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S.2006]Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans8481-63Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA10322Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects/immunology Adipose Tissue Adult Body Fat Distribution Body Weight/drug effects Cells, Cultured Fasting Female Hormones/blood Humans Immunity/*drug effects Immunity, Natural/drug effects Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism Leptin/analogs & derivatives/blood/*pharmacology Leukocyte Count Neurosecretory Systems/*drug effects/immunology/*metabolism T-Lymphocytes/cytology/drug effects/immunology Time FactorsMay 30fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16714386 0027-8424 (Print)OProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America16714386Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.eng7=7XCutolo, M. Capellino, S. Sulli, A. Serioli, B. Secchi, M. E. Villaggio, B. Straub, R. H.2006!Estrogens and autoimmune diseases538-47*Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences1089Novfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17261796 0077-8923 (Print)*Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences17261796Research Laboratory and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy. mcutolo@unige.iteng?Dabbs, James M., Jr.1996)Testosterone, aggression, and delinquency179-190=Pharmacology, Biology, and Clinical Applications of Androgens Kelly, ChuckNew YorkWiley-Liss, Inc.?J=de la Rochebrochard, E. de Mouzon, J. Thepot, F. Thonneau, P.2006bFathers over 40 and increased failure to conceive: the lessons of in vitro fertilization in France1420-4Fertility and Sterility855Adult Age Distribution Aged Aged, 80 and over Fathers/*statistics & numerical data Female Fertilization in Vitro/*statistics & numerical data France/epidemiology Humans Incidence Infertility, Female/*epidemiology/*therapy Male Maternal Age Middle Aged Paternal Age Pregnancy Pregnancy Outcome/*epidemiology Pregnancy Rate *Registries Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Assessment/*methods Risk Factors Treatment Failure Treatment OutcomeMayehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16616749166167498INED, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, F-94276, France. roche@ined.fr?ODewey, K. G. Lovelady, C. A. Nommsen-Rivers, L. A. McCrory, M. A. Lonnerdal, B.1994oA randomized study of the effects of aerobic exercise by lactating women on breast-milk volume and composition.449-453New England Journal of Medicine330?Ellison, P. T.1990?Human ovarian function and reproductive ecology: New hypotheses933-952American Anthropologist92American AnthropologiistD?Ellison, P. T.19950Breastfeeding, fertility, and maternal condition'Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives#Dettwyler, K. A. Stuart-Macadam, P. Hawthorne, NYAldinne de Gruyter?Ellison, P. T.19962Developmental influences on adult ovarian function725-734!American Journal of Human Biology8?Ellison, P. T.1999-Reproductive ecology and reproductive cancers184-209KHormones, Health, and Behavior: a Socio-Ecological and Lifespan PerspectivePanter-Brick, C. Worthman, C. CambridgeCambridge University Press^?Ellison, P. T.2001On Fertile Ground Cambridge, MAHarvard UniversityQ?JEllison, P. T.2003"Energetics and reproductive effort342-51!American Journal of Human Biology153Amenorrhea *Energy Metabolism Female Fertilization Humans Male Parenting Postpartum Period Pregnancy/*metabolism/physiology Probability Sexual Behavior/physiology Time FactorsMay-Junehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1270471012704710TDepartment of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.6?JgEllison, P. T. Bribiescas, R. G. Bentley, G. R. Campbell, B. C. Lipson, S. F. Panter-Brick, C. Hill, K.2002IPopulation variation in age-related decline in male salivary testosterone 3251-3253Human Reproduction1712DecShttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=1245663212456632Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK, Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK and Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.?)Ellison, P. T. Valeggia, C. Sherry, D. S.2005Human birth seasonality.379-400SSeasonality in Primates: Studies of Living and Extinct Human and Non-Human Primates!Brockman, D. K. van Schaik, C. P. CambridgeCambridge University Press?JEllison, P. T. Valeggia, C. R.2003;C-peptide levels and the duration of lactational amenorrhea1279-80Fertility and Sterility805Amenorrhea/*etiology C-Peptide/*urine Female Humans Lactation/*urine Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Time FactorsNovehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1460759014607590?Emery Thompson, M.2005Reproductive endocrinology of wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Methodological considerations and the role of hormones in sex and conception.137-158American Journal of Primatology67q=7JPGomez, L. Carrascosa, A. Yeste, D. Potau, N. Rique, S. Ruiz-Cuevas, P. Almar, J.1999vLeptin values in placental cord blood of human newborns with normal intrauterine growth after 30-42 weeks of gestation10-4Hormone Research511Birth Weight *Embryonic and Fetal Development Female Fetal Blood/*chemistry Gestational Age Humans Infant, Newborn/*blood Leptin Male Placenta Pregnancy Proteins/analysis/*metabolism Reference Values Regression Analysis Sex Characteristicsfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10095163 0301-0163 (Print)Hormone research10095163Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine and Hormone Laboratory Units, Autonomous