INTERNET RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
Continuing Education at NAHSL
North Atlantic Health Sciences Libraries
1998 Annual Meeting
September 27, 1998
GLOSSARY
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jshieh/gloss.html
COMPILED BY: Nadine
P. Ellero, Jackie Shieh, and
Allison
Mook Sleeman
AACR (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules)
| Cataloging rules first produced in 1967 in separate North American
and British editions; the North American edition was edited by C. Summer
Spalding. The rules have been adopted by major libraries and agencies in
most English-speaking countries. The Joint Steering Committee for Revision
of AACR (JSC) was formed including representatives of various library associations
in the mid-1970s. That Committee issued the Anglo-American Cataloguing
Rules, 2nd ed. [commonly known as AACR2] under the editorship
of Michael Gorman and Paul W. Winker in 1978. AACR2 was revised and issued
as the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed. 1988 revision
(AACR2r). The JSC held an International Conference on the Principles and
Future Development of AACR in Toronto, Canada, in October 1997; papers
presented at this conference are available at: URL: http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/jsc/confpap.htm&
nbsp; |
Acrobat (Adobe Acrobat)
| A suite of programs developed by Adobe Systems, Inc., for creating
and distributing electronic documents. Programs in the suite allow the
user to create a PDF file for a document. The freely distributed Adobe
Acrobat reader which allows the user to view the document with the exact
layout intended by the author or publisher is the best known component
of the Acrobat suite. URL: http://www.adobe.com/ |
ADN (Advanced Digital Network)
| Referring to a low-cost 56 Kbps (kilobytes per second) leased-line. |
Advanced Programmers Interface
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
Agent
| A program that performs some small and well-defined task on information
gathering or processing task in the background on searching the Internet.
URL: http://www.cs.umbc.edu/agents/
See also: Spider, Robot, URL-Minder, WebCrawler |
ALCTS (Association for Library Collections & Technical
Services)
A division of ALA which is responsible for the
following activities: acquisition, identification,
cataloging, classification, and
preservation of library materials; the development
and coordination of the
country's library resources; and those areas of
selection and evaluation involved in
the acquisition of library materials and pertinent
to the development of library resources.
URL: http://www.ala.org/alcts/
|
American National Standards Institute
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Amiga
| A powerful personal computer originally produced by Commodore Business
Machines that has extra microprocessors to handle graphics and sound generation,
primarily for games, video processing and multimedia. This feature found
its way into Microsoft Windows. Its operating system is not compatible
with other PC operating systems. In March 1997, Gateway 2000 purchased
the Amiga design. |
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
Anonymous FTP
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
| The primary organization for fostering the development of technology
standards in the United States. ANSI works with industry groups and is
the U.S. member of the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). URL: http://web.ansi.org/default.htm |
API (Advanced Programmers Interface)
Applet
Archie
| Name is derived from an "archive" developed by McGill University. A
tool (software) for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites. The exact
file name or a substring of the file is needed for retrieval. URL:
http://www.agrenv.mcgill.ca/SEARCH/ARCHIE.HTM
See also: FTP |
ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
| The precursor to the Internet, a test bed for new networking technologies,
linking many universities and research centers. Developed in the late 60's
and early 70's by the U.S. Dept. of Defense as an experiment in wide-area-networking
that would survive a nuclear war. URL: http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/docs/arpa.html |
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
| A character encoding scheme, developed by ANSI, used by many computers,
for information exchange between computers made by different companies.
It represents all the upper and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, punctuation,
etc. There are 128 standard ASCII codes each of which can be represented
by a 7 digit binary number: 0000000 through 1111111. URL: http://www.cnet.co
m/Resources/Info/Glossary/Terms/ascii2.html |
Association for Library Collections & Technical Services
Backbone
| A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway
within a network.
See also: Network |
Bandwidth
| Size of information being sent through a connection, usually measured
in bits-per-second. For example, a full page of English text is about 16,000
bits. A fast modem can move about 15,000 bits in one second, depending
on compression. |
Baud
| In common usage the baud rate of a modem is how many bits it can send
or receive per second.
See also: Modem |
BBS (Bulletin Board System)
| Also known as Electronic Bulletin Board; a computerized meeting and
announcement system that allows people to carry on discussions, upload
and download files, and make announcements without the people being connected
to the computer at the same time. |
Binary
The basic numbering system for calculations, codes, and data in all
computers, consisting only of the digits 0 and 1, in contrast to the 10-digit
decimal system.
| Decimal |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
| Binary |
0 |
1 |
10 |
11 |
100 |
101 |
110 |
111 |
1000 |
1001 |
|
Bit (Binary Digit)
| Derived from BInary digiT, a single digit number contains only one
of the two values, 1 or a zero. This is the smallest unit of computerized
data.
See also: Bandwidth, Byte, Kilobyte, MB, GB |
Bit-Mapped Graphics Format
BITNET
| Derived from Because It's Time NETwork or Because It's There NETwork,
referring to a network of educational sites separate from the Internet.
