[paper] What is a common use for paper?|writing|1|SQUAD Along with printing , packaging and cleaning , what is paper a versatile material with?|writing|1|AUTOGEN When was the pulp papermaking process developed?|2nd century AD|2|SQUAD When was the pulp papermaking process developed?|2nd century AD|2|AUTOGEN What material did paper replace upon its invention?|silk|3|SQUAD Who is the author of the pulp papermaking process?|Cai Lun|3|AUTOGEN In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?|13th|4|SQUAD In what century did industrial manufacture greatly reduce its [paper's] cost?|19th|4|AUTOGEN What language is [the word] papyrus derived from?|Greek|5|SQUAD What part of the Cyperus papyrus plant was used in papyrus?|the pith|5|AUTOGEN What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?|wood-free|6|SQUAD Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as what?|wood-free|6|AUTOGEN What is another process [other than sulfite process and kraft process] used [in chemical puling] to pulp straws with high silicate content?|Soda pulping|7|SQUAD What is another specialty process [other than sulfite process and kraft process] used [in chemical puling] to pulp straws , bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content?|Soda pulping|7|AUTOGEN What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?|weak|8|SQUAD What type of paper [in strength] is produced by mechanical pulps?|weak|8|AUTOGEN Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?|virgin|9|SQUAD Recycled papers can be made from 100 % recycled materials and blended with what kind of pulp?|virgin|9|AUTOGEN What is added for sizing purposes [to paper web] ?|Additives|10|SQUAD Along with china clay , what is another type of fillers used for [paper] pulps?|chalk|10|AUTOGEN What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing [in paper making process] ?|felt|11|SQUAD What is used to collect water when making paper by hand?|blotter sheet|11|AUTOGEN What is the main component of drying the paper?|air|12|SQUAD What does drying use to remove water from the paper sheets?|air|12|AUTOGEN What is the shiniest type of coated paper?|Gloss|13|SQUAD What type of papers give the highest optical density in the printed image?|Gloss|13|AUTOGEN Sheets are usually cut what in the paper?|long-grain|14|SQUAD What is the paper fed to [for paper] that is used on web printing presses?|reels|14|AUTOGEN What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?|light and oxygen|15|SQUAD In what presence does lignin reacts to give yellow materials?|light and oxygen|15|AUTOGEN Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?|Library of Congress|16|SQUAD Who sponsored the tests that prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay?|Library of Congress|16|AUTOGEN What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?|Mechanical|17|SQUAD What type of pulps are sometimes referred to as high yield?|Mechanical|17|AUTOGEN What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?|10%|18|SQUAD What percentage of wood pulp comes from old growth forests?|10%|18|AUTOGEN How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?|31|19|SQUAD The average office worker in the us prints how many pages every day?|31|19|AUTOGEN Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?|fatty tissue|20|SQUAD In what part of animals can dioxins accumulate in the food chain?|fatty tissue|20|AUTOGEN What is paperfoam primarily made of?|paper|21|SQUAD What is paperfoam made out of?|paper|21|AUTOGEN PFOA is what type of coating?|synthetic|22|SQUAD What type of coatings are PFOA?|synthetic|22|AUTOGEN [pain] In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?|a symptom|1|SQUAD In medical diagnosis , pain is a what?|a symptom|1|AUTOGEN How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?|interfere|2|SQUAD What can pain do with a person ' s quality of life and general functioning?|interfere|2|AUTOGEN How many classes of research does Woolf encourage [for pain] ?|three|3|SQUAD Woolf suggests how many classes of pain?|three|3|AUTOGEN How long does pain tend to last?|only until the noxious stimulus is removed|4|SQUAD What is pain that resolves quickly called?|acute|4|AUTOGEN How is nociceptive pain classified?|according to the mode of noxious stimulation|5|SQUAD How is Nociceptive pain classified?|according to the mode of noxious stimulation|5|AUTOGEN What can visceral pain be accompanied by?|nausea and vomiting|6|SQUAD What can visceral pain be accompanied by?|nausea and vomiting|6|AUTOGEN What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?|nearly 82%|7|SQUAD What is the percentage of phantom pain in upper limb amputees?|nearly 82%|7|AUTOGEN What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?|may relieve pain|8|SQUAD What is used to produce local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so?|hypertonic saline|8|AUTOGEN The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?|phantom body|9|SQUAD What can cause the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control?|serious spinal cord damage,|9|AUTOGEN When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?|psychological disturbance|10|SQUAD What do people with long term pain frequently display?|psychological disturbance|10|AUTOGEN What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods?|Management|11|SQUAD The management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of what?|opioids|11|AUTOGEN IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?|unpleasantness|12|SQUAD What is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain?