DA - 20050509 NOT IN FILE21RDivision of Cardiology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USAǾ~? Gibbins, I.1994CComparative anatomy and evolution of the sympathetic nervous system1-67DComparative Physiology and Evolution of the Autonomic Nervous SystemNilson, S. Holmgren, S.Chur, SwitzerlandHarwood Academic PublishersWSympathetic Nervous System Nervous System physiology Evolution Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous SystemNOT IN FILE 3-7186-5137-8 6 484gu~?X&Goldstein, J. Hoff, K. Hillyard, S. D.2003cComparison of dehydration and angiotensin II-stimulated cutaneous drinking in toads, Bufo punctatus557-563SComparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology1363Angiotensin II Animals Behavior,Animal Bufonidae chemistry Comparative Study Dehydration Drinking drug effects metabolism pharmacology physiology physiopathology Research Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. Skin Physiology Sodium Sodium Chloride WaterToads (Bufo punctatus) use a sequence of two postures to place the ventral skin on a moist surface and absorb water osmotically. First, the skin contacts the surface (seat patch down, SPD), and then the hindlimbs are abducted to maximize skin contact area (water absorption response, WR). Toads modulated behavior in response to hydration status and osmotic content of the hydration source. Dehydrated toads placed on water displayed both SPD and WR. Hydrated toads injected with angiotensin II (AII) displayed SPD longer than Ringer-injected controls but did not initiate WR and absorbed less water than dehydrated toads. These results suggest that dehydration has a more robust dipsogenic effect than AII. Dehydrated toads placed on 250 mM NaCl briefly initiated SPD but not WR. The addition of amiloride to the hyperosmotic salt solution resulted in brief display of WR but no water loss. Hydrated toads placed on 250 mM NaCl showed shorter periods of SPD behavior. The combination of AII injection and amiloride addition to the salt solution increased SPD initiation but SPD duration was short and water loss was prevented. Neither AII nor dehydration overrides chemosensory mechanisms in the skin that suppress cutaneous drinking from hypertonic solutions PM:14613784 DA - 2003 7 + h~?XGottlieb, S. S. Dickstein, K. Fleck, E. Kostis, J. Levine, T. B. LeJemtel, T. DeKock, M.1993yHemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of the angiotensin II antagonist losartan in patients with congestive heart failure 1602-1609 Circulation884 [Pt 1]Angiotensin II antagonists & inhibitors Biphenyl Compounds blood Comparative Study Dose-Response Relationship,Drug Double-Blind Method drug effects Drug Evaluation Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hemodynamic Processes Humans Imidazoles Losartan Male Middle Aged Norepinephrine pharmacology physiopathology Receptors,Angiotensin Renin Renin-Angiotensin System Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't TetrazolesBACKGROUND. Losartan is a new specific angiotensin II receptor antagonist with no agonist properties that provides the opportunity to study the consequences of angiotensin II blockade. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and neurohormonal response to losartan in patients with congestive heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS. After baseline hemodynamic measurements using balloon-tipped pulmonary artery and radial arterial catheters, patients were randomized to receive a single dose of placebo or 5, 10, 25, 75, or 150 mg losartan in a double-blind, sequential fashion. Hemodynamic and neurohormonal parameters were then measured periodically for 24 hours. Losartan caused vasodilation in a dose-dependent manner. By the area-under-the-curve method, the reduction in the mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance grew larger up to a dose of 25 mg, but the higher 75- and 150-mg doses did not produce additional vasodilation. In response to losartan, there were compensatory increases in both angiotensin II concentrations and in plasma renin activity, which were greatest at the highest doses. Aldosterone concentrations were significantly lowered with losartan. CONCLUSIONS. Blockade of the angiotensin II receptor with the antagonist losartan causes vasodilator and neurohormonal effects in patients with congestive heart failure. The lack of additional vasodilator response with doses of more than 25 mg suggests that neurohormonal activation might limit the efficacy of high dose of losartan PM:8403307 DA - 19931104 NOT IN FILE23RDivision of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bal ~?Grassi, G. Seravalle, G. Cattaneo, B. M. Lanfranchi, A. Vailati, S. Giannattasio, C. Del Bo, A. Sala, C. Bolla, G. B. Pozzi, M.1995^Sympathetic activation and loss of reflex sympathetic control in mild congestive heart failure 3206-3211 Circulation9211`Adult Aged Baroreflex blood Blood Pressure Case-Control Studies Cold Comparative Study diagnosis diagnostic use drug effects Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Heart Rate Humans Male Middle Aged Nitroprusside Norepinephrine Phenylephrine physiology physiopathology Pressoreceptors Sympathetic Nervous System Vasoconstrictor Agents Vasodilator Agents$ BACKGROUND: Baroreflex control of sympathetic activity is impaired in severe congestive heart failure (CHF), probably causing the marked sympathetic activation typical of this condition. Little information exists, however, as to whether baroreflex impairment and related sympathetic activation also occur in mild CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 19 patients (age, 57.5 +/- 2.2 years, mean +/- SEM) with CHF in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV and with a marked reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, 30.1 +/- 1.5% from echocardiography) and 17 age-matched patients with CHF in NYHA class I or II and with an only slightly reduced LVEF (44.9 +/- 3.3%) that never was < 40%. Seventeen age-matched healthy subjects served as control subjects. Primary measurements included beat-to-beat arterial blood pressure (with the Finapres technique), heart rate (from ECG), and postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, from microneurography at the peroneal nerve). Measurements were performed at baseline and during baroreceptor stimulation (intravenous phenylephrine infusion), baroreceptor deactivation (intravenous nitroprusside infusion), and cold-pressor test. Baseline blood pressure was similar in the three groups, whereas heart rate was progressively greater from control subjects to patients with mild and severe CHF, MSNA (bursts per 100 heart beats) increased significantly and markedly from control subjects to patients with mild and severe CHF (47.1 +/- 2.9 versus 64.4 +/- 6.2 and 82.1 +/- 3.4, P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). Heart rate and MSNA were progressively reduced by phenylephrine infusion and progressively increased by nitroprusside infusion. Compared with control subjects, the responses were strikingly impaired in severe CHF patients, but a marked impairment also was seen in mild CHF patients. On average, baroreflex sensitivity in mild CHF patients was reduced by 59.1 +/- 5.5% (MSNA) and 64.8 +/- 4.8% (heart rate). In contrast, reflex responses to the cold-pressor test were similar in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that in mild CHF patients the baroreceptor inhibitor influence on heart rate and MSNA is already markedly impaired. This impairment may be responsible for the early sympathetic activation that occurs in the course of CHF PM:7586305 DA - 19951228 NOT IN FILE24GCattedra di Medicina Interna, Ospedale S. Gerardo, Monza, Milano, Italy.~?0Grimmelikhuijzen, C. J. Dierickx, K. Boer, G. J.1982TOxytocin/vasopressin-like immunoreactivity is present in the nervous system of hydra 3191-3199 Neuroscience712analogs & derivatives Animals Cross Reactions Histocytochemistry Hydra Immune Sera Immunologic Techniques immunology Nervous System Oxytocin Peptides Radioimmunoassay Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Tissue Extracts VasopressinsWNerve cells have been found in hydra, which react with antisera to oxytocin, vasopressin and mesotocin. These nerve cells have a high density in the ectoderm of basal disk and tentacles and lower density in the ectoderm of peduncle, gastric region and hypostome. A very small number of nerve cells occur also in the endoderm of foot, gastric region and hypostome. By using a technique for simultaneous visualisation of nerve cells reacting with antisera to oxytocin and vasopressin, it can be shown that these nerve cells belong to a single population. In agreement with this, the staining of the nerve cells can be abolished by absorbing each antiserum with either oxytocin, vasopressin, [Lys8]vasopressin, vasotocin, mesotocin or isotocin, indicating that the antigenic determinant of hydra cross-reacts with those antibody subpopulations, which recognize common portions (sequence 1-2, 5-7, 9) of the oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptides. With radioimmunoassays that are specific for either oxytocin or vasopressin, only very low amounts of immunoreactivity were measured. In addition, the dilution curves in these assays were not parallel to the standards, indicating that the antigenic determinant of hydra is not oxytocin or vasopressin. The presence of oxytocin/vasopressin-like material in coelenterates, shows that this family of peptides is of great antiquity PM:6761600 DA - 19830407 NOT IN FILE25tO|?] Guyton, A. C.1986Textbook of Medical ~?9Hargens, A. R. Millard, R. W. Pettersson, K. Johansen, K.1987@Gravitational haemodynamics and oedema prevention in the giraffe59-60Nature3296134Qanatomy & histology Animals Artiodactyla blood Blood Pressure Body Height Cerebrovascular Circulation Edema Gravitation Heart Hemodynamic Processes Humans physiology Posture prevention & control Proteins Regional Blood Flow Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Research Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. veterinaryBecause it is so tall, the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis, provides an important animal model for investigating adaptive mechanisms to orthostatic (gravitational) pressure changes. Previous physiological studies of the giraffe have concentrated on arterial blood pressures in the heart and neck. Briefly, these investigations revealed that arterial pressure near the giraffe heart is about twice that in humans, to provide more normal blood pressure and perfusion to the brain. Another important question is that of how giraffes avoid pooling of blood and tissue fluid (oedema) in dependent tissues of their extremities. As monitored by radiotelemetry, the blood and tissue fluid pressures that govern transcapillary exchange vary greatly with exercise. These pressures, combined with a tight skin layer, move fluid upward against gravity. Other mechanisms that prevent oedema include precapillary vasoconstriction and low permeability of capillaries to plasma proteins PM:3627240 DA - 19871007 NOT IN FILE26vk߸~? Harris, P.1983a!Evolution and the cardiac patient313-319Cardiovasc Res176Angina Pectoris Animals Cardiovascular System Evolution Heart Failure,Congestive Hemodynamic Processes Humans Lung Oxygen Consumption physiopathology Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Gas Exchange Regional Blood Flow Respiration PM:6349814 DA - 19831021 NOT I~? Harris, P.1985FEvolution, cardiac failure, and water metabolism. Presidential address1-11Adv Myocardiol5Amphibia Animals Birds Blood Pressure Cardiac Output Evolution Fishes Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Kidney Lung Mammals metabolism physiology physiopathology Reptiles Species Specificity Water Water-Electrolyte Balance{In this essay, I take the liberty of doubting the widely held view that congestive cardiac failure is due to an inability of the heart to provide enough oxygen for the needs of the body. Instead, the syndrome is best explained by an inappropriate and prolonged stimulation of the neurohumoral defense reaction that developed during evolution to support exercise and preserve life PM:3969510 DA - 19850307 NOT IN FILE30~?mHayashi, M. Sasaki, S. Tsuganezawa, H. Monkawa, T. Kitajima, W. Konishi, K. Fushimi, K. Marumo, F. Saruta, T.1994rExpression and distribution of aquaporin of collecting duct are regulated by vasopressin V2 receptor in rat kidney 1778-1783 J Clin Invest945=analysis Animals antagonists & inhibitors Body Water chemistry Cytoplasm Dehydration Immunoblotting Immunohistochemistry Ion Channels Kidney Kidney Tubules,Collecting Male metabolism Permeability pharmacology physiology Piperidines Quinolones Rats Rats,Wistar Receptors,Vasopressin Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't TimeTo examine whether expression and distribution of aquaporin of collecting duct (AQP-CD) are regulated by vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R), we performed immunohistochemical studies with specific antibody against AQP-CD. Normal Wistar rats were divided into four groups and treated for 3 d; control, dehydration, vasopressin V1 receptor (V1R) antagonist (OPC-21268 120 mg/kg), V2R antagonist (OPC-31260 30 mg/kg). At time of death, urine osmolality (Uosm) in the dehydration group (1884 +/- 245 mOsm/kg) was significantly higher than that in the control (938 +/- 91). In the V2R antagonist group, Uosm was significantly decreased to 249 +/- 29, whereas V1R antagonist showed no effect on Uosm. In the control and V1R antagonist groups, immunofluorescence studies showed the AQP-CD staining of both apical membrane and subapical cytoplasm of CD cells of the cortex and the inner medulla. Dehydration increased the immunostaining of both apical membrane and subapical cytoplasm of CD cells of the inner medulla, and the degree of increase was dominant in apical membrane. In the V2R antagonist group, only faint staining of apical membrane and weak labeling of cytoplasm of CD cells of the inner medulla were observed. These changes in the localization and protein amount of AQP-CD by dehydration and V2R antagonist were quantitatively confirmed by immunogold studies and immunoblot analysis of the inner medulla. The present results indicate that the distribution and amount of AQP-CD in the CD cells are regulated by vasopressin V2 receptor PM:7525648 DA - 19941202 NOT IN FILE31RDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japant~?"Hazon, N. Tierney, M. L. Takei, Y.19997Renin-angiotensin system in elasmobranch fish: A review526-534Journal of Experimental Zoology2845<Amino Acid Sequence Angiotensin II Animals blood Blood Pressure Captopril chemistry Comparative Study Drinking drug effects Elasmobranchii Humans Kidney Molecular Sequence Data pharmacology physiology Renin-Angiotensin