Bio 230 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT BIOLOGY

LECTURE OUTLINE - FALL TERM, 2001

 

INTRODUCTION	Figures/Tables in Course Pack The figures listed are from Biology of Plants, 6th edn. by Raven et al. (1999) unless otherwise indicated.
General Information
Importance of plants
Helpful advice / Procedures

PROKARYOTES (Bacteria)
What are the Prokaryotes?-------------------------Fig. 13.8, Fig. 3.3, Table 3.2
Types
  - diversity/classification/forms
  - heterotrophs
  - autotrophs
  - cyanobacteria
  - Archaea
Reproduction
  - asexual
  - sexual
Global impact

VIRUSES
Discovery of the viruses
Structure
Reproduction
Are viruses alive?

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Plant cell structure ---------------------------------Fig. 3.5,
  - vacuole -----------------------------------------Fig. 3.30b, Fig 3.32a-e,

                                                                               Fig. 3.35
  - cell wall
  - plastids -----------------------------------------Fig 3.10a, Fig. 3.14
Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells----Table 3.2, Fig. 3.10, Fig. 3.14
The origins of plastids and mitochondria ------------Fig. 13.11, Fig. 3.2

FUNGI: LIFESTYLES AND DEVELOPMENT
Introduction ----------------------------------------Table 15.1
Characteristics
  - the fungal body
  - nutrition
  - mycorrhizae
Chytridiomycota - the chytrids----------------------Fig. 15.10 (Allomyces)
Zygomycota - the conjugating fungi -----------------Fig. 15.11 (Rhizopus)
Ascomycota - the sac fungi -------------------------Fig. 15.14
Basidiomycota - the club fungi ----------------------Fig. 15.18, Fig. 15.21
  - multiple hosts/alternation of hosts
Deuteromycetes - a taxonomic waste basket
Summary
Mycotoxins

LICHENS: COMPOSITE ORGANISMS
Body structure -------------------------------------Fig. 15.38a
Physiology
Reproduction
Ecology

PROTISTA: LIFESTYLES AND DEVELOPMENT
Protista I -------------------------------------------Table 16.1
  - general characteristics
  - Myxomyota - the acellular slime molds ----------Fig. 16.6
  - Dictyosteliomycota - the cellular slime molds
  - Dinophyta - dinoflagellates
  - Rhodophyta - red algae
  - Cryptophyta - cryptomonads -------------------Fig. 16.11
  - Plantimals
Protista II ------------------------------------------Table 17.1
  - general - the heterokonts & green algae ---------Fig 3.28
  - Oomycota -water molds-------------------------Fig. 17.4 (Saprolegnia)
  - Bacillariophyta - diatoms ------------------------Fig. 17.7
  - Phaeophyta - brown algae -----------------------Fig. 17.14
  - Chlorophyta - green algae)-----------------------Fig. 17.20

                                                                               (Chlamydomonas),
                                                                               Fig. 17.31 (Ulva)

EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS
Alternation of generations --------------------------Fig. 9.3
Multicellularity
What are the Protista? -----------------------------Fig. 13.8, Table 13.4
Accessory pigments
  - what are they?

- evolution
  - functions ----------------------------------------Fig. 8.9 (from Purves et al.

                                                                                 (1995, 1993), Fig. 22.23

SYSTEMATICS, DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION
Taxonomy -----------------------------------------Table 13.1
Phylogeny ------------------------------------------Fig. 13.6
Molecular evolution --------------------------------Fig. 13.7

LAND PLANTS: DIVERSITY AND LIFE STYLES
Overview
  - classification ------------------------------------Fig. 20.10, Fig. 18.4
  - alternation of generations
The invasion of land
  - evolution
  - challenges
Nonvascular plants - Bryophytes
  - evolution
  - life forms - classification-------------------------Table fr. p. 422, Fig. 18.27
  - liverworts
  - hornworts
  - mosses
Vascular plants
  - evolution - a giant leap forward------------------Fig. 19.9, Fig. 19.7,

                                                                               Fig 19.8, Table fr. p. 463
  - Rhyniophyta - the most primitive
  - Psilophyta - what are they?
  - Lycophyta - the club mosses---------------------Fig. 19.14
  - Sphenophyta - the horsetails
  - Pterophyta - the ferns----------------------------Fig. 19.38
  - Gymnosperms
Introduction
Cycadophyta
Ginkophyta
Coniferophyta--------------------------------------Fig. 20.22
Gnetophyta
- Anthophyta (Angiosperms)------------------------Fig. 20.10, Table 21.1,

                                                                                   diagram fr. p. 526
Overview - life cycle --------------------------------Fig. 21.23
Flower structure ------------------------------------Fig. 21.12b, Fig. 21.13b,                                                                                 Fig. 21.14, Fig. 21.16,

                                                                                Fig. 21.18b-c, Fig. 21.20
Eudicots vs. monocots - a comparison

Summary - evolutionary trends ----------------------Fig. 20.10

PLANT REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT
Sexual reproduction
  - pollination
  - embryo and seed development-------------------Fig. 23.3 c-e, Fig. 23.2,