|unpleasantness|12|AUTOGEN What [term] is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system?|congenital insensitivity to pain|13|SQUAD What is it known as when someone is insensitive to pain due to the nervous system?|congenital insensitivity to pain|13|AUTOGEN Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?|psychologists|14|SQUAD What theory did Descartes use to describe pain as a specific sensation?|Specificity|14|AUTOGEN What year was peripheral pattern theory developed?|1955|15|SQUAD In what year did DC Sinclair and G Weddell develop peripheral pattern theory?|1955|15|AUTOGEN What did Melzack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards [in 1968] ?|action|16|SQUAD The [Melzack's and Casey's in 1968] paper ends with a call to what?|action|16|AUTOGEN What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?|pain|17|SQUAD What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?|pain|17|AUTOGEN What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?|myelin|18|SQUAD What is the electrically insulating material that is sheathed in an electrically insulating material [for a-delta fiber] ?|myelin|18|AUTOGEN Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to? |the insular cortex|19|SQUAD Pain - related activity in the thalamus spreads to what area?|the insular cortex|19|AUTOGEN What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?|drives|20|SQUAD What does Dawkins believe must compete with each other within living beings?|drives|20|AUTOGEN What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?|Italian|21|SQUAD What nationality of women tolerate less intense electric shock than Jewish or native American women?|Italian|21|AUTOGEN What is the most reliable measure of pain?|person's self-report|22|SQUAD What is the most reliable measure of pain?|person's self-report|22|AUTOGEN What is MPI an abbreviation for?|Multidimensional Pain Inventory|23|SQUAD What does MPI stand for?|Multidimensional Pain Inventory|23|AUTOGEN What can be monitored as pain indicators?|specific behaviors|24|SQUAD What can be monitored as pain indicators?|specific behaviors|24|AUTOGEN [norfolk] What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?|Kingston|1|SQUAD What is the capital of Norfolk island?|Kingston|1|AUTOGEN What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?|a convict penal settlement|2|SQUAD What type of settlement did Norfolk island serve as [from 1788 until 1855] ?|a convict penal settlement|2|AUTOGEN During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?|World War II|3|SQUAD During what war did the island become a key airbase and refuelling depot?|World War II|3|AUTOGEN What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?|Financial problems and a reduction in tourism|4|SQUAD What led to Norfolk island ' s administration appealing to the Australian federal government in 2010?|Financial problems and a reduction in tourism|4|AUTOGEN What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?|Phillip Island|5|SQUAD What is the name of the second largest island of the territory in Norfolk island?|Phillip Island|5|AUTOGEN Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?|Anson and Ball Bays|6|SQUAD Where can you find surfing waves in Norfolk island?|Anson and Ball Bays|6|AUTOGEN Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?|Norfolk Island National Park|7|SQUAD In what national park is the tallest tree - fern in the world common?|Norfolk Island National Park|7|AUTOGEN Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church?|one of Nobbs' sons|8|SQUAD Who led the Seventh - day Adventist congregation in 1891?|one of Nobbs' sons|8|AUTOGEN What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?|The Norfuk language|9|SQUAD What language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island?|The Norfuk language|9|AUTOGEN What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?|Norfolk Island|10|SQUAD What is the only non - mainland Australian territory to have achieved self governance?|Norfolk Island|10|AUTOGEN Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?|Executive|11|SQUAD Four members of the Assembly formed which council , that devised policy , acted as a advisory body?|Executive|11|AUTOGEN When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?|December 2006|12|SQUAD When did the Australian government end the review [on Norfolk Island] ?|December 2006|12|AUTOGEN When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?|19 March 2015|13|SQUAD When did the Commonwealth [of Australia] announce self - governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth?|19 March 2015|13|AUTOGEN Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister [during referendum in 2015] ?|Lisle Snell|14|SQUAD Who was the head minister of the Norfolk island chief minister [during referendum in 2015] ?|Lisle Snell|14|AUTOGEN Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?|High Court of Australia|15|SQUAD Who decided that Norfolk island is a part of the Commonwealth in 1976?|High Court of Australia|15|AUTOGEN When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?|1 July 2016|16|SQUAD When will the Australian migration system replace the immigration arrangements?|1 July 2016|16|AUTOGEN What [document] do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?|either a passport or a Document of Identity|17|SQUAD What [document] must Australian citizens carry in order to travel to Norfolk island?|either a passport or a Document of Identity|17|AUTOGEN What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?|a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa|18|SQUAD What do Non - Australian citizens need to return from Norfolk island to the mainland?