Listservs, the most popular form of e-mail discussion groups, originated
on BITNET. BITNET machines are usually mainframes running the VMS operating
system, and the network is probably the only international network that
is shrinking. URL: http://www.geocit
ies.com/SiliconValley/2260/archive.html#bitdocs |
BMP (Bit-Mapped Graphics Format)
| Developed by Microsoft, it is the native graphics format for Windows
users. The images you see when Windows starts up and closes, and the wallpaper
that adorns the desktop, are all in this format.
See also: TIFF |
Browser
| A Client program (software) that is used to look at various kinds of
Internet resources, such as Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer, etc.
See also: Cello, Client, Netscape, Mosaic, Home Page, URL, WWW, |
Buffer
| A temporary place for data with the primary purpose of coordinating
communication between programs or hardware; unlike cache whose
primary function is to improve process speed.
See also: Cache |
Bulletin Board System
Byte
| Usually there are 8 bits in a Byte (in combination of numeral 0 or
1, e.g. 00111000), sometimes more, depending on how the measurement is
being made.
See also: Bit |
Cache
| A special high-speed storage mechanism for frequently or
recently-accessed data, which can be stored in memory
cashing (internal, RAM) or disk cashing (external) in PCs. Also known
as buffer.
URL:
http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/cache/
See also: Buffer
|
Cartridge
Cascading Style Sheets
CC:DA (Committee on Cataloging: Description and Access)
| The body within the ALA responsible for developing official ALA
positions on additions to and revisions of the Anglo-American Cataloguing
Rules, Second Edition, 1988 Revision. CC:DA belongs to the Cataloging and
Classification Section of ALCTS. URL:
http://www.ala.org/alcts/organization/ccs/ccda/ccda.html
|
CCM31
| CONSER Cataloging Manual. Module 31. |
CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, CD, Laser Optical Disc)
| A non-volatile optical storage medium [laser optical disc] using the
same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with
a CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM is popular for distribution of large databases,
software, and especially multimedia applications. A CD can store around
640 megabytes of data -about 12 billion bytes per pound weight. |
Cello
CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
| A set of rules that describe how a Web Server communicates with another
piece of software on the same machine, and how the other piece of software
(the "CGI program") talks to the Web server. Any piece of software can
be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard.
Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a Web
server and does something with it, like putting the content of a form into
an e-mail message, or turning the data into a database query. URL: http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/
See also: Cgi-bin, WWW |
Cgi-bin
| The "bin" part of "cgi-bin" is a shorthand version of "binary", which
means scripts that are executed by binaries located elsewhere on the same
machine.
See also: CGI, WWW |
Client
| A software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a Server
software program on another computer, often across a great distance. Each
Client program is designed to work with one or more specific kinds of Server
programs, and each Server requires a specific kind of Client. A Web Browser
is a specific kind of Client (on a terminal or PC or MacIntosh).
See also: Browser, Network, Server |
Common Gateway Interface
Common Object Request Broker Architecture
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
CONSER (Cooperative ONline SERials Program)
| Began in the early 1970s as a project to convert manual serial cataloging
into machine-readable records and has evolved into an ongoing program to
create and maintain high quality bibliographic records for serials. Its
name was changed in 1986 from the CONSER (CONversion of SERials) Project
to the CONSER (Cooperative ONline SERials) Program. Membership in CONSER
is selective. URL: http://lcweb.loc.gov/acq/conser/home
page.html |
Container
| Can be an application program or subsystem in which the program building
block known as a component is run (for Sun Microsystems' JavaBeans component);
or one of the three abstract superclasses for meta-data in CORBA Interface
Repository; or any housing for an item, a group of items, or a part of
an item, which is physically separable from the material being housed,
e.g. a box or a folder for a set of disks/discs is a container. |
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Meta-data
CONversion of SERials Project
Cookies
| A general mechanism which server side connections (such as CGI scripts)
can use to both store and retrieve information on the client side of the
connection. The addition of a simple, persistent, client-side state significantly
extends the capabilities of Web-based client/server applications. URL:
http://stars.com/Software/Tools/Cookies
.html |
Cooperative ONline SERials Program
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)
| An architecture that enables pieces of programs, called objects, to
communicate with one another regardless of what programming language they
were written in or what operating system they are running on. URL: http://corbaweb.lifl.fr/ |
CSDGM (Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Meta-data)
| The standard was developed to determine the availability of a set of
geospatial data, the fitness the set of geospatial data for an intended
use, the means of accessing the set of geospatial data, and to successfully
transfer the set of geospatial data. It establishes the names of data elements
and compound elements to be used for these purposes, the definitions of
these data elements and compound elements, and information about the values
that are to be provided for the data elements. It is heavily used by the
Federal Government. URL: http://fgdc.er.usgs.gov/metadata/metadata.html |
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
| A new feature being added to HTML, developed by W3C (World Wide Web
Consortium), that gives both Web site developers and users more control
over how pages are displayed. With CSS, designers and users can create
style sheets, or multiple style sheets (applied to the same Web page) that
define how different elements, such as headers and links, appear. These