System secretion Species Specificity Vasoconstrictor Agents Vertebrates Water-Electrolyte BalancerThe renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been identified recently in elasmobranch fish, and the structure of angiotensin II (ANG II) is unusual ([Asp(1),Pro(3),Ile(5)]-ANG II) compared to other vertebrates. Receptors for ANG II have been identified in blood vessels and in a variety of osmoregulatory tissues including the gill, kidney and rectal gland. In addition, there is considerable binding to the interrenal gland and the stimulation of 1alpha-hydroxycorticosterone production in vitro suggests a physiological role in corticosteroidogenesis. ANG II is a potent vasoconstrictor and this effect does not appear to be mediated by sympathetic activation or catecholamine release. Although the RAS may not be involved in maintaining basal blood pressure, it may be important in situations in which blood pressure is reduced. Understanding of the role of ANG II as an osmoregulatory hormone is only just emerging with putative roles in the control of gill, rectal gland and perhaps, drinking. In addition, the stimulation of corticosteroid secretion may provide another means of controlling osmoregulation. J. Exp. Zool. 284:526-534, 1999 PM:10469990 DA - 19991008 NOT IN FILE32hGatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotla ~?Hjalmarson, A. Fagerberg, B.2000%MERIT-HF mortality and morbidity data98-103Basic Res Cardiol95 Suppl 1Adrenergic beta-Antagonists analogs & derivatives analysis Death,Sudden,Cardiac Delayed-Action Preparations drug therapy epidemiology Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Lung Metoprolol Morbidity mortality physiopathology prevention & control Quality of Life Severity of Illness Index statistics & numerical data Survival Analysis therapeutic use Time Treatment Outcome5 This survival study was designed to address whether beta-1-blockade utilizing metoprolol CR/XL (controlled release/extended release) once daily added to standard therapy reduces mortality and morbidity in patients with decreased ejection fraction and symptoms of heart failure. Enrolled in a double-blind randomized study were 3991 patients with chronic heart failure in NYHA functional class II-IV and ejection fraction < or = 0.40 stabilized on optimal standard therapy. Randomization was preceded by a 2-week single blind placebo run-in period. The study medication was uptitrated during 8 weeks starting with 12.5 mg (NYHA functional class III-IV) or 25 mg once daily (NYHA functional class II). The target dose was 200 mg once daily. The primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and combined all-cause mortality and hospitalization (time to first event) and other objectives were cause-specific data on hospitalization, NYHA functional class and quality of life. Mean follow-up time was 1 year. All-cause mortality was reduced in the metoprolol CR/XL group compared with the placebo group, 145 versus 217 deaths, 7.2% per patient year of follow-up versus 11.0% with a relative risk of 0.66 (95% CI 0.53-0.81, nominal p = 0.00009, p adjusted for interim analysis = 0.0062). This effect was consistent across all predefined subgroups. Sudden deaths were fewer in the metoprolol group (79 versus 132 deaths), RR 0.59 (p = 0.0002). Also deaths from worsening heart failure were fewer in the metoprolol group (30 versus 58 deaths), RR 0.51 (p = 0.0023). The combined endpoint total mortality or all-cause hospitalizations was also reduced by metoprolol (641 versus 767 events), RR 0.81 (p = 0.00012). Total mortality or hospitalizations due to worsening heart failure was also reduced (311 versus 439 events), RR 0.69 (p < 0.00001). The number of hospitalizations due to worsening heart failure (317 versus 451, p < 0.00001) and days in hospital due to worsening heart failure (3401 versus 5303 days, p < 0.00001) were also reduced by metoprolol. There was also an improvement in NYHA functional class, assessed by the physicians as well as the McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation questionnaire (OTE), assessed by the patients (p = 0.028 and p = 0.089, respectively). Permanent early discontinuation was 13.9% in the metoprolol group and 15.3% in the placebo group (RR = 0.90). In conclusion, in patients with symptomatic heart failure metoprolol CR/XL once daily improved survival by 34%, sudden death by 41%, and deaths from worsening of heart failure by 49%. In addition to improvement of survival there was also a reduced need of hospitalizations for worsening heart failure and an improved NYHA functional class and of quality of life assessed in a substudy. Metoprolol was well tolerated with no difference in early discontinuation rate from placebo treatment PM:11192362 DA - 20010118 NOT IN FILE33qInstitute of Heart and Lung Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden. ake.hjalmarson@hjl.gu.se~?QJoffe, B. I. Jackson, W. P. Thomas, M. E. Toyer, M. G. Keller, P. Pimstone, B. L.1971;Metabolic responses to oral glucose in the Kalahari Bushmen206-208Br Med J4781Adolescent Adult African Continental Ancestry Group Aged blood Blood Glucose Body Height Body Weight Female Glucose Glucose Tolerance Test Growth Hormone Humans Insulin Male metabolism Middle Aged Nutrition secretion Stress PM:5115571 DA - 19720110 NOT IN FILE34 g~?l,Kawakoshi, A. Hyodo, S. Yasuda, A. Takei, Y.2003A single and novel natriuretic peptide is expressed in the heart and brain of the most primitive vertebrate, the hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri)209-220J Mol Endocrinol311Amino Acid Sequence Animals Atrial Natriuretic Factor Base Sequence blood Brain classification Cloning,Molecular Comparative Study DNA Primers DNA,Complementary Evolution genetics Hagfishes Heart Humans Kidney Molecular Sequence Data Natriuretic Peptide,Brain Organ Specificity Phylogeny physiology Polymerase Chain Reaction Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Ribonuclease H,Calf Thymus RNA,Messenger Sequence Homology,Amino Acid Species Specificity VertebratesIn teleost fish and tetrapods, the natriuretic peptide (NP) family consists of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and VNP (ventricular natriuretic peptide) that are secreted from the heart, and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) that is found in the brain. However, CNP is the only NP identified in the heart and brain of elasmobranchs, suggesting that it is the ancestral type of the NP family and that ANP, BNP and VNP appeared later in the vertebrate phylogeny. To delineate more clearly the molecular evolution of this hormone family, we determined the sequence of NP molecule(s) in evolutionarily the oldest vertebrate group, the cyclostomes. We have cloned a novel NP cDNA from the heart and brain of hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, using the RACE method and degenerate primers that amplify all known types of NP cDNAs. The novel NP, named EbuNP after the scientific name of this hagfish, appears to be the only NP in the heart and brain, as no other NP cDNAs were amplified even after specific removal of the cloned EbuNP mRNA from the mRNA pool, except for a minor alternatively spliced EbuNP cDNA with a truncated 3'-untranslated sequence. The EbuNP was equally similar to known NPs but was not considered to be a CNP because of the presence of a C-terminal tail sequence. The EbuNP gene was abundantly expressed in the cardiac atrium, ventricle, portal heart and brain but scarcely in the intestine; no expression was observed in the gill and kidney. Mass spectrometry of affinity-purified EbuNP in plasma, heart and brain revealed a 68 amino acid peptide circulating in the blood and stored in the heart, which is cleaved at the typical cleavage signal of a processing enzyme, furin, as observed in mammalian BNP. The C-terminal Gly residue was used for amidation as is the case in eel ANP. The immunoreactive EbuNP was not detected in the brain, suggesting the presence of a different processing form in the brain. These results show that the molecular evolution of the NP family in vertebrates is more complex than previously thought PM:12914537 DA - 200 k~?9Kawakoshi, A. Hyodo, S. Inoue, K. Kobayashi, Y. Takei, Y.2004pFour natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, VNP and CNP) coexist in the sturgeon: Identification of BNP in fish lineage547-555J Mol Endocrinol322|Amino Acid Sequence analysis Animals Aorta Base Sequence Brain Cloning,Molecular Dogs drug effects Evolution Fishes genetics Heart In Vitro Male Mammals metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Natriuretic Peptides Peptides pharmacology Phylogeny physiology Protein Precursors Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Sequence Homology,Amino Acid Tetraodontiformes Tilapia Time Vasodilator AgentsoThe natriuretic peptide (NP) family is composed of three members: atrial, brain/ventricular and C-type NPs (ANP, BNP/VNP and CNP respectively) in tetrapods and teleostean fish, but only CNP in elasmobranch fish. In order to trace the process of divergence of the NP family in early vertebrate evolution, we attempted to detect NPs in the primitive ray-finned fish, the sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Unexpectedly, we isolated four distinct NP cDNAs from the heart and brain of this chondrostean fish. The single NP from the brain was CNP, as judged from the lack of C-terminal 'tail' sequence extending from the intramolecular ring. Two of the three cardiac NPs were ANP and VNP, as judged by the presence of an amidation signal at its C-terminus (ANP) and a long and conserved C-terminal tail sequence (VNP) respectively. The third cardiac NP was most probably BNP because it possessed all the features characteristic of BNP including: (1) the presence of dibasic amino acids within the intramolecular ring; (2) the presence of AUUUA repeats in the 3'-untranslated region of its mRNA; (3) equivalent expression of its mRNA in the atrium and ventricle and appreciable expression in the brain. Based on the sturgeon BNP sequence, we further isolated BNP cDNA from the heart of tilapia and pufferfish for the first time in teleostean fish. Phylogenetic analysis of the precursors showed that newly identified NPs belong to each group of the four NPs. The current identification of both VNP and BNP in the sturgeon clearly showed that BNP and VNP are coded by distinct genes, and that the NP family consists of at least four members in the ray-finned fish. VNP has not been molecularly identified in mammals but its presence is suggested from physiological studies; heterologous fish VNP exhibited more potent vasorelaxant activity than homologous mammalian ANP in the isolated coronary artery of dogs PM:15072558 DA - 20040409 NOT IN FILE36`Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan. kawakosi@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpC~?X@Kim, S. H. Ryu, H. Kang, C. W. Kim, S. Z. Seul, K. H. Cho, K. W.1994SAtrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity in the eggs of the silkworm Bombyx mori151-156Gen Comp Endocrinol941*analysis Animals Aorta,Thoracic Atrial Natriuretic Factor Bombyx chemistry Chromatography,Gel Chromatography,High Pressure Liquid drug effects Natriuretic Peptides Ovum Peptide Fragments Peptides pharmacology physiology Rats Rats,Sprague-Dawley Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't secretion Vasodilation[Synthesis and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are not confined to the atrium, but are also present in other tissues. Recently, we have found synthesis of ANP in the eggs of several vertebrate animals. The present study was undertaken to determine whether immunoreactive ANP (irANP) is present in the egg of an invertebrate, the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The serial dilution curve of egg extracts of silkworm was parallel to the standard curve of atriopeptin III. Analysis of ANP immunoreactivity by gel filtration chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC showed that the major immunoreactivity corresponded to rat proANP. The semipurified irANP of egg extracts produced a dose-dependent relaxation on rat aortic strips, which was blocked by preincubation with anti-ANP antiserum. Therefore, we suggest that ANP is synthesized in the silkworm egg PM:8045364 DA - 19940829 NOT IN8~?Kirchengast, S.1998IWeight status of adult !Kung San and Kavango people from northern Namibia541-551 Ann Hum Biol256Adolescent Adult Aged Anthropometry Body Mass Index Body Weight Ethnic Groups Female Humans Life Style Male Middle Aged Namibia Nutritional Status Sex Characteristics StressAn anthropometric assessment was conducted at 238 !Kung San hunter-gatherers aged between 18 and 65 years (mean = 30.8 years), 156 Kavango horticultural pastoralists aged between 18 and 61 years (mean = 29.2 years) and for 87 urbanized Kavango people aged between 18 and 61 years (mean = 29.3 years) living as wage earning employees in northern Namibia. Weight status was estimated by using body mass index categories according to the recommendations of the WHO. As is typical for human populations, men were taller and heavier than women within the same ethnic groups. An interethnic comparison showed that both !Kung San women and men were lighter than Kavango women and men. The mean BMI of !Kung San women was 19.1 and of !Kung San men 19.4 kg/m2. Kavango people exhibited higher average BMI values, 19.4 for women, 20.3 kg/m2 for men. With the exception of the male urban Kavango people a high percentage (more than 30%) of the subjects were thin and underweight, as shown by a BMI of < 18.5 kg/m2. This was especially true of the !Kung San of both sexes and the rural Kavango men. Nearly 25% of !Kung San women met the criterion of weight depletion (BMI < 17.0). The cultural transition from nomadic hunter gatherer subsistence to a more sedentary life style over the last 20 years can be interpreted as an environmental stress which affected male as well as female nutritional status. The hard economic situation of the rural Kavango people may also be a stress factor which negatively influenced their nutritional status, especially of the men. The significantly better nutritional status of the urban Kavango men may be the result of the opportunities for work as wage earners or as soldiers PM:9818961 DA - 19990107 NOT IN FILE38University of Vienna, Austria < ~?j6Konno, N. Hyodo, S. Takei, Y. Matsuda, K. Uchiyama, M.2005Plasma aldosterone, angiotensin II, and arginine vasotocin concentrations in the toad, Bufo marinus, following osmotic treatments86-93Gen Comp Endocrinol1402Adaptation,Physiological Aldosterone Angiotensin II Animals blood Body Water Bufo marinus Bufonidae Dehydration Female Hormones Male Osmosis physiology physiopathology Renin-Angiotensin System Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Vasotocin