|a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa|18|AUTOGEN What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?|Norfolk Island Hospital|19|SQUAD What hospital is the only medical center on the [Norfolk] island?|Norfolk Island Hospital|19|AUTOGEN What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?|fish|20|SQUAD What is the only major natural resource in Norfolk island?|fish|20|AUTOGEN Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island [in 2010] ?|David Buffett|21|SQUAD Who was the chief minister of Norfolk island [in 2010] ?|David Buffett|21|AUTOGEN What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?|.nf|22|SQUAD What is the internet country code top level domain [of Norfolk Island] ?|.nf|22|AUTOGEN Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?|Visitors|23|SQUAD Who usually gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives?|Visitors|23|AUTOGEN [greece] How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013?|18 million|1|SQUAD How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013?|18 million|1|AUTOGEN What Greek telecommunications company has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia?|OTE|2|SQUAD What Greek telecommunications company has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia?|OTE|2|AUTOGEN What is Greece's economy classified as?|advanced, high-income|3|SQUAD What type of economy is Greece classified as?|advanced, high-income|3|AUTOGEN What year did Greece fall back into recession?|2015|4|SQUAD When did Greece fall back into recession?|2015|4|AUTOGEN What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?|Industrial Revolution|5|SQUAD What was one of the major Industrial activity in Greece during the 19th century?|shipbuilding|5|AUTOGEN How many years of consecutive growth had Greece had?|budget deficit|6|SQUAD What was estimated at 15 . 7 % of GDP in 2009?|fourteen|6|AUTOGEN When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation?|February 2012|7|SQUAD When did the Hellenic Parliament vote in favor of an official investigation?|February 2012|7|AUTOGEN What did retroactively applying the ESA95 methodology result in raising the budget deficit to?|3.38% of GDP|8|SQUAD What was the budget deficit to in 1999?|3.38% of GDP|8|AUTOGEN What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was below when calculated with the ESA79 methodology?|the prescribed 3% limit|9|SQUAD What was calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece ' s application?|the prescribed 3% limit|9|AUTOGEN What error is sometimes made by tying Greece's Eurozone entry with?|controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals|10|SQUAD What was the confusion of discussion regarding Greece ' s Eurozone entry with?|controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals|10|AUTOGEN What were credits given to European governments disguised as?|swaps|11|SQUAD Credits given to European governments were disguised as what?|swaps|11|AUTOGEN How much money did the IMF agree to the " rescue package "?|€45 billion in bail-out loans|12|SQUAD What did Greece ' s ability to repay it ' s ability to repay?|sovereign debt|12|AUTOGEN What is Greece ranked in the EU in the production of marble?|third|13|SQUAD What is Greece ranked in the European union in the production of marble?|third|13|AUTOGEN What does Greece have the largest of in the world?|merchant navy|14|SQUAD Greece has the largest what in the world?|merchant navy|14|AUTOGEN How many of the world's tankers do Greek companies own?|22.6%|15|SQUAD How much of the world ' s tankers does Greek companies have?|22.6%|15|AUTOGEN What was Greece's 2011 trade surplus?|10,712.342 million US$|16|SQUAD What was the trade surplus of Greece in 2011?|10,712.342 million US$|16|AUTOGEN What was the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization better known by the acronym of?|OTE|17|SQUAD What is Greece ' s top mobile telecommunications provider?|OTE|17|AUTOGEN Who has the EU's third highest percentage of people who've never used the Internet?|Greece|18|SQUAD Which country has the EU ' s third highest percentage of people who have never used the internet?|Greece|18|AUTOGEN How many tourists did Greece welcome in 2009?|over 19.3 million|19|SQUAD How many tourists visited Greece in 2009?|over 19.3 million|19|AUTOGEN What Greek city was rated the world's fifth best ultimate party town by 2009's Lonely Planet?|Thessaloniki|20|SQUAD What city was the European Youth capital in 2014?|Thessaloniki|20|AUTOGEN What airlines was award the "Best regional airline in Europe" award by Skytrax?|Aegean Airlines|21|SQUAD What airlines was awarded the " best regional airline in Europe " award by Skytrax?|Aegean Airlines|21|AUTOGEN How long is Greek's rail network estimated to run?|2,548 km|22|SQUAD How long is Greece ' s rail network estimated to be?|2,548 km|22|AUTOGEN What was the port of Piraeus declared to be in 2013?|fastest-growing port in the world|23|SQUAD What was Piraeus declared in 2013?|fastest-growing port in the world|23|AUTOGEN What organization owns Pier II in Piraeus? |COSCO|24|SQUAD What company owned Pier II in 2013?|COSCO|24|AUTOGEN What is almost half of DEI's power output generated by the use of?|lignite|25|SQUAD Almost half of DEI ' s power output is generated using what?|lignite|25|AUTOGEN What was EU average amount of energy from renewable sources in 2008?|10%|26|SQUAD How much of Greece ' s renewable energy comes from solar power?|10%|26|AUTOGEN When did the Deutsche Bank publish a report on the findings of the value of the reserves south of Crete?