University, Children's Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.eng=7J(Gray, P. B. Yang, C. F. Pope, H. G., Jr.2006lFathers have lower salivary testosterone levels than unmarried men and married non-fathers in Beijing, China333-9"Proceedings of the Royal Society B2731584Adult Child, Preschool China *Fathers Female Humans Male Paternal Behavior Questionnaires Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Salivary Glands/*metabolism Testosterone/*metabolismFeb 7fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16543176 0962-8452 (Print) Proceedings16543176WDepartment of Biochemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. peter.gray@univ.edueng ?J5Habicht, J. P. Yarbrough, C. Lechtig, A. Klein, R. E.1973DRelationship of birthweight, maternal nutrition and infant mortality533-46Nutrition Reports International75Americas Biology *Birth Weight *Body Weight Central America Demography Developing Countries Growth Guatemala Health *Infant Mortality Latin America Morbidity *Mortality North America *Nutrition Physiology Population Population Dynamics *Pregnancy *Reproduction Rural Population physical growth and mental development in rural Guatemala was started in 1969. A program was launched involving supplementation of pregnant mothers with a protein and calorie supplement ("atole") in 2 villages and another calorie supplement ("fresco") in 2 other villages. This paper presents an integrated quantitative approach to the analysis of data collected in the maternal supplementation program using 2 examples. The first example compares the effects of maternal height and weight at conception, and maternal caloric supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight. It was found that maternal childhood nutrition is as important a determinant of birthweight as is caloric supplementation during pregnancy. Similarly, the nutritional status of the mother during conception is as powerful a determinant of birthweight as is caloric supplementation during pregnancy. Past obstetrical history and maternal age do not affect these interrelationships among birthweight and maternal height, weight at conception, and maternal supplementation. The second example involves a consideration of postnatal function of the child, as well as several prenatal factors which affect infant mortality. Infant mortality in the study villages was found to be 4 times greater for babies with birthweight of 2.5 kg or less at term ("small for dates" babies infant mortality rate, 121/1,000) than for heavier babies (infant mortality rate, 30/1000) (p0.05). By increasing maternal calorie supplementation during pregnancy, the number of babies weighing 2.5 kg or less was reduced from 20% among babies born to mothers ingesting less than 5000 calories during pregnancy to 5% among babies born to mothers who consume more than 20,000 calories during pregnancy. The findings suggest that village infant mortality can be lowered, and the birth of "small for dates" babies prevented by ensuring adequate levels of maternal nutrition during pregnancy. Efforts to improve maternal nutrition should start in childhood for optimum infant survival.Mayfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12306500 12306500=7JHamilton, J. B. Mestler, G. E.1969iMortality and survival: comparison of eunuchs with intact men and women in a mentally retarded population395-411Journal of Gerontology244$Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Animals Castration Cats Child Continental Population Groups Eunuchism/complications/*mortality Female Humans Intelligence Kansas Male Mental Retardation/*complications/mortality Middle Aged Ovary/surgery Sex Factors Testis/physiology/surgery Vital StatisticsOctehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5362349 0022-1422 (Print)Journal of gerontology5362349eng?JDHarman, S. M. Metter, E. J. Tobin, J. D. Pearson, J. Blackman, M. R.2001Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging724-31.0Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism862Adult Aging/*blood Baltimore Caucasoid Race Human Hypogonadism/blood/epidemiology Longitudinal Studies Male Middle Age Radioimmunoassay Regression Analysis Reproducibility of Results Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/*analysis Social Class Testosterone/*bloodhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11158037 http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/724 http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/2/72411158037The Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. harman@kronofoundation.org*? Hawkes, K.2004'Human longevity: the grandmother effect128-9Nature4286979CAdult Aged Animals Child *Child Rearing *Evolution Female Fertility/physiology Humans *Intergenerational Relations Life Expectancy Longevity/*physiology Male Maternal Behavior Middle Aged Models, Biological Mothers Parenting *Postmenopause Primates/physiology Reproduction/*physiology Selection (Genetics) Survival AnalysisMar 11fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15014476 15014476?Hill, K. Hurtado, A. M.1991HThe evolution of reproductive senescence and menopause in human females.315-350 Human Nature2?J-Homko, C. J. Sivan, E. Reece, E. A. Boden, G.1999 Fuel metabolism during pregnancy119-25&Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology172*Carbohydrate Metabolism Diabetes, Gestational/*metabolism Female Humans Insulin/pharmacology Insulin Resistance/physiology *Lipid Metabolism Pregnancy/*metabolism Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10528363 10528363Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.