veterinary Water Water-Electrolyte Balance7To clarify the physiological roles of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) on body fluid regulation in amphibians, we measured plasma concentrations of aldosterone (ALDO), angiotensin II (ANG II), and AVT after various osmotic challenges in the marine toad, Bufo marinus (Bufonidae). Hematocrit value (Ht) as an indicator of plasma volume, plasma osmolality and concentrations of plasma components (Na(+), Cl(-), K(+), and urea) were also measured. The toads were maintained under various osmotic treatments for 7 days. In dehydrated toads, plasma concentrations of ALDO, ANG II, AVT, and all plasma components measured were increased. In toads maintained in 300 mosmol/kg H(2)O NaCl solution, plasma osmolality, Na(+), Cl(-), urea, and plasma AVT concentrations were significantly increased, and Ht and plasma concentrations of ALDO and ANG II were significantly decreased. In toads maintained in tap water, plasma osmolality, and concentrations of Na(+) and ALDO were significantly decreased. We also estimated total body water (TBW), plasma volume (PV) using Evans Blue dye and Ht in the toads under various osmotic treatments. In dehydrated toads, TBW and PV were significantly decreased and Ht was significantly increased in comparison with those of control. In toads maintained in 300 mosmol/kg H(2)O NaCl solution, TBW and PV were significantly increased and Ht was significantly decreased in comparison with those of control. There was a significant negative correlation between Ht and PV or TBW. These results show that dehydration, which induces hypovolemic and hyperosmotic conditions, stimulates increases of plasma ALDO, ANG II, and AVT concentrations, while hypervolemic treatment induces decreases of plasma ALDO and ANG II concentrations. There were significant correlations between plasma osmolality and AVT concentration, between Ht and concentrations of RAAS hormones, and between plasma concentrations of ALDO and ANG II. These results suggest that volumetric and osmometric systems regulated by RAAS hormones and AVT are present in B. marinus PM:15613270  7 ~?Koshimizu, T. A. Nasa, Y. Tanoue, A. Oikawa, R. Kawahara, Y. Kiyono, Y. Adachi, T. Tanaka, T. Kuwaki, T. Mori, T. Takeo, S. Okamura, H. Tsujimoto, G.2006zV1a vasopressin receptors maintain normal blood pressure by regulating circulating blood volume and baroreflex sensitivity 7807-7812OProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America10320UAdrenal Cortex anatomy & histology Animals Argipressin Arteries Baroreflex blood Blood Chemical Analysis Blood Pressure Blood Volume Echocardiography genetics Heart Heart Rate Hemodynamic Processes Homeostasis Humans metabolism Mice Mice,Knockout physiology Receptors,Vasopressin Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Urinalysis Vascular ResistanceArginine-vasopressin (AVP) is a hormone that is essential for both osmotic and cardiovascular homeostasis, and exerts important physiological regulation through three distinct receptors, V1a, V1b, and V2. Although AVP is used clinically as a potent vasoconstrictor (V1a receptor-mediated) in patients with circulatory shock, the physiological role of vasopressin V1a receptors in blood pressure (BP) homeostasis is ill-defined. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of the V1a receptor in cardiovascular homeostasis using gene targeting. The basal BP of conscious mutant mice lacking the V1a receptor gene (V1a-/-) was significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared to the wild-type mice (V1a+/+) without a notable change in heart rate. There was no significant alteration in cardiac functions as assessed by echocardiogram in the mutant mice. AVP-induced vasopressor responses were abolished in the mutant mice; rather, AVP caused a decrease in BP, which occurred in part through V2 receptor-mediated release of nitric oxide from the vascular endothelium. Arterial baroreceptor reflexes were markedly impaired in mutant mice, consistent with a loss of V1a receptors in the central area of baroreflex control. Notably, mutant mice showed a significant 9% reduction in circulating blood volume. Furthermore, mutant mice had normal plasma AVP levels and a normal AVP secretory response, but had significantly lower adrenocortical responsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone. Taken together, these results indicate that the V1a receptor plays an important role in normal resting arterial BP regulation mainly by its regulation of circulating blood volume and baroreflex sensitivity PM:16682631 DA - 20060517 NOT IN FILE40Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of &?_ Aaby, P.1995lAssumptions and contradictions in measles and measles immunization research: Is measles good for s|?Laszlo, Pierre2001Salt: Grain of Life New York, NYColumbia University Press NOT IN FILE0-231-12198-9 948~?Law, M.20000Salt, blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases5-8J Cardiovasc Risk71HAdult adverse effects Age Distribution Aged analysis Animals blood Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Diseases diagnosis epidemiology etiology Haplorhini Heart Humans Hypertension Middle Aged mortality physiopathology Prognosis Rats Risk Assessment Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Distribution Sodium Sodium,Dietary Survival AnalysisThe rise in average blood pressure with age seen in Western populations does not occur in isolated traditional nomadic communities. Several factors contribute to the higher blood pressure in the West. Salt is particularly important, however, because its effect on blood pressure is large, the dietary intake by Western populations is high and a large reduction in its intake is realistic. The size of the relationship between salt and blood pressure depends on age and, in trials, the duration of reduction of intake of salt. Results of many of the randomized trials have suggested that reduction of dietary salt exerts only a small effect on average blood pressure; this is because their subjects have been young (average age 26 years) and trials have been of short duration (average 2 weeks). Analysis of observational data concerning various communities indicated that a reduction in dietary intake of sodium of 100 mmol/24 h (3 g of salt, a realistic reduction) lowers systolic blood pressure in subjects aged 50-65 years by 10 mmHg on average. Much evidence corroborates this estimate, including data from the Intersalt study and a randomized controlled trial of reduction of intake of salt by older persons. This reduction in blood pressure would reduce age-specific stroke mortality by an estimated 22% and mortality from heart disease by 16%. Reducing the amount of salt added to manufactured foods is an important public-health target PM:10785867 DA - 20000606 NOT IN FILE41Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine, London, UK~?:Lee, M. E. Miller, W. L. Edwards, B. S. Burnett Jr., J. C.1989NRole of endogenous atrial natriuretic factor in acute congestive heart failure 1962-1966 J Clin Invest846dAldosterone Animals Atrial Natriuretic Factor blood Blood Pressure Cardiac Output Constriction Disease Models,Animal Dogs etiology Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Heart Ventricles Hypotension Male Natriuresis physiology physiopathology Renal Circulation Renin Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Sodium Vena Cava,InferiorKThe current studies were designed to investigate the functional significance of elevated endogenous atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in acute congestive heart failure (CHF). Integrated cardiorenal and endocrine function were measured in three models of acute low-output congestive heart failure with comparably reduced cardiac output (CO) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Acute CHF was produced by rapid right ventricular pacing (group I, n = 5) which decreases CO and increases atrial pressures and plasma ANF. In group II, n = 5, thoracic inferior vena caval constriction (TIVCC) was produced to decrease venous return and CO but without increases in atrial pressure or plasma ANF. In group III, n = 5, TIVCC was performed and exogenous ANF infused to achieve plasma concentrations observed in acute CHF. In acute CHF with increases in endogenous ANF, sodium excretion (UNaV), renal blood flow (RBF), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone (PA) were maintained despite decreases in CO and MAP. In contrast, TIVCC with similar reductions in CO and MAP but without increases in ANF resulted in decreases in UNaV and RBF and increases in PRA and PA. Exogenous administration of ANF in TIVCC to mimic levels in acute CHF prevented sodium retention, renal vasoconstriction, and activation of renin and aldosterone. These studies demonstrate that endogenous ANF serves as an important physiologic volume regulator in acute CHF to maintain sodium excretion and possibly participate in the suppression of activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system despite the stimulus of arterial hypotension PM:2531762 DA - 19900123 NOT IN FILE43NDepartment of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 ~? Lee, W. H. Packer, M.1986Prognostic importance of serum sodium concentration and its modification by converting-enzyme inhibition in patients with severe chronic heart failure257-267 Circulation7329Adult Aged analysis Angiotensin II Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors blood Captopril diagnosis drug therapy Enalapril Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Male Middle Aged mortality Prognosis Renin Renin-Angiotensin System Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Sodium therapeutic use Vasodilator AgentsrAlthough past reports have identified a variety of prognostic factors in patients with severe chronic heart failure, previous studies have not evaluated the interaction of prognostic variables and drug treatment. We analyzed the association of 30 clinical, hemodynamic, and biochemical variables with survival in 203 consecutive patients with severe heart failure; all variables were assessed just before initiation of treatment with a variety of vasodilator drugs, and all patients were subsequently followed for 6 to 94 months. By regression analysis, pretreatment serum sodium concentration was the most powerful predictor of cardiovascular mortality, with hyponatremic patients having a substantially shorter median survival than did patients with a normal serum sodium concentration (164 vs 373 days, p = .006). The unfavorable prognosis for hyponatremic patients appeared to be related to the marked elevation of plasma renin activity that we noted in these individuals (10.0 +/- 2.0 ng/ml/hr), since hyponatremic patients fared significantly better when treated with angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors than when treated with vasodilator drugs that did not interfere with angiotensin II biosynthesis (median survival 232 vs 108 days, p = .003). In contrast, there was no selective benefit of converting-enzyme inhibition on the survival of patients with a normal serum sodium concentration, in whom plasma renin activity was low (1.9 +/- 0.3 ng/ml/hr). This interaction between serum sodium concentration, drug treatment, and long-term outcome suggests that the renin-angiotensin system may exert a deleterious effect on the survival of some patients with chronic heart failure, which can be antagonized by converting enzyme inhibition, and provides a clinical counterpart for the similar prognostic role that has been postulated for angiotensin II in experimental preparations of heart failure PM:3002660 DA - 19860306 NOT IN FILE42~? "Leier, C. V. Dei Cas, L. Metra, M.1994Clinical relevance and management of the major electrolyte abnormalities in congestive heart failure: Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia564-574 Am Heart J1283blood complications Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Hypokalemia Hyponatremia Magnesium metabolism Myocardium therapy Water-Electrolyte ImbalanceElectrolyte disturbances are a common complication of CHF. CHF provides a perfect milieu for the development of these disturbances; renal dysfunction, elevation of neurohormonal substances, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and diuretic therapy represent the major contributory factors. Hyponatremia is closely aligned with an unfavorable clinical course. Hypokalemia is associated with increased ventricular dysrhythmias. Hypomagnesemia noted in advanced CHF can be accompanied by arrhythmias and refractory hypokalemia. CHF also offers the ideal milieu (diseased, ischemic, and arrhythmogenic myocardium; elevated catecholamines; and arrhythmogenic drugs) for the threatening clinical consequences (clinical deterioration, dysrhythmias, or death) of these disturbances. These consequences underscore the importance of the recognition, appreciation, and management of these electrolyte abnormalities PM:8074021 DA - 19940928 NOT IN FILE44KDivision of Cardiology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus H~? hLevy, D. Kenchaiah, S. Larson, M. G. Benjamin, E. J. Kupka, M. J. Ho, K. K. Murabito, J. M. Vasan, R. S.2002DLong-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure 1397-1402 N Engl J Med34718Adult Aged blood epidemiology Female Health Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Incidence Longitudinal Studies Lung Male Massachusetts Middle Aged mortality Proportional Hazards Models Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Risk statistics & numerical data Survival Rate Survivors trendsBACKGROUND: Heart failure is a major public health problem. Long-term trends in the incidence of heart failure and survival after its onset in the community have not been characterized. METHODS: We used statistical models to assess temporal trends in the incidence of heart failure and Cox proportional-hazards regression to evaluate survival after the onset of heart failure among subjects in the Framingham Heart Study. Cases of heart failure were classified according to the date of onset: 1950 through 1969 (223 cases), 1970 through 1979 (222), 1980 through 1989 (307), and 1990 through 1999 (323). We also calculated 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year age-adjusted mortality rates for each period. RESULTS: Heart failure occurred in 1075 subjects (51 percent of whom were women). As compared with the rate for the period from 1950 through 1969, the incidence of heart failure remained virtually unchanged among men in the three subsequent periods but declined by 31 to 40 percent among women (rate ratio for the period from 1990 through 1999, 0.69; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.93). The 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year age-adjusted mortality rates