                                                                               Fig. 23.7
  - fruit and seed dispersal---------------------------Fig. 22.37b
  - stored nutrients-----------------------------------Table with amino acid

                                                                                deficiencies, Fig. 2.9
Dormancy

  - General features
  - Causes of dormancy
  - Breaking dormancy

Asexual reproduction
  - In nature
  - In agriculture

PLANT DEVELOPMENT & BODY ORGANIZATION
Plant body organization
  -development (general)
  - plant tissue systems ------------------------------Fig. 23.1, Fig. 24.4,

                                                                                table fr. pgs. 586 - 587
Growth
  - cell enlargement
  - the cell wall
Primary vs. secondary growth ----------------------Fig. 24.2, Fig. 24.3
Meristems and their products
  - root development -------------------------------Fig. 25.3, Fig. 25.8, Fig. 25.12, Fig. 25.16
  - shoot development ------------------------------Fig. 26.4, Fig. 26.3, Fig. 27.6, Fig. 27.5, Fig. 27.20
 - leaf development ---------------------------------Fig. 26.20a-c, Fig. 26.29
 - leaf adaptations
Organogenesis- flowers and homeotic genes -------Fig. 26.37b, Fig. 26.38
Senescence

TRANSPORT AND SUPPORT
Challenges of the terrestrial environment
Water and mineral uptake
  - osmosis -----------------------------------------Diagrams of osmosis
  - overview of xylem transport ---------------------Fig. 24.13, Fig. 31.20,

                                                                                Fig. 31.6,
  - transpiration and stomata ------------------------Fig. 31.3
  - xylem transport - mechanism
  - movement from soil into roots -------------------Fig. 31.13
Translocation in the phloem
  - phloem structure
  - the pressure-flow model -------------------------Fig. 31.25, Fig. 31.26,

                                                                               Fig. 31.19
Summary

PLANT NUTRITION
Nutrient accumulation
Mineral nutrients -----------------------------------Table 30.1
Deficiency patterns
Soils -----------------------------------------------Particle sizes (p. 732),

                                                                                Fig. 30.7
Limiting nutrients in the soil
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrification/nitrate reduction/ denitrification ---------Diagram of N metabolism
Heterotrophic and carnivorous plants

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
General overview-----------------------------------Fig. 7.11
Light absorption -----------------------------------Fig. 7.6, Fig. 7.9, Fig. 7.10
Light reactions -------------------------------------Fig. 7.13, Fig. 7.14
Dark reactions -------------------------------------Fig. 7.20, Fig. 7.21, Fig. 7.23
CAM photosynthesis -------------------------------Fig. 7.28a-b, Fig. 7.29

REGULATION OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT
An overview of development
Plant hormones ------------------------------------Table 28.1
  - auxin --------------------------------------------Fig. 28.2, Fig. 28.1, Fig. 28.5,

                                                                              Fig. 29.1, Fig. 29.2 Fig. 28.3
  - cytokinins ---------------------------------------Fig. 28.8
  - ethylene -----------------------------------------Fig. 28.10
  - abscisic acid ------------------------------------Fig. 28.12
  - gibberellins --------------------------------------Fig. 28.14, Fig. 28.16a
- other hormones ----------------------------------Table 28.2

- molecular mechanisms---------------------------Fig. 28.23, Fig. 28.24
  - summary ----------------------------------------Table 28.3, Fig. 28.25
Herbicides
Environmental signals
  - introduction
  - plant movements
  - phytochrome ------------------------------------Fig. 29.15, Fig. 29.16,

                                                                                Fig. 29.17
  - cryptochrome
  - photoperiod control -----------------------------Fig. 29.12, Fig 29.23
  - flowering hormone florigen
  - vernalization

ORIGIN OF NEW VARIETIES
Exploration
Traditional breeding- Selection and hybridization----Fig. 12.5
Genetic engineering - Techniques and problems ----Fig. 28.28, Fig. 28.29

ADAPTATION AND DEFENSE
Environmental Adaptations
  - dry
  - wet
  - cold
  - fire
Defenses against herbivores
  - healing/regeneration
  - structural
  - chemical

ETHNOBOTANY

BIOMES AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
Biomes
  - introduction -------------------------------------Fig. 33.6, Fig. 33.7
  - hot desert
  - tropical evergreen forest
  - temperate deciduous forest
  - grasslands
  - tundra
Biogeography
  - biogeographic regions
  - geographic isolation
  - disruptions
GLOBAL CYCLES
Introduction

N cycle --------------------------------------------Fig. 30.8
S cycle ---------------------------------------------Fig fr. p. 151
C cycle
Human interference
  - alteration of the C cycle--------------------------Greenhouse effect diagrams
  - eutrophication
  - acid precipitation

GLOBAL CHANGES
Past
  - slow
  - sudden
Present
Extinctions

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Habitat destruction
Genetic resources
Ecological balance
Ecosystem management
Sustainable agriculture, industry and population ------Fig. 1.13, Fig. (a) fr. p. 781

 

 

 

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