style sheets can then be applied to any Web page. URL: http://www.ora.com/catalog/wj5/exc
erpt/css.html,
http://www.w3c.org/Style/ |
Daemon
| A process that runs in the background, performing a specified operation
at predefined times. |
Database
| A database is a structured set of records; a collection of logically
interrelated data stored together in one or more computerized fields, usually
created and managed by a database management system (software to update
and query the data). There are many ways for a user to find information
in a database. When the data is structured as a table in a single file,
a user need only browse the page and use the browser's Find feature. However,
to search a relational database, spread over many files, a sophisticated
CGI script is required to access the data. URL: http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/fold
oc/foldoc.cgi?database
; http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/jsc/r-serial.pdf |
DBMS (Database Management System)
| A collection of programs that enables the user to store, modify, and
extract information from a database. Here are some examples for the database
applications: computerized library systems, automated teller machines,,
flight reservation systems, computerized parts inventory systems. URL:
http://www.dbmsmag.com/ |
DC
| See: Dublin Core Meta-data Element Set |
Database Management System
DHTML (Dynamic HTML)
| A term used to describe HTML pages with dynamic content. CSS is one
of three components in dynamic HTML; the other two are HTML itself and
JavaScript (which is being standardized under the name EcmaScript). URL:
http://www.dhtmlzone.com/index.html
See also: Java, JavaScript, EcmaScript |
Digital Object Identifier
Digital Signature
Digital Versatile Disc
Digital Video Disc
Direct Access
Direct Access Computer File
| A computer file contained in a carrier (e.g. disk, cassette, cartridge)
designed to be inserted into a computer or its auxiliary equipment by the
user.
See also: Local access |
Directory
| A special kind of file used to organize other files into a hierarchical
structure. Directories contain bookkeeping information about files that
are, figuratively speaking, beneath them. The UNIX equivalent of a 'folder'
on a MacIntosh or WINDOWS 95, all files are stored in directories.
See also: Folder |
Disc
Disk
DNS (Domain Name Service)
Document Management
| A systematic method for storing, locating, and keeping track of information.
Key characteristics are the ability to manage information, to collaborate
when creating information, to distribute the information, and to allow
access to the greatest number of people. |
Document Style Semantics and Specification Language
Document Type Definition
DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
| An identification system to be used for all digital content; not only
provides a unique identification for that content, but also a way to link
users of the materials to the rights holders themselves to facilitate automated
digital commerce in the new digital environment. URL: http://www.doi.org/about_the_doi.html |
Domain
The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain names always
have 2 or more parts, separated by dots. The part on the left is the most
specific, and the part on the right is the most general. A given machine
may have more than one Domain name but a given Domain name points to only
one machine. Domain names:
matisse.net
server1.mail.virginia.edu
loc.gov
microsoft.com
See also: Hostname, IP Number |
Domain Name Service
DOS (MS-DOS)
| A 16-bit operating system, which does not support multiple users or
multitasking, developed originally by Microsoft for IBM as the standard
operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers. URL: http://w3.aces.uiuc.edu/AI
M/CCSOcourses/DOS-rev.html
See also: Linux, UNIX, Windows |
Dotted Quad
Dsig (Digital Signature)
| A means to assure authenticity of a Web document, it serves to identify
the origin of a Web document. The DSig 1.0 signature label was implemented
based on PICS 1.1. The PICS label provides the basic structure. URL: http://www.w3.org/DSig/Overview.html |
DSSSL (Document Style Semantics and Specification Language)
DTD (Document Type Definition)
Dublin Core Meta-data Elements Set (DC, Dublin Core)
| Commonly known as Dublin Core or DC. Includes access points (title,
subject, identifier, author, other agent), information to facilitate identification
(publisher, date, object type, form, language, coverage), and information
to relate the object being described to other objects (relation, source).
URL: http://linnea.helsinki.fi/meta/present.html;
http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/
See also: EAD, GILS, MARC, TEI, VRA Core Categories |
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc ; Digital Video Disc)
| A new type of CD-ROM that holds a minimum of 4.7GB, enough
for a full-length movie. DVD-CD is commonly believed soon to replace
CD-ROMs, VHS videocasettes and laser discs. URL: http://www.unik.no/~robert/hifi/dvd/
|
Dynamic HTML
EAD (Encoding Archival Description)
| A SGML DTD finding aid for archival collections, recording the inventories,
registers, indexes or guides to collections held by archives and manuscript
repositories, libraries, and museums. A EAD finding aid provides detailed
descriptions of collections, their intellectual organization and, at varying
levels of analysis, of individual items in the collections. URL: http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/
; http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/
FindingAids/EAD/eadwg.html
See also: Dublin Core, GILS, MARC, TEI, VRA Core Categories |
ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association)
| An Europe-based industry association founded in 1961 and dedicated
to the standardization of information and communication systems. URL: http://www.ecma.ch/ |
ECMAScript
Edition
EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter)
| An IBM graphics adapter, introduced in 1984, with enhanced resolution
and more colors, supporting 16 colors from a palette of 64 and provides
a resolution of 640 x 350. |
Ejournal
Electronic Bulletin Board
Electronic Journal (Ejournal)
| A remote access computer file periodical, generally scholarly in nature,
often issued by a society or institution and containing news, proceedings,
transactions, or reports of work carried out in a particular field.