among men declined from 12 percent, 30 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, in the period from 1950 through 1969 to 11 percent, 28 percent, and 59 percent, respectively, in the period from 1990 through 1999. The corresponding rates among women were 18 percent, 28 percent, and 57 percent for the period from 1950 through 1969 and 10 percent, 24 percent, and 45 percent for the period from 1990 through 1999. Overall, there was an improvement in the survival rate after the onset of heart failure of 12 percent per decade (P=0.01 for men and P=0.02 for women). CONCLUSIONS: Over the past 50 years, the incidence of heart failure has declined among women but not among men, whereas survival after the onset of heart failure has improved in both sexes. Factors contributing to these trends need further clarification PM:12409541 DA - 20021031 NOT IN FILE45YNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Mass, USA}~? Lichtenstein, A. H. Appel, L. J. Brands, M. Carnethon, M. Daniels, S. Franch, H. A. Franklin, B. Kris-Etherton, P. Harris, W. S. Howard, B. Karanja, N. Lefevre, M. Rudel, L. Sacks, F. Van Horn, L. Winston, M. Wylie-Rosett, J.2006Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee82-96 Circulation1141|Cardiovascular Diseases Diet Health Behavior Health Education Humans Life Style prevention & control Risk Reduction Behavior3Improving diet and lifestyle is a critical component of the American Heart Association's strategy for cardiovascular disease risk reduction in the general population. This document presents recommendations designed to meet this objective. Specific goals are to consume an overall healthy diet; aim for a healthy body weight; aim for recommended levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides; aim for normal blood pressure; aim for a normal blood glucose level; be physically active; and avoid use of and exposure to tobacco products. The recommendations are to balance caloric intake and physical activity to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight; consume a diet rich in vegetables and fruits; choose whole-grain, high-fiber foods; consume fish, especially oily fish, at least twice a week; limit intake of saturated fat to <7% of energy, trans fat to <1% of energy, and cholesterol to <300 mg/day by choosing lean meats and vegetable alternatives, fat-free (skim) or low-fat (1% fat) dairy products and minimize intake of partially hydrogenated fats; minimize intake of beverages and foods with added sugars; choose and prepare foods with little or no salt; if you consume alcohol, do so in moderation; and when you eat food prepared outside of the home, follow these Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations. By adhering to these diet and lifestyle recommendations, Americans can substantially reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States PM:16785338 DA - 20060704 NOT IN FILE3~? Lillywhite, H. B.19951Evolution of cardiovascular adaptation to gravity1-4J Gravit Physiol21Adaptation,Physiological anatomy & histology Animals Artiodactyla Evolution Gravitation Heart Hemodynamic Processes Lung physiology Posture Snakes PM:11538880 DA - 19961017 NOT IN FILE92DDepartment of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA7~?Lillywhite, H. B.1996XGravity, blood circulation, and the adaptation of form and function in lower vertebrates217-225IJournal of Experimental Zoology. Part A, Comparative Experimental Biology2752-3DAdaptation,Physiological anatomy & histology Animals Biomechanics blood Blood Circulation Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Physiology Cardiovascular System Comparative Study Environment Evolution Gravitation Heart physiology Posture Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Research Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. Snakes Stress VertebratesGravitational force influences musculoskeletal systems, fluid distribution, and hydrodynamics of the circulation, especially in larger terrestrial vertebrates. The disturbance to hydrodynamics and distribution of body fluids relates largely to the effects of hydrostatic pressure gradients acting in vertical blood columns. These, in turn, are linked to the evolution of adaptive countermeasures involving modifications of structure and function. Comparative studies of snakes suggest there are four generalizations concerning adaptive countermeasures to gravity stress that seem relevant to lower vertebrates generally. First, increasing levels of regulated arterial blood pressure are expected to evolve with some relation to gravitational stresses incurred by the effects of height and posture on vertical blood columns above the heart. Second, aspects of gross anatomical organization are expected to evolve in relation to gravitational influence incurred by habitat and behavior. Third, natural selection coupled to gravitational stresses has favored morphological features that reduce the compliance of perivascular tissues and provide an anatomical "antigravity suit." Fourth, natural selection has produced gradients or regional differences of vascular characteristics in tall or elongated vertebrates that are active in high gravity stress environments. Consideration or awareness of these principles should be incorporated into interpretations of structure and function in lower vertebrates PM:8676096 DA - 19960809 NOT IN FILE9 G D~?Loretz, C. A. Pollina, C.2000'Natriuretic peptides in fish physiology169-187SComparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology1252Amino Acid Sequence Animals Atrial Natriuretic Factor blood Blood Pressure Blood Volume Brain Cardiovascular Physiology chemistry Drinking Endocrine System Fishes Guanylate Cyclase Heart Hormones Intestines Kidney Mammals metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Natriuresis Natriuretic Peptides Osmosis Peptides physiology Receptors,Atrial Natriuretic Factor Salt Gland secretion Sequence Homology,Amino Acid- Natriuretic peptides exist in the fishes as a family of structurally-related isohormones including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP); to date, brain natriuretic peptide (or B-type natriuretic peptide, BNP) has not been definitively identified in the fishes. Based on nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity, the natriuretic peptide family of isohormones may have evolved from a neuromodulatory, CNP-like brain peptide. The primary sites of synthesis for the circulating hormones are the heart and brain; additional extracardiac and extracranial sites, including the intestine, synthesize and release natriuretic peptides locally for paracrine regulation of various physiological functions. Membrane-bound, guanylyl cyclase-coupled natriuretic peptide receptors (A- and B-types) are generally implicated in mediating natriuretic peptide effects via the production of cyclic GMP as the intracellular messenger. C- and D-type natriuretic peptide receptors lacking the guanylyl cyclase domain may influence target cell function through G(i) protein-coupled inhibition of membrane adenylyl cyclase activity, and they likely also act as clearance receptors for circulating hormone. In the few systems examined using homologous or piscine reagents, differential receptor binding and tissue responsiveness to specific natriuretic peptide isohormones is demonstrated. Similar to their acute physiological effects in mammals, natriuretic peptides are vasorelaxant in all fishes examined. In contrast to mammals, where natriuretic peptides act through natriuresis and diuresis to bring about long-term reductions in blood volume and blood pressure, in fishes the primary action appears to be the extrusion of excess salt at the gills and rectal gland, and the limiting of drinking-coupled salt uptake by the alimentary system. In teleosts, both hypernatremia and hypervolemia are effective stimuli for cardiac secretion of natriuretic peptides; in the elasmobranchs, hypervolemia is the predominant physiological stimulus for secretion. Natriuretic peptides may be seawater-adapting hormones with appropriate target organs including the gills, rectal gland, kidney, and intestine, with each regulated via, predominantly, either A- or B-type (or C- or D-type?) natriuretic peptide receptors. Natriuretic peptides act both directly on ion-transporting cells of osmoregulatory tissues, and indirectly through increased vascular flow to osmoregulatory tissues, through inhibition of drinking, and through effects on other endocrine systems PM:10825690 DA - 20000809 NOT IN FILE46Department of Biological Sciences, Box 601300, State University of New York at Buffalo, ~?Mathias, C. J.2002To stand on one's own legs237-245Clin Med23Autonomic Nervous System Brain Cardiovascular System etiology Heart Humans Hypotension Hypotension,Orthostatic Leg Nervous System physiology physiopathology Posture therapyA fundamental human expectation is to stand upright. This exposes the cardiovascular system to gravitational forces, with a fall in pressure above heart level exposing organs such as the brain to impaired perfusion if adequate adaptive mechanisms are not activated. The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the initial response to standing upright, and can be affected by several disorders, some rare, some common. Autonomic failure can result in orthostatic hypotension with hypoperfusion of vital organs, causing a variety of symptoms including syncope. Thus, it is important to recognise orthostatic hypotension, determine its aetiology, evaluate and treat it. Intermittent autonomic dysfunction (such as neurally mediated syncope without chronic neurogenic failure) also results in falls and syncope; various forms include the 'common faint' (vasovagal syncope) and carotid sinus hypersensitivity (especially in the elderly). Orthostatic intolerance without orthostatic hypotension is increasingly recognised as due to an autonomic disturbance. New techniques are helping to unravel the functional anatomy of cerebral autonomic centres and their pathways in the causation of orthostatic intolerance PM:12108475 DA - 20020710 NOT IN FILE47Neurovascular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine at St Mary's Hospital, London. c.mathias@ic.ac.uk%~?McGrath, M. F. de Bold, A. J.20053Determinants of natriuretic peptide gene expression933-943Peptides266Amino Acid Sequence Animals Atrial Natriuretic Factor biosynthesis Brain Calcium Exons Gene Expression Regulation Gene Expression Regulation,Developmental genetics GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits,Gq-G11 Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hemodynamic Processes Hormones Humans Introns metabolism Models,Biological Molecular Sequence Data Myocytes,Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides Nervous System Peptides Pertussis Toxin pharmacology secretion Signal Transduction Sympathetic Nervous System The cardiac natriuretic peptides (NP) atrial natriuretic factor or peptide (ANF or ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are polypeptide hormones synthesized, stored and secreted mainly by cardiac muscle cells (cardiocytes) of the atria of the heart. Both ANF and BNP are co-stored in storage granules referred to as specific atrial granules. The biological properties of NP include modulation of intrinsic renal mechanisms, the sympathetic nervous system, the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and other determinants, of fluid volume, vascular tone and renal function. Studies on the control of baseline and stimulated ANF synthesis and secretion indicate at least two types of regulated secretory processes in atrial cardiocytes: one is stretch-stimulated and pertussis toxin (PTX) sensitive and the other is Gq-mediated and is PTX insensitive. Baseline ANF secretion is also PTX insensitive. In vivo, it is conceivable that the first process mediates stimulated ANF secretion brought about by changes in central venous return and subsequent atrial muscle stretch as observed in acute extracellular fluid volume expansion. The second type of stimulation is brought about by sustained hemodynamic and neuroendocrine stimuli such as those observed in congestive heart failure PM:15911063 DA - 20050524 NOT IN FILE48zCardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1Y 4W7z~?Mendez, G. F. Cowie, M. R.2001aThe epidemiological features of heart failure in developing countries: A review of the literature213-219 Int J Cardiol802-3Africa Arteries Asia Cardiovascular Diseases Central America Chagas Disease complications Developing Countries epidemiology etiology Europe Health Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Hypertension Lung Morbidity mortality Rheumatic Heart Disease South AmericaCardiovascular diseases are increasingly recognised as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This is due to the ageing of the population and better control of communicable disease and malnutrition. We review the published data on the epidemiology of heart failure in such countries. Rheumatic heart disease remains a major cause of heart failure in Africa and Asia, especially in the young. Hypertension is an important cause of heart failure especially in the African and African-American population. Chagas' disease is still a cause of heart failure in South America. However, as countries go through epidemiological transition and undergo socio-economic development, the epidemiology of heart failure becomes increasingly similar to that of Western Europe and North America with coronary artery disease being the single most common cause of heart failure. Preventive and public health strategies need to be specific to the local epidemiological characteristics PM:11578717 DA - 20011001 NOT IN FILE49Cardiac Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK. g.mendez@abdn.ac.uk~?2Merimee, T. J. Rimoin, D. L. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.1972&Metabolic studies in the African pygmy395-401 J Clin Invest512African Continental Ancestry Group Arginine blood Blood Glucose Central African Republic diagnostic use Diet Dwarfism Epinephrine Fatty Acids Fatty Acids,Nonesterified Glucagon Glucose Growth Hormone Humans Insulin metabolism Pancreas secretion PM:5009122 DA - 19720404 NOT IN FILE50#qd~?Mizuno, J. Takeda, N.1988mPhylogenetic study of the arginine-vasotocin/arginine-vasopressin-like immunoreactive system in invertebrates739-747)Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol914analysis Animals Annelida Argipressin Arthropods Central Nervous System Cnidaria Echinodermata Hydra Invertebrates metabolism Mollusca Nervous System Phylogeny Platyhelminths Vasotocin1. A phylogenetic study of arg-vasotocin (AVT)/arg-vasopressin (AVP)-like immunoreactive cells was performed by the PAP method in the central nervous system of invertebrates. 