=7J(Huxsoll, C. C. Price, E. O. Adams, T. E.1998Testis function, carcass traits, and aggressive behavior of beef bulls actively immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone1760-6Journal of Animal Science767*Aggression Animals Antibodies/blood *Behavior, Animal Cattle/immunology/*physiology/psychology Drug Combinations Drug Implants Estradiol/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives Gonadorelin/*immunology Immunization, Secondary/veterinary Male Meat/*standards Progesterone/administration & dosage Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Testis/growth & development/*physiology Testosterone/blood Vaccination/*veterinary Weight GainJulehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9690630 0021-8812 (Print)Journal of animal science9690630IDepartment of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.engG?JIngemarsson, I.2003Gender aspects of preterm birth34-38=BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 110 Suppl 20Abortion, Spontaneous Acidosis/congenital Adolescent Adult Blood Glucose/analysis Chromosomes, Human, Y Delivery, Obstetric Female Fetal Blood/chemistry Gestational Age Human Infant, Newborn Infant, Premature/*physiology Lung Diseases/congenital Male Neurodegenerative Diseases/etiology Placenta Praevia/etiology Pregnancy Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology Sex Differentiation/*physiology Sex RatioAprehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1276310912763109KDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.N}7J%Jasienska, G. Nenko, I. Jasienski, M.2006cDaughters increase longevity of fathers, but daughters and sons equally reduce longevity of mothers422-5!American Journal of Human Biology183Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study *Family Characteristics Female Humans Longevity/*physiology Male Middle Aged *Nuclear Family *Parents Poland/epidemiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Rural Population/trends Survival RateMay-Junfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16634019 1042-0533 (Print)16634019}Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University, 31-531 Krakow, Poland. jasienska@post.harvard.edueng=7JJasienska, G. Thune, I.2001.Lifestyle, hormones, and risk of breast cancer586-7British Medical Journal3227286Adult Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology/metabolism Comparative Study Developing Countries Energy Intake/physiology Female Humans Incidence *Life Style Nutritional Status Progesterone/*metabolism Risk Factors Saliva/metabolism United StatesMar 10fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11238153 0959-8138 (Print)BMJ (Clinical research ed11238153wInstitute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University, Grzegorzecka 20, 31-531 Krakow, Poland. jasienska@post.harvard.edueng?:Johnson, J. Canning, J. Kaneko, T. Pru, J. K. Tilly, J. L.2004KGermline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary145-50Nature4286979jAging/physiology Animals Biological Markers Busulfan/pharmacology Cell Count *Cell Differentiation/drug effects Cell Division/drug effects Female Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental Male Meiosis/drug effects/genetics Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Transgenic Oocytes/*cytology/drug effects/transplantation Oogenesis/drug effects/physiology Ovarian Follicle/*cytology/drug effects/*growth & development/transplantation Pregnancy Regeneration/drug effects/*physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Sexual Maturation Stem Cell Transplantation Stem Cells/*cytology/drug effectsMar 11fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15014492 15014492Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.?=7JKakarla, N. Bradshaw, K. D.20035Disorders of pubertal development: precocious puberty339-51!Seminars in Reproductive Medicine214Adolescent Animals Child Female Feminization/diagnosis/etiology Gonadotropins/physiology Humans Hypothalamus/physiology Male Ovary/physiology Pituitary Gland/physiology Puberty/physiology *Puberty, Precocious/diagnosis/drug therapy/etiology Testis/physiology Virilism/diagnosis/etiologyNovfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14724767 1526-8004 (Print)!Seminars in reproductive medicine14724767xDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9032, USA.eng?BKlibanski, A. Beitins, I. Z. Badger, T. Little, R. McArthur, J. W.1981+Reproductive function during fasting in men258-630Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism532Adult *Fasting Food FSH/*blood/urine Gonadorelin/diagnostic use Human Kinetics LH/*blood/urine Male Middle Age Obesity/*metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Testosterone/*blood?Kline, J. Stein, Z. Susser, M.19899Conception to Birth: Epidemiology of Prenatal DevelopmentOxfordOxford University Press? Knott, C. D.2001(Female reproductive ecology of the apes.429-464(Reproductive Ecology and Human EvolutionEllison, P. T. HawthorneAldine de Gruyter?Kruger, D. J. Nesse, R. M.20044Sexual selection and the male:female mortality ratio66-85Evolutionary Psychology2=7JLa Cava, A. Matarese, G.2004 The weight of leptin in immunity371-9Nature Reviews Immunology45Cytokines/immunology Female Humans Immunity, Natural/*immunology Leptin/*immunology Male Models, Molecular Receptors, Cell Surface/*immunology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Signal Transduction/immunologyMayfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15122202 1474-1733 (Print)Nature reviews15122202Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Department of