See also: Remote Access Computer File Serial |
Electronic Mail
Electronic Newspaper (Enewspaper)
| A remote access computer file newspaper. An e-newspaper must fit the
definition of both a newspaper and a remote access computer serial: a serial
publication containing news on current events of special or general interest,
issued in machine-readable format and accessed via input/output devices
connected electronically to a computer. Enewspapers are accessed most frequently
via the Internet. |
Electronic Serial
| See: Remote Access Computer File Serial |
Element
| A word, phrase, or a group of characters representing a distinct unit
of bibliographic information and forming part of an area of the bibliographic
description. |
Email (Electronic Mail)
| Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer.
E-mail can also be sent automatically to a large number of addresses (Mailing
List).
See also: Mailing list |
Enewspaper
| See: Electronic Newspaper |
Encoding Archival Description
Enhanced Graphic Adapter
Ethernet
| A particular physical network system that combines high bandwidth fiber
optics (from 1.45 to 100 megabytes per second) with special send and receive
hardware. Ethernet is used in a variety of network typologies. |
European Computer Manufacturers Association
Extension
| See: File [Name] Extension |
Extensible Markup Language
FAQ
| Frequently Asked Questions. |
Fiber-optic
Fiber Optics
| A method of transmitting light beams along optical fibers. A light
beam, such as that produced by a laser, can be modulated to carry information.
Data transmitted digitally rather than analogically. URL: http://fiberoptic.com/
See also: Optical fiber |
File [Name] Extension
Finite Publication
| A publication which is complete or intended to be complete in a finite
(fixed) number of parts. Includes both single parts (books, electronic
texts) and multiparts (multi-volume sets). Along with ongoing publications
makes up the bibliographic universe. URL: http://lcweb.loc.gov/acq/conser/modelc.gif
See also: Ongoing Publication |
Finger
| A UNIX command that shows information about a user or group of users
on the Internet. |
Flame
| A negative response to an email message or newsgroup posting. |
Floppy Disk
Folder
| A folder is used to organize file information. In the DOS and UNIX
worlds, folders are called directories.
See also: Directory |
FRED
| An ongoing research project at OCLC (Online Computer Library Center,
Inc.) studying the manipulation of tagged text. It automatically builds
DTDs from tagged text. URL: http://www.oclc.org:80/fred/ |
Freenet
| A network system made up of community-based bulletin board systems
with email, information services, interactive communications, and conferencing.
Udsually funded and operated by individuals or organizations much like
public television. OhioFreeNet was the predecessor of the OhioLink. URL:
http://www.ohiolink.edu/ |
FTP (Anonymous FTP)
Gateway
| A term [previously] used for a router meaning a network point that
acts as an entrance to another network. In a company network, a proxy server
acts as a gateway between the internal network and the Internet.
See also: Router |
GB (Gigabyte, G-byte)
| 2 to the 30th power (approximately 1 billion); either 1000 or 1024
Megabytes.
See also: Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte |
GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
Gigabyte
GILS (Global Information Locator Service, Government Information Locator
Service)
| Adopts the ANSI Z39.50 standard specifying how electronic network searches
can be expressed and how results are returned. GILS-compliance is a particular
way in which servers support searching for the characteristics of any kind
of information, at any level of aggregation. A way to make global environmental
data more accessible is now a multinational effort that has brought some
standardization to federal data access. URL:
http://www.usgs.gov/public/gils/
See also: Dublin Core, EAD, MARC, TEI, VRA Core Categories |
Gopher
| A system that pre-dates the World Wide Web for organizing and displaying
files on Internet servers. A Gopher server presents its contents as a hierarchically
structured list of files. With the ascendance of the Web, most Gopher databases
are being converted to Web sites which can be more easily accessed via
Web search engines. Veronica and Jughead allow searching global indices
of resources stored in Gopher systems.