2. The immunoreactivity was detected in the nerve cells of Hydra magnipapillata of the Coelenterata; Neanthes japonica and Pheretima communissima of the Annelida; Pomacea canaliculata, Aplysia kurodai, Oncidium verrucosum, Bradybaena similaris, Achatina fulica, Limax marginatus and Meretrix lamarckii of the Mollusca; Gnorimosphaeroma rayi, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Gryllus bimaculatus and Baratha brassicae of the Arthropoda; Asterina pectinifera of the Echinodermata; and Halocynthia roretzi of the Protochordata. 3. No immunoreactivity was detected in Bipalium sp. of the Platyhelminthes, or in Procambarus clarkii and Helice tridens of the Arthropoda. 4. From these results, it appears that AVT/AVP is a phylogenetically ancient peptide which is present in a wide variety of invertebrates. 5. The actions of AVT/AVP and its presence in invertebrates are discussed PM:2907440 DA - 19890526 NOT IN FILE51HDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, TA~?!Mohr, E. Meyerhof, W. Richter, D.1995eVasopressin and oxytocin: Molecular biology and evolution of the peptide hormones and their receptors235-266 Vitam Horm51Amino Acid Sequence analysis Animals Animals,Genetically Modified Axons chemistry Dendrites Evolution Gene Expression Regulation genetics Hormones Humans Molecular Sequence Data Oxytocin Receptors,Oxytocin Receptors,Vasopressin RNA,Messenger Vasopressins PM:7483323 DA - 19951221 NOT IN FILE52TInstitut fur Zellbiochemie und Klinische Neurobiologie, Universitat Hamburg, Germany Ǿ~?Morris, J. Nilsson, S.1994The circulatory system193-246DComparative Physiology and Evolution of the Autonomic Nervous SystemNilsson, S. Holmgren, S.Chur, SwitzerlandHarwood Academic PublishersjAutonomic Nervous System Circulatory system Evolution Nervous System physiology Sympathetic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous SystemNOT IN FILE 3-7186-5137-8 6 485 staff.wisc.edu  Pacific Office ; ;,Sleep ersity Press Le undergone  437-516) and index.$~? Nishimura, H.19802Comparative endocrinology of renin and angiotensin29-77Adv Exp Med Biol130zAngiotensins Animals Blood Volume Comparative Study Drinking Behavior Endopeptidases Evolution Hemorrhage Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Kidney metabolism Mineralocorticoids Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A pharmacology physiology physiopathology Receptors,Cell Surface Renin Research Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Sodium Species Specificity Vasodilator Agents PM:6250343 DA - 19801024 NOT IN FILE53~?Nishimura, H. Bailey, J. R.1982<Intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in primitive vertebrates S185-S192Kidney International22Suppl 12,Angiotensins Animals Birds blood Blood Pressure Body Water Diuretics drug effects Electrolytes Fishes Glomerular Filtration Rate Hypotension Kidney Mammals metabolism pharmacology physiology Renin Renin-Angiotensin System Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. secretion Sodium Sodium Chloride VertebratesTeleost fishes, which have a simpler nephron structure and lack the macula densa, respond to lowered blood pressure by releasing renin. Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme decreases the resting level of blood pressure, suggesting that the RAS may participate in control of blood pressure in fish. Glomerulotubular balance is poorly developed, and GFR is readily increased by an increase in renal perfusion pressure. It is not clear at present whether angiotensin is involved physiologically in intermittency of glomerular filtration, or whether it controls GFR through its action on systemic blood pressure. Birds appear to have an intermediate form between primitive vertebrates and mammals in terms of morphologic structure of the JG apparatus and nephrons, and in renal function. Fowl, in which angiotensin causes biphasic depressor and pressor responses, do not respond to acute hypotension or hypovolemia by releasing renin unless blood pressure remains low. Unilateral infusion of hypertonic saline into the renal portal system, which perfuses the peritubular sinusoid, increases urinary excretion of sodium chloride in the infused kidney, accompanied by mild diuresis. The slight but significant decrease in PRA occurs after portal infusion of hypertonic saline. Further investigation will be necessary to determine on an individual nephron basis whether an increased tubular sodium or chloride load may alter GFR by a possible tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism PM:6752535 DA - 198~? Nishimura, H.2001=Angiotensin receptors: Evolutionary overview and perspectives11-30)Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol1281Animals Birds classification Comparative Study Evolution Gene Expression genetics Health Humans Phylogeny physiology Receptors,Angiotensin Renin-Angiotensin System Signal Transduction VertebrateshThe structure of the angiotensin molecule has been well preserved throughout the vertebrate scale with some amino acid variations. Specific angiotensin receptors (AT receptors) that mediate important physiological functions have been noted in a variety of tissues and species. Physiological and pharmacological characterization of AT receptors and, more recently, molecular cloning studies have elucidated the presence of AT receptor subtypes. Comparative studies suggest that an AT receptor subtype homologous to the mammalian type 1 receptor subtype (AT(1)), though pharmacologically distinct, is present in amphibians and birds, whereas AT receptors cloned from teleosts show low homology to both AT(1) and AT(2) receptor subtypes. Furthermore, receptors differing from both the AT(1)-homologue receptor and AT(2) receptor exist in some non-mammalian species. This may suggest that the prototype AT receptor evolved in primitive vertebrates and diverged to more than one type of AT receptor subtype during phylogeny. Furthermore, phenotypic modulation of AT receptors appears to occur during individual development/maturation PM:11137436 DA - 20010126 NOT IN FILE55Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. nishimur@physio1.utmem.edu ~?cPacker, M. Bristow, M. R. Cohn, J. N. Colucci, W. S. Fowler, M. B. Gilbert, E. M. Shusterman, N. H.1996The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group 1349-1355 N Engl J Med33421Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists Adrenergic beta-Antagonists adverse effects Carbazoles Cardiovascular Diseases Chronic Disease Clinical Trials Disease-Free Survival Diuretics Double-Blind Method drug therapy epidemiology Female Free Radical Scavengers Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Male Middle Aged Morbidity mortality physiology Propanolamines Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Risk statistics & numerical data therapeutic use therapy BACKGROUND. Controlled clinical trials have shown that beta-blockers can produce hemodynamic and symptomatic improvement in chronic heart failure, but the effect of these drugs on survival has not been determined. METHODS. We enrolled 1094 patients with chronic heart failure in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified program, in which patients were assigned to one of the four treatment protocols on the basis of their exercise capacity. Within each of the four protocols patients with mild, moderate, or severe heart failure with left ventricular ejection fractions < or = 0.35 were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (n = 398) or the beta-blocker carvedilol (n = 696); background therapy with digoxin, diuretics, and an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor remained constant. Patient were observed for the occurrence death or hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons during the following 6 months, after the beginning (12 months for the group with mild heart failure). RESULTS. The overall mortality rate was 7.8 percent in the placebo group and 3.2 percent in the carvedilol group; the reduction in risk attributable to carvedilol was 65 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 39 to 80 percent; P < 0.001). This finding led the Data and Safety Monitoring Board to recommend termination of the study before its scheduled completion. In addition, as compared with placebo, carvedilol therapy was accompanied by a 27 percent reduction in the risk of hospitalization for cardiovascular causes (19.6 percent vs. 14.1 percent, P = 0.036), as well as a 38 percent reduction in the combined risk of hospitalization or death (24.6 percent vs, 15.8 percent, P < 0.001). Worsening heart failure as an adverse reaction during treatment was less frequent in the carvedilol than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS. Carvedilol reduces the risk or death as well as the risk of hospitalization for cardiovascular causes in patients with heart failure who are receiving treatment with digoxin, diuretics, and an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor PM:8614419 DA - 19960605 NOT IN FILE56sDivision of Circulatory Physiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA ~?Packer, M. Fowler, M. B. Roecker, E. B. Coats, A. J. Katus, H. A. Krum, H. Mohacsi, P. Rouleau, J. L. Tendera, M. Staiger, C. Holcslaw, T. L. Amann-Zalan, I. DeMets, D. L.2002Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: Results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study 2194-2199 Circulation10617PAdrenergic beta-Antagonists adverse effects Carbazoles Chronic Disease diagnosis Disease-Free Survival Double-Blind Method drug therapy Exertion Health Resources Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Morbidity mortality Propanolamines Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Risk Survival Rate therapeutic use therapy utilizationmBACKGROUND: Beta-blocking agents improve functional status and reduce morbidity in mild-to-moderate heart failure, but it is not known whether they produce such benefits in severe heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomly assigned 2289 patients with symptoms of heart failure at rest or on minimal exertion and with an ejection fraction <25% (but not volume-overloaded) to double-blind treatment with either placebo (n=1133) or carvedilol (n=1156) for an average of 10.4 months. Carvedilol reduced the combined risk of death or hospitalization for a cardiovascular reason by 27% (P=0.00002) and the combined risk of death or hospitalization for heart failure by 31% (P=0.000004). Patients in the carvedilol group also spent 27% fewer days in the hospital for any reason (P=0.0005) and 40% fewer days in the hospital for heart failure (P<0.0001). These differences were as a result of both a decrease in the number of hospitalizations and a shorter duration of each admission. More patients felt improved and fewer patients felt worse in the carvedilol group than in the placebo group after 6 months of maintenance therapy (P=0.0009). Carvedilol-treated patients were also less likely than placebo-treated patients to experience a serious adverse event (P=0.002), especially worsening heart failure, sudden death, cardiogenic shock, or ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSION: In euvolemic patients with symptoms at rest or on minimal exertion, the addition of carvedilol to conventional therapy ameliorates the severity of heart failure and reduces the risk of clinical deterioration, hospitalization, and other serious adverse clinical events PM:12390947 DA - 20021022 NOT IN FILE57cCollege of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. mp65@columbia.edu -~?Parmley, W. W.1992+Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure5-12 Clin Cardiol15 Suppl 1Aged Argipressin Arrhythmia Arteries Atrial Natriuretic Factor Cardiac Output Cardiovascular System Catecholamines complications Coronary Disease epidemiology etiology Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Heart Rate Hemodynamic Processes Humans Incidence Myocardial Contraction Natriuretic Peptides Peptides physiology physiopathology Renin-Angiotensin System therapy United States Vascular ResistanceCongestive heart failure is a syndrome common in the United States, especially in elderly patients. The most common etiology is coronary artery disease. A number of general factors contribute to the heart failure syndrome, including loss of muscle, decreased myocardial contractility, pressure or volume overload, or restricted filling. All of these factors may play a role in a given patient as, for example, with coronary artery disease. Although systolic dysfunction with a reduced ejection fraction is the most common heart failure syndrome, up to 40% of patients may have a relatively preserved ejection fraction with diastolic dysfunction. As the heart begins to fail, a number of compensatory mechanisms are activated. These include increased heart rate, the Frank-Starling mechanism, increased catecholamines, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and release of atrial natriuretic peptides. Although these mechanisms are initially helpful to the cardiovascular system, they frequently overshoot, initiating a vicious cycle. For example, with a decrease in cardiac output, there is a reflex increase in systemic vascular resistance in order to maintain perfusion pressure. This increase in resistance, however, acts as a load on the left ventricle and further reduces cardiac output. The best evidence for the existence of this vicious cycle is the beneficial change in hemodynamics produced by vasodilator drugs and the ACE inhibitors. Thus, an understanding of pathophysiology allows for the selection of rational therapy. An unresolved problem in heart failure patients is how best to reduce the high incidence of sudden death, which is one of the major challenges for the future PM:1395215 DA - 19921030 NOT IN FILE58SDivision of Cardiology, Moffitt/Long Hospital, San Francisco, California 94143-0124 6~?Pawelczyk, J. A. Levine, B. D.2002^Heterogeneous responses of human limbs to infused adrenergic agonists: A gravitational effect? 