|November 2012|27|SQUAD When did a report find the value of natural gas reserves south of Crete at $ 427 billion?|November 2012|27|AUTOGEN When did the physical exchange of the drachma to euro take place?|January 2002|28|SQUAD When did the physical exchange from drachma to euro take place?|January 2002|28|AUTOGEN What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?|14.8 percent|29|SQUAD What was the unemployment rate in Greece in 2009?|9 per cent and 11 per cent|29|AUTOGEN [High-level synthesis questions used: topic, question] "pain", "How have theories of pain evolved and how are today's theories different from historical ones?" "paper", "How are the pulping methods mentioned in article different in process and stability?" "norfolk", "How were the settlements mentioned in article different?" "greece", "What was the root cause of the debt crisis and how did the crisis evolve?" ); [pre- and post-test questions used] "greece" => array( 0=> array(0,"What was the result of the deals with the U.S. banks [during Greece's Eurozone entry] ?",10, "artificially reduce their reported budget deficits"), 1=> array(1,"How many ships does Greece have in the late 1970s?",14, "5,000"), 2=> array(2,"What was the shipping services imported by Greece in 2011 worth?",16,"7,076.605 million US$"), 3=> array(3,"When did Greece go into recession?",6,"in 2008"), 4=> array(4,"What does the abbreviation OECD expand to?",3, "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"), 5=> array(5,"How many Greek shipping companies in operation does the 2011 ECSA report show?",15, "750"), 6=> array(6,"What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki have in regards to size in Greece?",20, "the country's second-largest city"), 7=> array(7,"What was one of the leading Industrial activity in Greece?", 5, "shipbuilding"), 8=> array(8,"What has Greece had the highest percentage increase in?",13, "industrial output"), 9=> array(9,"Most of the differences in the revised budget deficit numbers were due to a temporary change of what?",8, "accounting practices"), 10=> array(10,"What question do you want to ask most about this topic?", 0, "Anything") ), "norfolk" => array( 0=> array(0,"Where is the jetty located [on Norfolk Island] that is often used?",23,"on the leeward side of the island"), 1=> array(1,"What [document] do citizens of all other nations typically carry to travel to Norfolk island?",17,"a passport"), 2=> array(2,"Norfolk island is a part of what country?",18,"Australia"), 3=> array(3,"In what ocean is Norfolk Island found?",1,"Pacific Ocean"), 4=> array(4,"An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to do what?",4,"replace self-government with a local council"), 5=> array(5,"On what date did permanent civilian residence on the [Norfolk] island begin?",2,"8 June 1856"), 6=> array(6,"What languages do the residents of Norfolk island speak?",9,"English and a creole language known as Norfuk"), 7=> array(7,"What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?",16,"immigration"), 8=> array(8,"What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?",5,"Mount Bates"), 9=> array(9,"How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?",6,"by ship"), 10=> array(10,"What question do you want to ask most about this topic?", 0, "Anything") ), "pain" => array( 0=> array(0,"Who criticized the IASP system as inadequate for guiding research and treatment?",3,"Clifford J. Woolf and others"), 1=> array(1,"What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others aren't supportive of?",23,"their pain problems"), 2=> array(2,"How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?",8,"permanently"), 3=> array(3,"How many dimensions did Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey describe pain in terms of?",16,"three"), 4=> array(4,"What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?",6,"Visceral"), 5=> array(5,"What do nociceptors [sensory fibers] respond to?",17,"noxious, high intensity"), 6=> array(6,"What happens to children with an inborn abnormality of the nervous system?",13,"repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles"), 7=> array(7,"Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?",12,"morphine"), 8=> array(8,"Pain - related activity in what region spreads to the insular cortex?",19,"thalamus"), 9=> array(9,"Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?",5,"mechanical"), 10=> array(10,"What question do you want to ask most about this topic?", 0, "Anything") ), "paper" => array( 0=> array(0,"What process is most commonly used [in chemical pulping] ?",7,"The kraft process"), 1=> array(1,"What agency internationally regulates dioxins?",20,"the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants"), 2=> array(2,"Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in [mechanical] pulping?",8,"groundwood pulp"), 3=> array(3,"What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?",19,"40%"), 4=> array(4,"Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by what percentage in the past 40 years?",18,"400%"), 5=> array(5,"What country was the [pulp papermaking] process developed in?",2,"China"), 6=> array(6,"What percentage of moisture does the [paper drying] process easily dry the paper to?",12,"6"), 7=> array(7,"Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?",3,"Golden Age"), 8=> array(8,"What is used as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags?",22,"corn protein"), 9=> array(9,"How is the water removed from the sheet?",11,"Pressing"), 10=> array(10,"What question do you want to ask most about this topic?", 0, "Anything")