See also: Veronica, Jughead |
Government Information Locator Service
Graphic Interchange Format
GUI (Graphic User Interface)
| A user interface based on graphics (icons, pictures, and menus) instead
of text. Invented in the early 1970s at Xerox Parc, first popularized by
the Macintosh computers and today by Windows, GUI uses a mouse as well
as a keyboard as an input device. |
Hacker
| A computer user who works to understand the ins and outs of computers,
networks, and the Internet in general. |
Handle
| An electronic pseudonym or "nom de guerre" intended to conceal the
user's true identity, or a unique identifier for a digital object. This
object can be stored in a digital library repository, in an ftp archive,
in a World Wide Web server, or any other digital store. A high performance
Handle Management System is publicly available on the Internet. URL: http://www.handle.net/ |
Hard disk
Hashing
Transforming a string of characters into a usually shorter
fixed-length value or key that represents the original string. It
is used to index and retrieve items in a database, commonly found in
relational databases deploying Handle or DOI.
URL: http://www-theory.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~mda/cs2001/hashing/general.html
For example:
Hashed-value Textual string
7864 Abernathy, Sara
9802 Epperdingle, Roscoe
1990 Moore, Wilfred
|
Hex (Hexadecimal)
| Refers to the base-16 number system, which consists of 16 unique symbols:
the numbers 0 to 9 and the letters A to F. The hexadecimal system is useful
because it can represent every byte (8 bits) as two consecutive hexadecimal
digits. A tilde (~) is coded in hex as 7E. URL: http://cherubino.med.jhu.edu/~raj/MISC/hexdectbl.html |
Home Page
| The hypertext document that serves as the "preface" for a service or
publication mounted on the World Wide Web. It is normally an introductory
screen that provides general information about the institution maintaining
the site, the publication, or a group of publications available. Hypertext
links are included to access specific documents or files archived at the
site.
See also: Web page |
Host
| A computer that is attached to a network or the Internet. Hosts allow
users on client machines to connect and share files or transfer information. |
Hostname
| The name given a host computer connected to the Internet, such as www.lib.virginia.edu,
lcweb.loc.org, etc.
See also: DNS, Domain, IP Number |
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
| A mark-up language consists of sets of "markup" symbols or codes inserted
in a file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser. Built on top
of SGML. Tags are embedded in the text to structure it into headings, paragraphs,
lists, hypertext links and more. A tag consists of <a directive (case
insensitive), zero or more parameters and a >. Matched pairs of directives,
like <TITLE>A and A</TITLE> are used to delimit text which is to
appear in a special place or style. URL: http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/
See also: SGML, XML |
HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol)
HTTPD (HyperText Transport Protocol Daemon)
| A daemon that waits in attendance for requests to come in from the
rest of the Web. It sits waiting for requests to come in and then forwards
them to other processes as appropriate. |
Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language
Hypertext
| A term, coined by Ted Nelson around 1965, for a collection of documents
(or nodes) containing cross-references or links which, with the aid of
an interactive browser program, allow the reader to move easily from one
document to another. |
Hypertext Markup Language
HyperText Transport Protocol
HyperText Transport Protocol Daemon
HyTime (Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language)
ICE (Information and Contenet Exchange)
| A protocol based on XML which will make it easier for large businesses
and organizations to manage and exchange information and assets via
networks, using secure transactions |
ICE (Information and Content Exchange)
Icon
| A graphical image representing a (usually easily recognized) function
or control, usually reacts to being selected by performing some useful
or entertaining action. A primary feature of most GUIs. |
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
| The protocol engineering and development arm of the Internet, the IETF
home page provides specific information in detail. URL: http://www.ietf.org/ |
Image map
| Visual navigation item, usually a single image with different "hot
spots" corresponding to URLs. URL: http://www.ihip.com/ |
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
| A protocol for retrieving e-mail messages which uses SMTP for communication
between the e-mail client and server. Developed at Stanford University
in 1986. The new version is IMAP4. URL: http://www.imap.org/
See also: POP, SMTP |
Incorporating Entry Cataloging
| An approach to cataloging electronic journals in which each
successive "title" of an electronic journal is considered as incorporating
the previous "title," like boxes within boxes, for electronic journals
for which earlier "titles" journal are parts of the later "titles"
of that journal. URL: http://lcweb.loc.gov/acq/conser/incorp.html |
Information and Content Exchange
See: ICE
See also: DC, GILS, MARC, TEI, VRA Core Categories |
Information Bus
| Protocols, service definitions, and interfaces [that provide] the necessary
distinctions and properties for describing a variety of basic dimensions
(such as document identity, authority, ownership, access rights, summarizing
of information, etc.). |
Information Warehouse
Provides a single, network-based mechanism for read-only access of
databases.
Provides for the security and integrity of the data accessed.
Provides an information catalog to explain the data in the warehouse.
Provides a mechanism for smooth growth in the sizes and types of data
available
Provides a variety of HELP resources to assist the user in the use
of the warehouse. |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Integrated Services Digital Network
Interactive Multimedia
| Media residing in one or more physical carriers (videodiscs, computer
disks, computer optical disks, compact discs, etc.) or on computer networks.