2105-2113J Appl Physiol925Adaptation,Physiological administration & dosage Adolescent Adrenergic Agonists Adult Arteries blood Blood Flow Velocity blood supply Brachial Artery Dose-Response Relationship,Drug drug effects Female Femoral Artery Forearm Gravitation Humans Infusions,Intra-Arterial Isoproterenol Leg Male Phenylephrine physiology Reference Values Regional Blood Flow Research Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Vascular ResistanceUnlike quadrupeds, the legs of humans are regularly exposed to elevated pressures relative to the arms. We hypothesized that this "dependent hypertension" would be associated with altered adrenergic responsiveness. Isoproterenol (0.75-24 ng x 100 ml limb volume-1 x min-1) and phenylephrine (0.025-0.8 microg x 100 ml limb volume-1 x min-1) were infused incrementally in the brachial and femoral arteries of 12 normal volunteers; changes in limb blood flow were quantified by using strain-gauge plethysmography. Compared with the forearm, baseline calf vascular resistance was greater (38.8 +/- 2.5 vs. 26.9 +/- 2.0 mmHg x 100 ml x min x ml-1; P < 0.001) and maximal conductance was lower (46.1 +/- 11.9 vs. 59.4 +/- 13.4 ml x ml-1 x min-1 x mmHg-1; P < 0.03). Vascular conductance did not differ between the two limbs during isoproterenol infusions, whereas decreases in vascular conductance were greater in the calf than the forearm during phenylephrine infusions (P < 0.001). With responses normalized to maximal conductance, the half-maximal response for phenylephrine was significantly less for the calf than the forearm (P < 0.001), whereas the half-maximal response for isoproterenol did not differ between limbs. We conclude that alpha1- but not beta-adrenergic-receptor responsiveness in human limbs is nonuniform. The relatively greater response to alpha1-adrenergic-receptor stimulation in the calf may represent an adaptive mechanism that limits blood pooling and capillary filtration in the legs during standing PM:11960963 DA - 20020418 NOT IN FILE59Noll Physiological Research Center and Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. jap18@psu.edu ~?Pitt, B. Poole-Wilson, P. Segal, R. Martinez, F. A. Dickstein, K. Camm, A. J. Konstam, M. A. Riegger, G. Klinger, G. H. Neaton, J. Sharma, D. Thiyagarajan, B.1999Effects of losartan versus captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of patients in the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study--ELITE II146-154 J Card Fail52Aged Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Anti-Arrhythmia Agents Captopril Cause of Death Comparative Study diagnosis Dose-Response Relationship,Drug Double-Blind Method Drug Administration Schedule drug therapy Female Follow-Up Studies Health Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Losartan Male Middle Aged mortality Quality of Life Research Design Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Severity of Illness Index Survival Analysis therapeutic use Treatment Outcome utilizationBACKGROUND: In the Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly (ELITE) heart failure study, a survival benefit (primarily because of a reduction in sudden deaths) was observed in symptomatic patients treated with losartan compared with captopril. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study--ELITE II (currently ongoing) is a double-blind, randomized clinical trial being conducted in 45 countries at 288 sites. ELITE II formally tests the hypotheses that losartan, compared with captopril, will reduce all-cause mortality (primary end point) and sudden cardiac death and/or resuscitated cardiac arrest (secondary end point). In addition, all-cause mortality and/or hospitalizations and cardiovascular mortality and/or hospitalizations will be evaluated. The trial has 90% power to detect a 25% treatment difference in all-cause mortality (event driven, 510 deaths). Substudies are examining quality of life, health care resource utilization, and mechanisms related to the reduction in sudden death. During recruitment (June 1997 to May 1998), 3,152 patients aged 60 years or older (mean age, 71.6 years), with New York Heart Association classes II (51%), III (44%), and IV (5%), and left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less (mean, 31%) were randomized to receive either 12.5 mg of losartan, titrated as tolerated to 50 mg once daily, or 12.5 mg of captopril, titrated as tolerated to 50 mg thrice daily. Randomization was stratified by clinical site and for baseline beta-blocker use. CONCLUSION: The ELITE II study will further define the role of losartan in the treatment of patients with symptomatic heart failure relative to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, an agent from a class currently considered standard treatment for this disease PM:10404354 DA - 19990914 NOT IN FILE60\Division of Cardiology, University of Mechigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48109-0366, USA ~? YPitt, B. Zannad, F. Remme, W. J. Cody, R. Castaigne, A. Perez, A. Palensky, J. Wittes, J.1999]The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure709-717 N Engl J Med34110adverse effects Aged Aldosterone Aldosterone Antagonists analysis Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Cause of Death chemically induced Diuretics Double-Blind Method drug therapy Drug Therapy,Combination Female Gynecomastia Heart Heart Diseases Heart Failure,Congestive Hospitalization Humans Hyperkalemia Incidence Male Middle Aged Morbidity mortality Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Risk Spironolactone statistics & numerical data Survival Analysis therapeutic use therapyBACKGROUND AND METHODS: Aldosterone is important in the pathophysiology of heart failure. In a doubleblind study, we enrolled 1663 patients who had severe heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of no more than 35 percent and who were being treated with an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, a loop diuretic, and in most cases digoxin. A total of 822 patients were randomly assigned to receive 25 mg of spironolactone daily, and 841 to receive placebo. The primary end point was death from all causes. RESULTS: The trial was discontinued early, after a mean follow-up period of 24 months, because an interim analysis determined that spironolactone was efficacious. There were 386 deaths in the placebo group (46 percent) and 284 in the spironolactone group (35 percent; relative risk of death, 0.70; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.82; P<0.001). This 30 percent reduction in the risk of death among patients in the spironolactone group was attributed to a lower risk of both death from progressive heart failure and sudden death from cardiac causes. The frequency of hospitalization for worsening heart failure was 35 percent lower in the spironolactone group than in the placebo group (relative risk of hospitalization, 0.65; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.77; P<0.001). In addition, patients who received spironolactone had a significant improvement in the symptoms of heart failure, as assessed on the basis of the New York Heart Association functional class (P<0.001). Gynecomastia or breast pain was reported in 10 percent of men who were treated with spironolactone, as compared with 1 percent of men in the placebo group (P<0.001). The incidence of serious hyperkalemia was minimal in both groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Blockade of aldosterone receptors by spironolactone, in addition to standard therapy, substantially reduces the risk of both morbidity and death among patients with severe heart failure PM:10471456 DA - 19990902 NOT IN FILE61_Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Fontana PressD~?!Plinius Secundus Maior, G.1897Naturalis HistoriaXXXI Mayoff, K.Leipzig, GermanyTeubner)XXXI, XLI, 88 NOT IN FILE Liber~?" Reddy, K. S.2004/Cardiovascular disease in non-Western countries 2438-2440 N Engl J Med35024Cardiovascular Diseases Developing Countries Disease Outbreaks epidemiology Health Education Health Promotion Humans mortality prevention & control Urbanization PM:15190135 DA - 20040610 NOT IN FILE622All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi "~?#LRundqvist, B. Elam, M. Bergmann-Sverrisdottir, Y. Eisenhofer, G. Friberg, P.1997eIncreased cardiac adrenergic drive precedes generalized sympathetic activation in human heart failure169-175 Circulation951Adult Angina Pectoris Comparative Study Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hemodynamic Processes Humans innervation Kidney Male metabolism Middle Aged Muscle,Skeletal Norepinephrine physiology physiopathology Reference Values Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Sympathetic Nervous SystemBACKGROUND: Previous studies with radiotracer methods have indicated increases in cardiac norepinephrine (NE) and renal NE spillover in patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). However, data on the regional sympathetic profile in early stages of CHF are limited. In this study, sympathetic function in the heart, kidneys, and skeletal muscle was evaluated in patients with mild-to-moderate CHF and compared with that in patients with severe CHF and healthy subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total body and regional NE spillover from the heart and kidney was assessed with isotope dilution with steady state infusions of [3H]NE. Sympathetic nerve traffic to the skeletal muscle vascular bed (MSA) was recorded intraneurally. Cardiac NE spillover in patients with mild-to-moderate CHF (n = 21) was increased threefold versus that in healthy subjects (n = 12, P < .05), whereas total body and renal NE spillover and MSA did not differ from those in healthy subjects. In the severe CHF group (n = 12), cardiac NE spillover was increased fourfold (P < .05), and total body and renal NE spillover and MSA were high compared with both mild-to-moderate CHF subjects and healthy subjects (P < .05 for both). Fractional extraction of [3H]NE across the heart was reduced by approximately 40% in both CHF groups versus control subjects (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a selective increase in cardiac adrenergic drive (increased amounts of transmitter available at neuroeffector junctions) in patients with mild-to-moderate CHF. This increase appears to precede the augmented sympathetic outflow to the kidneys and skeletal muscle found in advanced CHF PM:8994433 DA - 19970204 NOT IN FILE63cDepartment of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden. bengtr@wlab.wall.gu.se?$Sanderson, J. E.2004)Heart failure: A growing epidemic in Asia64-76Hong Kong Med J102vAsia diagnosis epidemiology Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Incidence Male Risk Factors Survival Analysis PM:15075425 DA - 20040412 NOT IN FILE ~?% Stamler, J.1997DThe INTERSALT Study: Background, methods, findings, and implications 626S-642SAm J Clin Nutr65Suppl 2administration & dosage Adult adverse effects Aged Animals blood Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Diseases Cross-Sectional Studies drug effects Epidemiologic Methods epidemiology etiology Evolution Female Humans Hypertension International Cooperation Male Middle Aged physiology Prevalence prevention & control Research Design Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Research Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Risk Risk Factors Sodium Sodium Chloride Sodium Chloride,Dietary urineThe INTERSALT Study is a standardized, worldwide epidemiologic study of large sample size (n = 10079 men and women aged 20-59 y from 32 countries) that tested both within- and cross-population prior hypotheses on 24-h sodium excretion and blood pressure. For individuals, a significant, positive, independent linear relation between 24-h sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (SBP) was found. With multivariate adjustment for underestimation, the estimated effect of a sodium intake higher by 100 mmol/d was higher SBP/DBP (diastolic blood pressure) by approximately 3-6/0-3 mm Hg. This relation prevailed for both men and women, for younger and older people, and for 8344 people without hypertension. In tests of prior cross-population hypotheses (n = 52), significant, independent relations were found between sample 24-h median urinary sodium excretion and sample median SBP and DBP, prevalence rate of hypertension, and slope of SBP and DBP from age 20 to 59 y (median sodium intake greater by 100 mmol/d was associated with a 30-y increase in SBP/DBP, i.e., at the age of 55 y compared with 25 y, of 10-11/6 mm Hg. The INTERSALT results, which agree with findings from other diverse studies, including data from clinical observations, therapeutic interventions, randomized controlled trials, animal experiments, physiologic investigations, evolutionary biology research, anthropologic research, and epidemiologic studies, support the judgment that habitual high salt intake is one of the quantitatively important, preventable mass exposures causing the unfavorable population-wide blood pressure pattern that is a major risk factor for epidemic cardiovascular disease PM:9022559 DA - 19970226 NOT IN FILE66Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611-4402, USA. hwe216@lulu.acns.new.edu4~?&Struthers, A. D.1996bAldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure47-54 J Card Fail21Jadverse effects Aldosterone Angiotensin II Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Animals Arrhythmia Arteries Baroreflex blood Catecholamines Chronic Disease Diuretics drug therapy Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Incidence Magnesium Myocardium Natriuresis Norepinephrine pharmacology Spironolactone therapeutic use therapyIn chronic heart failure, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors produce an acute decrease in aldosterone levels. Long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition is, however, associated with aldosterone suppression that is weak, variable, and unsustained (ie, aldosterone escapes). The possible harmful effects of this residual aldosterone are multiple Magnesium loss caused by aldosterone and by diuretics could contribute to coronary artery spasm and arrhythmias. Aldosterone blocks norepinephrine uptake by the myocardium; extracellular catecholamines may, therefore, lead to arrhythmias and ischemia. Aldosterone has been shown to have an acute arrhythmogenic effect as well as a detrimental effect on parasympathetic and baroreflex function. Both angiotensin II and aldosterone stimulate myocardial fibrosis, which may lead to a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Spironolactone therapy added to the regimen of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and diuretic has been shown to cause natriuresis, magnesium retention, increased myocardial norepinephrine uptake, and reduced incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. It may well be that residual aldosterone mediates many harmful effects in chronic heart failure and that to optimize the benefit of blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may require specific blockade of residual aldosterone as well as traditional angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition PM:8798105 DA - 19961022 NOT IN FILE67bDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom~?'4Swedberg, K. Eneroth, P. Kjekshus, J. Wilhelmsen, L.1990Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group 1730-1736 Circulation825Aged Aldosterone Angiotensin II Atrial Natriuretic Factor blood Comparative Study drug therapy Enalapril Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Hormones Humans Male mortality Prognosis Renin-Angiotensin System Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't therapeutic use therapy Time FactorsThere is a varying hormonal activation in heart failure. To be able to evaluate this activation and relate it to prognosis, we took blood samples at baseline and after 6 weeks from 239 patients with severe heart failure (all in New York Heart Association class IV) randomized to additional treatment with enalapril or placebo. In this study (CONSENSUS), which has previously been reported, there was a significant reduction in mortality among patients treated with enalapril. The present data show in the placebo group a significant positive relation between mortality and levels of angiotensin II (p less than 0.05), aldosterone (p = 0.003), noradrenaline (p less than 0.001), adrenaline (p = 0.001), and atrial natriuretic factor (p = 0.003). A similar relation was not observed among the patients treated with enalapril. Significant reductions in mortality in the groups of patients treated with enalapril were consistently found among patients with baseline hormone levels above median values. There were significant reductions in hormone levels from baseline to 6 weeks in the group of patients treated with enalapril for all hormones except adrenaline. There were no correlations between these changes in hormone levels. Summarily, there is a pronounced but variable neurohormonal activation in heart failure even in patients with similar clinical findings. This activation is reduced by enalapril therapy. The results suggest that the effect of enalapril on mortality is related to hormonal activation in general and the renin-angiotensin system in particular PM:2225374 DA - 19901211 NOT IN FILE68NDepartment of Internal Medicine, Gothenburg University, Ostra Hospital, Sweden >~?( Takei, Y.2001RDoes the natriuretic peptide system exist throughout the animal and plant kingdom?559-573'Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol1292-3qAmino Acid Sequence Animals Arthropods Atrial Natriuretic Factor Brain chemistry Fishes Guanylate Cyclase Heart Hormones Invertebrates Mammals metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Natriuretic Agents Natriuretic Peptides Peptides physiology Plants Radioimmunoassay Receptors,Atrial Natriuretic Factor Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Sequence Homology,Amino Acid Vertebrates,Natriuretic peptides (NPs) and their receptors have been identified in vertebrate species ranging from elasmobranchs to mammals. Atrial, brain and ventricular NP (ANP, BNP and VNP) are endocrine hormones secreted from the heart, while C-type NP (CNP) is principally a paracrine factor in the brain and periphery. In elasmobranchs, only CNP is present in the heart and brain and it functions as a circulating hormone as well as a paracrine factor. Four types of NP receptors are cloned in vertebrates. NPR-A and NPR-B are guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptors, whereas NPR-C and NPR-D have only a short cytoplasmic domain. NPs are hormones important for volume regulation in mammals, while they act more specifically for Na(+) regulation in fishes. The presence of NP and its receptor has also been suggested in the most primitive vertebrate group, cyclostomes, and its molecular identification is in progress. The presence of ANP or its mRNA has been reported in the hearts and ganglia of various invertebrate species such as mollusks and arthropods using either antisera raised against mammalian ANP or rat ANP cDNA as probes. Immunoreactive ANP has also been detected in the unicellular Paramecium and in various species of plants including Metasequoia. Furthermore, the N-terminal prosegments of ANP, whose sequences are scarcely conserved even in vertebrates, have also been detected by the radioimmunoassay for human ANP prosegments in all invertebrate and plant species examined including Paramecium. Although these data are highly attractive, the current evidence is too circumstantial to be convincing that the immunoreactivity truly originates from ANP and its prosegments in such diverse organisms. The caution that has to be exercised in identification of vertebrate hormones from phylogenetically distant organisms is discussed PM:11399492 DA - 20010611 NOT IN FILE69Division of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano, 164-8639, Tokyo, Japan. takei@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp "~?)Takei, Y. Hirose, S.2002PThe natriuretic peptide system in eels: A key endocrine system for euryhalinity? R940-R951&Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol2824Animals Atrial Natriuretic Factor Drinking Eels Endocrine System Gene Expression genetics Hormones Mammals metabolism Molecular Sequence Data physiology Research Support,Non-U.S.Gov't secretion Sequence Homology,Amino Acid Water Water-Electrolyte BalanceThe natriuretic peptide system of a euryhaline teleost, the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), consists of three types of hormones [atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)] and four types of receptors [natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR)-A, -B, -C, and -D]. Although ANP is recognized as a volume-regulating hormone that extrudes both Na(+) and water in mammals, ANP more specifically extrudes Na(+) in eels. Accumulating evidence shows that ANP is secreted in response to hypernatremia and acts to inhibit the uptake and to stimulate the excretion of Na(+) but not water, thereby promoting seawater (SW) adaptation. In fact, ANP is secreted immediately after transfer of eels to SW and ameliorates sudden increases in plasma Na(+) concentration through inhibition of drinking and intestinal absorption of NaCl. ANP also stimulates the secretion of cortisol, a long-acting hormone for SW adaptation, whereas ANP itself disappears quickly from the circulation. Thus ANP is a primary hormone responsible for the initial phase of SW adaptation. By contrast, CNP appears to be a hormone involved in freshwater (FW) adaptation. Recent data show that the gene expression of CNP and its specific receptor, NPR-B, is much enhanced in FW eels. In fact, CNP infusion increases (22)Na uptake from the environment in FW eels. These results show that ANP and CNP, despite high sequence identity, have opposite effects on salinity adaptation in eels. This difference apparently originates from the difference in their specific receptors, ANP for NPR-A and CNP for NPR-B. VNP may compensate the effects of ANP and CNP for adaptation to respective media, because it has high affinity to both receptors. On the basis of these data, the authors suggest that the natriuretic peptide system is a key endocrine system that allows this euryhaline fish to adapt to diverse osmotic environments, particularly in the initial phase of adaptation PM:11893596 DA - 20020314 NOT IN FILE70lOcean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan. takei@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp~?*UTeruya, H. Yamazato, M. Muratani, H. Sakima, A. Takishita, S. Terano, Y. Fukiyama, K.1997JRole of ouabain-like compound in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats 2791-2798 J Clin Invest9911 administration & dosage Animals Antibodies,Monoclonal Blood Pressure Digoxin Dose-Response Relationship,Drug drug effects Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments immunology innervation Kidney Medulla Oblongata metabolism Motor Neurons Ouabain physiology Rats Rats,Sprague-DawleyTo determine whether ouabain-like compound (OLC) exerts modulatory influences on the activity of vasomotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), we examined the effects of microinjecting ouabain, digoxin-specific antibody Fab fragments, and mAb against ouabain on the rat RVLM. Microinjection of ouabain into the unilateral RVLM of anesthetized normotensive rats elicited dose-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). The pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects of ouabain in the RVLM were reversed by microinjections of an M2 muscarinic antagonist, gallamine, or digoxin-specific antibody Fab fragments. Furthermore, a prior microinjection in the RVLM of gallamine, digoxinspecific antibody Fab fragments, or kainic acid or intravenous injection of hexamethonium all prevented the pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects induced by a subsequent microinjection of ouabain. Microinjections of either digoxinspecific antibody Fab fragments or gallamine per se significantly decreased baseline MAP and RSNA. Injection of digoxin-specific antibody Fab fragments attenuated the effects of a subsequent injection of gallamine. Microinjection of mAb against ouabain, but not nonspecific IgG, also significantly decreased baseline MAP and RSNA. These results suggest that OLC in the RVLM contributes to the tonic activity of vasomotor neurons in anesthetized normotensive rats, and the action of OLC in the RVLM is at least partly mediated by M2 muscarinic mechanisms PM:9169510 DA - 19970701 NOT IN FILE71Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Okinawa 903-01, Japan. sannai@med.u-ryukyu.ac.jp $~?+Thom, T. Haase, N. Rosamond, W. Howard, V. J. Rumsfeld, J. Manolio, T. Zheng, Z. J. Flegal, K. O'Donnell, C. Kittner, S. Lloyd-Jones, D. Goff Jr, D. C., Hong, Y. Adams, R. Friday, G. Furie, K. Gorelick, P. Kissela, B. Marler, J. Meigs, J. Roger, V. Sidney, S. Sorlie, P. Steinberger, J. Wasserthiel-Smoller, S. Wilson, M. Wolf, P. Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee,2006Heart disease and stroke statistics--2006 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommitteee85-151 Circulation1136American Heart Association Cardiovascular Diseases Cerebrovascular Accident economics epidemiology Female Heart Heart Diseases Hospitalization Humans Incidence Mal~?,Toop, T. Donald, J. A.2004\Comparative aspects of natriuretic peptide physiology in non-mammalian vertebrates: A review189-204J Comp Physiol [B]1743&Amino Acid Sequence Amphibia Animals Birds Cardiovascular Physiology Cardiovascular System Fishes genetics Homeostasis Kidney Mammals Molecular Sequence Data Natriuretic Peptides Peptides physiology Physiology,Comparative Receptors,Cell Surface Reptiles Sequence Homology,Amino Acid VertebratesThe natriuretic peptide system is a complex family of peptides and receptors that is primarily linked to the maintenance of osmotic and cardiovascular homeostasis. A natriuretic peptide system is present in each vertebrate class but there are varying degrees of complexity in the system. In agnathans and chondrichthyians, only one natriuretic peptide has been identified, while new data has revealed that multiple types of natriuretic peptides are present in bony fish. However, it seems in tetrapods that there has been a reduction in the number of natriuretic peptide genes, such that only three natriuretic peptides are present in mammals. The peptides act via a family of guanylyl cyclase receptors to generate the second messenger cGMP, which mediates a range of physiological effects at key targets such as the gills, kidney and the cardiovascular system. This review summarises the current knowledge of the natriuretic peptide system in non-mammalian vertebrates and discusses the physiological actions of the peptides PM:14735307 DA - 20040331 NOT IN FILE73vSchool of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, 3217, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. ttoop@deakin.edu.au~?-=Turini, G. A. Brunner, H. R. Gribic, M. Waeber, B. Gavras, H.1979AImprovement of chronic congestive heart-failure by oral Captopril 1213-1215Lancet3138128administration & dosage Administration,Oral Adult Aldosterone Aldosterone Antagonists analogs & derivatives Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors antagonists & inhibitors blood Blood Pressure Captopril Cardiac Output Chronic Disease drug effects Drug Evaluation drug therapy Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Male Middle Aged Norepinephrine physiopathology Proline Renin Vascular ResistancehCatopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, was given orally during cardiac catheterisation to 6 normotensive patients with refractory congestive heart-failure. 60--180 minutes after administration of 25 mg captopril, arterial pressure fell by 25%, cardiac index rose by 38%, and left-ventricular pressure and right-atrial pressure fell by 25% and 40% respectively. Plasma-renin activity rose while plasma noradrenaline and aldosterone fell. These data suggest that, in the short term, captopril can reduce both preload and afterload, and improve cardiac function, in refractory congestive heart-failure PM:87679 DA - 19790816 NOT IN FILE74n~?.9Waagstein, F. Hjalmarson, A. Varnauskas, E. Wallentin, I.1975PEffect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy 1022-1036 Br Heart J3710Adult Alprenolol Blood Pressure Cardiac Output Cardiac Volume complications Diuretics drug therapy Female Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Heart Rate Heart Ventricles Humans Male Middle Aged physiopathology Practolol radiography Tachycardia therapeutic usewAdrenergic beta-blocking agents were given to 7 patients with advanced congestive cardiomyopathy who had tachycardia at rest (98 plus or minus 13 beats/min). The patients were on beta-adrenergic receptor blockade for 2 to 12 months (average 5-4 months). One patient was given alprenolol 50 mg twice daily and the other patients were given practolol 50 to 400 mg twice daily. Virus infection had occurred in 6 of the patients before the onset of symptoms of cardiac disease. All patients were in a steady state or were progressively deteriorating at the start of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Conventional treatment with digitalis and diuretics was unaltered or reduced during treatment with beta-blocking agents. An improvement was seen in their clinical condition shortly after administration of the drugs. Continued treatment resulted in an increase in physical working capacity and a reduction of heart size. Noninvasive investigations including phonocardiogram, carotid pulse curve, apex cardiogram, and echocardiogram showed improved ventricular function in all cases. The present study indicates that adrenergic beta-blocking agents can improve heart function in at lease some patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, it is suggested that increased catecholamine activity may be an important factor for the development of this disease, as has been shown in animal experiments PM:1191416 DA - 19760219 NOT IN FILE75+D~?