Interactive multimedia must exhibit all of these characteristics:
1. user controlled, non-linear navigation using computer technology
and
2. the combination of two or more media (audio, text, graphics, images,
animation, and video) that the
3. user manipulates to control the order and /or nature of the presentation.
See also: Multimedia item |
Interface
| Standard means for interacting with a computer system or program. From
a programming standpoint, an interface (generally referred to as an Advanced
Programmers Interface, or API) is a standard code base for developing on
top of an existing application. From an end-point perspective, the inputs,
menus, and dialog systems define the user interface. |
International Standards Organization
Internet
| Lower case i. Any set of networks connected together, or interconnected
with routers, that is an internet - as in inter-national or inter-state.
See also: Internet , Intranet, Network |
Internet
| Upper case I. The world-wide "network of networks" that are
inter-connected to one another, using the TCP/IP protocol and other similar
protocols. These networks were evolved from the ARPANet of the late 60's
and early 70's. The Internet provides file transfer, remote login, electronic
mail, news, and other services. It is a three level hierarchy composed
of backbone networks (e.g. ARPAnet, NSFNet, MILINET), mid-level networks,
and stub networks. These networks include commercial (host name ending
with .com or .co), university (host name containing .ac or .edu), other
research networks (host name containing .org, .net) and military (host
name containing .mil) networks and span many different physical networks
around the world with various protocols including the Internet Protocol.
See also: internet, Intranet, Network |
Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Explorer
| Microsoft's version of Web browser, one of the many rivals of Netscape
Navigator. It supports many of the Netscape HTML extensions, as well as
some innovative ones of its own (such as bgsound src, allowing a sound
file to automatically load when a Web page is accessed). URL: http://www.microsoft.com/ie
See also: Cello, Mosaic, Netscape Navigator |
Internet Information Center
Internet Message Access Protocol
Internet Protocol Number
InterNIC (Internet Information Center)
| The combined name for the providers of registration, information, and
database services to the Internet. URL: http://rs.internic.net/ |
Intranet
| A private network inside a company or organization that uses the same
kinds of software that one would find on the public Internet, but that
is only for internal use. An intranet is not an internet -- it is simply
a network.
See also: Internet, Network |
IP
| Standard numbering convention for computers attached to the Internet.
It is a best-effort delivery system that takes data and tries to get it
from one computer to another over a network. No promises are given that
the data will arrive error-free or even arrive at all.
See also: TCP/IP |
IP Number (Internet Protocol Number, Dotted Quad)
| A 32-bit (4 x 8 bit binary fields) address represented in dotted quad,
commonly known as an IP address. It consists of 4 decimal numbers separated
by dots, e.g. 165.113.245.2
See also: Hostname |
IP Packet
| The collection of the necessary information needed to move a chunk
of data from one computer to another using the IP protocol. This information
includes the data itself, the source computer's IP address, and the destination
computer's IP address. |
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange)
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
ISO (International Standards Organization)
| An international organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland,
concerned with the development of standards. Participation in ISO is through
national standards organizations such as ANSI (American National Standards
Institute). ISO standards are adopted by a vote of member national standards
bodies and are reviewed and updated through ongoing processes specified
by the ISO bylaws. URL: http://www.iso.ch/welcome.html
See also: NISO |
Java
| An object-oriented, high-level programming language, similar to C++,
developed by Sun Microsystems. Java was originally called OAK, and was
designed for handheld devices and set-top boxes. Oak was unsuccessful so
in 1995 Sun changed the name to Java and modified the language to take
advantage of the burgeoning World Wide Web. URL: http://java.sun.com/
A programming language designed for program execution on the client
side, i.e. in a browser. Java is a simple, robust, object-oriented, platform-independent
multi-threaded, dynamic general-purpose programming environment. It is
the best for creating applets and applications for the Internet, intranets
and any other complex, distributed network. URL: http://stars.com/WebRef/Java |
JavaScript
| A scripting language developed independently by Netscape to enable
Web authors to design interactive sites. It shares many of the features
and structures of the full Java language. |
JPEG (Joint Pictures Expert Group, JPG)
Jughead
| A tool used by researchers and librarians for searching the information
on Gopher sites for particular subjects. It can also be used to build a
searchable menu of a particular Gopher hierarchy of menus. Jughead is similar
to Veronica, another Gopher search facility. However, it is less sophisticated
and intended for searching a smaller Gopher area. URL: http://opim.wharton.u
penn.edu/~serdar93/internet/veronica.html
See also: Gopher, Veronica |
Kilobyte (KB, Kbyte)
| A measure of computer processor or hard disk storage. In decimal systems,
kilo stands for 1,000, but in binary systems, a kilo is 1,024 (2 to the
10th power). A kilobyte (KB or Kbyte) is approximately a thousand bytes
(actually, 2 to the 10th power, expressed in decimal as 1,024). For example,
a computer that has 256K main memory can store approximately 256,000 bytes
(or characters) in memory at one time.
See also: Bit, Byte, Gigabyte, Megabyte |
Kiosk
| The word is of Turkish (early Persian) origin referring to an
open-air pavilion or a portico. Currently, it can be a stall/booth
providing a computer-related service which is designed for people
walking by. It may require a simple user interface which can be used
without training or documentation and hardware must be capable of
operating unattended for a long period of time. On Web browser,
the screen can be effectively put in a "kiosk mode"--a
presentation looping through a series of pages with or without user
interaction and exploration. URL: http://www.rockmedia.com/kiosks.html
|
Knowbot
| An experimental directory service.
See also: White pages, WHOIS, X.500. |
LAN (Local Area Network)
| local network for inter-computer communication; especially a network
connecting computers and word processors and other electronic office equipment
to create an inter-office system, usually in the same building.
See also: Network, WAN |
Laser Optical Disc
Latest Entry Cataloging
| The practice of describing a serial from the most recent issue and
recording earlier changes of title in notes thus using one record for a
serial that has changed title. |
Legacy Documents
| Also referred to as legacy applications, typically they are DMBSs.
These applications and data are generally inherited from languages, platforms,
and techniques earlier than current technology. When converting an existing
body of documents into SGML, the study of legacy documents to determine
the logical components of the documents and their equivalent SGML representation
often begins with document analysis. A major pitfall in this process is
to base the DTDs exclusively on the legacy documents since these documents
usually strongly reflect the limitations of the tools used to create and
the enlightened mindset which comes from experience with SGML. URL: http://www.bann
an.com/Intranet-Doc-Mgt/Appendices/glossary.htm |
Libraries
| In Intranet, libraries are established code elements that can be linked
to programs to perform specific tasks as needed. |
Library Catalog
An organized list of information resources arranged in all or any number
of schemes (author, title, subject, accession, size, type, etc.). These
resources are readily-available to the intended clientele of the organized
list. Library catalogs have been issued in many formats over the years;
including card, book, microform, and online.
URL: http://www.lib
.ncsu.edu/staff/morgan/cataloging-digital-mediums.html |
Linux
| (Pronounced "li-nucks" with short i.) A free operating system, designed
to run on many platforms, including PCs, Macintoshes and Amigas. Developed
by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in Finland. |
Listproc
| A mailinglist processor owned and developed by BITNET which runs on
a UNIX server.
See also BITNET , Email , Listserv, Mailinglist, Majordomo,
Newsgroup |
Listserv
| The most common kind of mailinglists originated on BITNET but they
are now common on the Internet.
See also: BITNET , Email , Listproc, Mailinglist, Majordomo,
Newsgroup |
Local Access
| A method of obtaining an electronic resource by use of a physical carrier,
such as a disk/disc, cassette, or a cartridge, designed to be inserted
by the user into a peripheral attached to a computer-typically a microcomputer. |
Local Area Network
Looseleaf
| A mode of publication in which the material is published on separate,
usually perforated pages or booklets in special binders; the pages or booklets
can be easily inserted, removed, and substituted. This physical feature
allows a publisher to update the text through continuing editing, introducing
what is new, and removing what is superseded. |
Lynx
| The VT100-compatible text based WWW browser, a hypertext system that
merges the best features of gopher, telnet, ftp, and other internet services
into an easy-to-use narrative text presentation with "hot-buttons" branching
off into a web of different topics. |
Magnetic Disk
A round plate on which data can be encoded. It comes in three different
formats:
1. floppy disk : A typical 5¼-inch floppy disk can hold 360K
or 1.2MB (megabytes). Microfloppies (3½-inch floppies) normally
store 720K, 1.2MB or 1.44MB of data.
2. hard disk : Hard disks can store anywhere from 20MB to more than
3GB. Hard disks are also from 2 to 20 times faster than floppy disks.
3. removable cartridge : Removable cartridges are hard disks encased
in a metal or plastic cartridge, they can be removed just like a floppy
disk. Removable cartridges are very fast, often faster than fixed hard
disks. A typical cartridge has a capacity of about 80MB. |
Mailinglist (Mail list)
| A usually automated system that allows people to send e-mail to one
address, whereupon their message is copied and sent to all of the other
subscribers to the mail list. In this way, people who have many different
kinds of e-mail access can participate in discussions together.
See also: Listserv, Listproc, Majordomo, Newsgroup |
Mainframe
| Large monolithic computers that dominated the computing industry in
the recent past. These systems were accessed via dumb terminals and were
often warehouses of an organization's computing power. |
Majordomo
MARBI (Machine-Readable Bibliographic Information)
| An interdivisional committee of the ALA: ALCTS ; LITA (Library and
Information Technology Association; RUSA (Reference and User Services
Association) to encourage the creation of needed standards for the
representation in machine-readable form of bibliographic information,
review and evaluate proposed standards, etc. URL:
http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/marbi.html
|
MARC
| A meta-data standard for storing and exchanging bibliographic information
and related information in machine-readable form. MARC consists of two
kinds of fields, fixed and variable fields. A field is a marked area in
which the same kind of bibliographic information is consistently entered.