/! Weil, E. J.1993&Evolution and Congestive Heart FailureBAnnual Meeting American Association for the Advancement of Science Boston, MAEvolution HeartNOT IN FILE 98#~?0 Wilson, E. E.2003The role of the World Heart Federation in cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention in developing countries with a special emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa S164-S166Ethn Dis13 2 [Suppl 2]Africa Africa South of the Sahara Cardiovascular Diseases Developing Countries epidemiology Health Health Promotion Heart Humans Hypertension International Agencies organization & administration prevention & control Voluntary Health Agencies World HealthThe World Heart Federation (WHF) is a non-governmental organization dedicated to the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases. The Federation is committed to helping the global population achieve a longer life, of improved quality, through prevention and control of heart disease and stroke, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries. The WHF comprises 167 member societies of cardiology and heart foundations from 100 countries and continental members. The WHF supports science, educates and trains, and plays an advocacy role. Africa is of particular concern to the WHF, as it is estimated that, in 1990, the death rate from non-communicable diseases was approximately one third that from communicable diseases, and that by 2020, the death rates will be roughly equal. The WHF is assisting with capacity building through the newly established African Heart Network (AHN), and the Pan-African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR). Through a formal memorandum of understanding, these organizations will work together in the areas of tobacco control and hypertension and will focus on building sustained capacity for health promotion, policy change, and effective clinical interventions PM:13677432 DA - 20030917 NOT IN FILE77AHeart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Ottawa, ON. ewilson@hsf.ca~?1 Young, J. B.2004(The global epidemiology of heart failure1135-43Med Clin North Am885Adult Age Distribution Aged Aged,80 and over Cause of Death Cost of Illness epidemiology etiology Female Health Heart Heart Failure,Congestive Humans Hypertension Incidence Male methods Middle Aged Morbidity mortality Practice Guidelines Prevalence prevention & control Primary Prevention Public Health Risk Risk Assessment Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index Sex Distribution standards Survival Analysis United States World HealthHeart failure (HF) has become a major clinical and public health challenge. The high prevalence of hypertension and atherosclerotic disease in aging patients relates to this epidemic, as does the ever increasing problem of obesity and diabetes. Early identification of patients at risk for HF and asymptomatic patients with structural heart disease is critical if the human morbidity and mortality toll and the economic burden that HF causes is to be decreased PM:15331310 DA - 20040827 NOT IN FILE78yDepartment of Medicine, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. youngj@ccf.org ?2 Darwin, C. R.1859{On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection, or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life London, UK J. Murray  miology1265 Academic Press POPKIN@UNC.EDU isychology and Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. kcprice@factO?4]Hahnemann, Samuel1916?5'Nesse, Randolph M. Schiffman, Joshua D.20035Evolutionary biology in the medical school curriculum585-587 Bioscience536w?6 ,Trevathan, W. R. Smith, E. O. McKenna, J. J.1999Evolutionary Medicine New York, NYOxford Uni ihral Consideration of the Effects of Hereditary and Environmental Factors Upon Growth and Maturation From ` enome: How to become a 21st century hunter-gatherer101-108Mayo Clinic Proceedings791 h1811 XXXI, 96 Tlwinian medicine and t tthese findings suggest a mechanism for the intergenerational persistence of suboptimal pregnancy outcomes.EnglishtD?9 Zampieri, F.2006TDal Darwinismo Medico Ottocentesco alla Medicina Darwiniana Contemporanea. 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Alcock, John2001The Triumph of Sociobiology New York, NYOxford Unive  S A98115921 d Kingdom KY16 8LBM ? iSekine, M. Yamaga >*reprint/31/3/499!0006-3363 (Print) Journal Article6386061?AQueller, D. C.1995ZThe spaniels of St. Marx and the Panglossian paradox: A critique of a rhetorical programme485-489Quarterly Review of Biology704?B#Reeve, Hudson Kern Sherman, Paul W.19931Adaptation and the goals of evolutionary research1-32Quarterly Review of Biology681Quart Rev BiolI@?CCohen, Mitchell L.1992JEpidemiology of drug-resistance: Implications for a post-antimicrobial era 1050-1055Scie&?DMay, R. M. Anderson, R. M.19792Population biology of infectious diseases: Part II455-61Nature2805722Bacterial Infections/*epidemiology/transmission *Disease Outbreaks Humans Models, Biological Parasites/growth & development Parasitic Diseases/*epidemiology/transmission Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 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M.19791Population biology of infectious diseases: Part I361-7Nature2805721'Animals Bacterial Infections/epidemiology/immunology Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology/immunology Disease Outbreaks Ectromelia, Infectious/epidemiology/immunology Mice Models, Biological Pasteurella Infections/epidemiology/immunology *Population Dynamics Virus Diseases/epidemiology/immunologyAug 2@http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v280/n5721/pdf/280361a0.pdf460412p_,?FEwald, Paul W.1994Evolution of Infectious Disease New York, NYOxfordu?G Ebert, D.1998#Experimental evolution of parasites1432-5Science2825393_Adaptation, Physiological Animal Bacteria/genetics/growth & development/*pathogenicity *Evolution Fungi/growth & development/pathogenicity *Host-Parasite Relations Mutation Parasites/genetics/growth & development/*pathogenicity *Serial Passage Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) Virulence Viruses/genetics/growth & development/*pathogenicityNov 20mhttp://plinks.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=101&sid=41ba1145-6ddb-4f80-9d64-da431b789fb5%40sessionmgr49822369hUniversitat Basel, Zoologisches Institut, Rheinsprung 9, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. ebert ?HLevin, B. R. Bull, J. J.1994FShort-sighted evolution and the virulence of pathogenic microorganisms76-81Trends in Microbiology23%Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/microbiology Bacteria/pathogenicity *Evolution HIV/pathogenicity Humans Meningitis, Bacterial/microbiology Mutation Poliomyelitis/microbiology Polioviruses/pathogenicity Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. *VirulenceMar81562755Dept of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.O?o $Black, R. E. Morris, S. S. Bryce, J.20037Where and why are 1?I Anderson, W.2004bNatural histories of infectious disease: Ecological vision in twentieth-century biomedical science39-61Osiris19tBiomedical Research/*history Disease Transmission/*history *Ecosystem History, 20th Century Natural History/*history15449388Department of Medical History and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1440 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706-1532. whanderson@med.wisc.edu QCalifornia, Graduate School of Education, Los Angeles, US AB: Sharing food and in#(O}?J]Maynard Smith, John1998Evolutionary Geneticsxiv, 330 Oxford, UKOxford University Press2ndEvolutionary genetics. Genetics, Population problems. Evolution proble3 ?K4Lewontin, Richard C. Singh, R. S. Krimbas, Costas B.20003Evolutionary Genetics: From Molecules to Morphology xvii, 702 Cambridge, UKCambridge University PressiEvolutionary genetics. Lewontin, Richard C., 1929- Genetics, Population. Evolution. 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Williams, George C.1998$Evolution and the origins of disease86-93Scientific American295P?ONesse, Randolph M.2005#Maladaptation and natural selection62-70Quarterly Review of Biology801x*Adaptation, Physiological Animals *Evolution Female Humans Male *Models, Theoretical Reproduction *Selection (Genetics)Marhhttp://plinks.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=5&hid=2&sid=5f67695f-fc8a-4e57-bc0f-0eb777c6fc51%40sessionmgr415884737qDepartments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA. NES Ԁ Tanner, J. M.1962Growth at Ado ?QWilliams, George C.1966QAdaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought Princeton, NJPrinceton University Press`Williams, G.C/Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thoughtv?R$Bergstrom, C. T. Lo, M. Lipsitch, M.2004kEcological theory suggests that antimicrobial cycling will not reduce antimicrobial resistance in hospitals13285-90OProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America10136Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage Computer Simulation Cross Infection/*drug therapy/microbiology *Drug Resistance, Bacterial *Ecology Humans Mathematics Models, TheoreticalSep 7,http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/101/36/1328515308772fDepartment of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA. cbergst@u.washington.edu?S Smith, D. J.20064Predictability and preparedness in influenza control392-4Science3125772UAntigenic Variation Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control Evolution, Molecular Forecasting Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology Humans Immunization Programs Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics/immunology Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity Influenza A virus/immunology *Influenza Vaccines Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology Mathematics Models, Biological Mutation Quarantine Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tApr 216http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/312/5772/392.pdf16627736lDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. dsmith@zoo.cam.ac.uk 82727000001#?TGhedin, E. Sengamalay, N. A. Shumway, M. Zaborsky, J. Feldblyum, T. Subbu, V. Spiro, D. J. Sitz, J. Koo, H. Bolotov, P. Dernovoy, D. Tatusova, T. Bao, Y. St. George, K. Taylor, J. Lipman, D. J. Fraser, C. M. Taubenberger, J. K. Salzberg, S. L.2005^Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution1162-6Nature4377062eAnimals *Evolution, Molecular *Genome, Viral Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/immunology History, 20th Century History, 21st Century Humans Influenza A virus/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology Influenza Vaccines/history/immunology Influenza, Human/epidemiology/transmission/veterinary/*virology Mutagenesis/*genetics Mutation/genetics Neuraminidase/genetics/metabolism New York/epidemiology Phylogeny Public Sector Reassortant Viruses/genetics Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Sequence Analysis Time Factors Virus ReplicationOct 20Chttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7062/pdf/nature04239.pdf16208317\The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.O ?UFinch, C. E. Sapolsky, R. M.1999PThe evolution of Alzheimer disease, the reproductive schedule, and apoE isoforms407-28Neurobiology of Aging204Aging/*physiology Alzheimer Disease/genetics/*pathology/physiopathology Animal Apolipoproteins E/*genetics Comparative Study Female Human Male Primates Protein Isoforms/genetics Reproduction/*physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Jul-Aug10604433Neurogerontology Division, Andrus Gerontology Center and University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-0191, USA. cefinch@usc.edu Q.ntenance of lean body mass, improvements in muscular strength and endurance, and ?VSabeti, P. C. Schaffner, S. F. Fry, B. Lohmueller, J. Varilly, P. Shamovsky, O. Palma, A. Mikkelsen, T. S. Altshuler, D. Lander, E. S.2006/Positive natural selection in the human lineage1614-20Science3125780Alleles Evolution Gene Frequency Genetics, Population *Genome, Human Haplotypes Humans Mutation Polymorphism, Genetic Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Selection (Genetics) Sequence Analysis, DNA Variation (Genetics)Jun 16fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16778047 167780477Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.?WRonald, J. Akey, J. M.20054Genome-wide scans for loci under selection in humans113-25Human Genomics22Chromosome Mapping DNA/genetics Evolution, Molecular Genetics, Behavioral Genetics, Medical *Genome, Human Genomics/methods Humans Models, Genetic Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Selection (Genetics) *Variation (Genetics)Junfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16004726 160047263University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. ?X Olson, S.20023Population genetics. Seeking the signs of selection1324-5Science2985597XAlcohol Dehydrogenase/genetics Alleles Genetic Predisposition to Disease *Genetics, Medical *Genetics, Population Genome, Human Heterozygote Humans Immunity, Natural Linkage Disequilibrium Mutation Receptors, CCR5/genetics Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics Receptors, Dopamine D4 *Selection (Genetics) Sequence Analysis, DNA *Variation (Genetics)Nov 1512434033 Q$iogenic imbalance in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia: newer insights548-56?YvYoung, J. H. Chang, Y. P. Kim, J. D. Chretien, J. P. Klag, M. J. Levine, M. A. Ruff, C. B. Wang, N. Y. Chakravarti, A.2005bDifferential susceptibility to hypertension is due to selection during the out-of-Africa expansione82"Public Library of Science Genetics16Acclimatization Africa/ethnology African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics Climate Disease Susceptibility Humans Hypertension/epidemiology/*genetics Models, Genetic Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tDecfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16429165 16429165pThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States |Læger165+diet sugar MAuerbach, K. G.1993!Breastfeeding and Human Lactation Boston, MAJon{T?[Williams, George C.19922Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges New York, NYOxford UniwtX?\Hamilton, W. D.1995The Narrow Paths of Gene Land 1. 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Di Rienzo, A.2000dDetection of the signature of natural selection in humans: Evidence from the Duffy blood group locus1669-79"American Journal of Human Genetics665Africa South of the Sahara Alleles Animals Base Sequence Duffy Blood-Group System/*genetics Gene Frequency/genetics Haplotypes/genetics Humans Italy Models, Genetic Mutation/genetics Plasmodium vivax/physiology Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics Pongo pygmaeus/genetics Recombination, Genetic/genetics Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. *Selection (Genetics) Variation (Genetics)/*geneticsMay10762551LDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 9. 30 min of moderate-intensity activity each day, which pr1# ?jWeatherall, D. 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