Fixed fields contain mnemonic labels identifying elements that contain
coded information describing the item and the record itself. Variable fields
are variable in length and number, each may have 1 to 1,879 characters.
Each variable contains three segments: a three-digit tag, up to two-digit
indicators and one or more subfields. Has various formats including books,
serials, computer files, maps, etc. URL: http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/marc.html
; http://www.oclc.org/oclc/bib/about.htm
See also: Dublin Core, EAD, GILS, TEI, UKMARC, USMARC, VRA Core
Categories |
MARC.pm
| A perl module designed to read, manipulate, output and convert bibliographic data in MARC format. Several projects have sprung up by applying MARC.pm, such as jake2marc, an open source project and an error checking tool for data migration. URL: http://marcpm.sourceforge.net/.
|
Markup
| In computerized document preparation, a method of adding information
to the text indicating the logical components of a document, or instructions
for layout of the text on the page or other information which can be interpreted
by some automatic system. |
MB (Megabyte)
| A measure of computer processor storage and real and virtual memory,
a megabyte (abbreviated MB) is 2 to the 20th power (approximately 1 million)
See also: Bit, Byte, GB, Kilobyte |
MCF (Meta Content Format)
MDIS (Meta Data Interchange Specification)
| The Meta-data Interchange Specification Initiative brings industry vendors
and users together to address a variety of problems and issues regarding
the exchange, sharing, and management of meta-data. A voluntary coalition
of interested parties with a common focus and shared goals, not a traditional
standards body or regulatory group...The most important goal of the MDIS
is to define an extensive mechanism that will allow vendors to exchange
common meta-data as well as carry along "proprietary" meta-data. URL: http://www.he.net/~metadata/standards/toc.html |
Megabyte
Megasearcher
Meta Content Format
Meta-data
| Data about data. The term refers to any data used to aid the identification,
description and location of networked electronic resources. Many different
meta-data formats exist, some quite simple in their description, others
quite complex and rich. URL: http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/ifla/II/metadata.htm |
Meta Data Interchange Specification (MDIS)
Metadata®
| The mark METADATA® was registered in 1986 in the United States of
America Patent and Trademark Office as U.S. Trademark Registration No
1,409,206 and is a valuable proprietary trade name and trademark
belonging to The Metadata Company. URL:
http://www.metadata.com/metadata.html
|
Metasearcher (Megasearcher)
MIDI (Musical Instrumental Digital Interface)
| A standard for controlling devices, such as synthesizers and sound
cards, that emit music. MIDI files are like digital sheet music--they
contain instructions for musical notes, tempo, and instrumentation--and
are widely used in game soundtracks and recording studios.
http://www.midiweb.com/index2.html |
Millennium bug
Mirror
| "To mirror" is to maintain an exact copy of something. The most common
use of the term on the Internet refers to "mirror sites" which are web
sites, or FTP sites. |
Mirror site
| Separate server, including both hardware and software, located in a
different location than the primary server. |
Modem
| Derived from MOdulator, DEModulator, referring to a device that connects
to a computer and to a phone line, that allows the computer to talk to
other computers through the phone system. |
Monograph (Monographic Entity)
| A nonserial item (i.e. an item either complete in one part or in multiple
parts); includes bibliographic entities that are irregularly revised in
infrequent/irregular editions. |
Mosaic
| The first widely-distributed graphical browser or viewer for the World
Wide Web. It is usually considered to have been the software that introduced
the World Wide Web and the Internet to a wide general audience in 1993.
URL: http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/WinMosaic/HomePage.html
See also: Cello, Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator |
MS-DOS
Multimedia Item
| An item containing two or more categories of material, no one of which
is identifiable as the predominant constituent of the item; also designated
as kit.
See also: Interactive Multimedia |
National Center for Supercomputing Applications
National Information Standards Organization
NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications)
| Located at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign, Illinois,
NCSA is the home of the first Web browser that had a graphical user interface.
URL: http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/ |
Netscape
| Short for Netscape Communications Corporation, founded by James H.
Clark and Marc Andreessen in 1994. It revolutionized the computer software
market by giving away for free its popular Navigator Web browser until
it had acquired an overwhelming market share for this category of software.
URL: http://www.netscape.com |
Netscape Navigator
| The most popular Web navigating browser developed by the Netscape Communications
Corporation.
See also: Cello, Internet Explorer, Mosaic |
Network
| A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are
many types of computer networks, including, LAN and WAN.
See also: LAN, WAN |
Newsgroup
NISO (National Information Standards Organization)
| NISO Standards cover many aspects of library science, publishing, and
information services, and address the application of both traditional and
new technologies to information services. URL: http://www.niso.org/
See also: ISO |
Novell
| Founded in 1983 and headquartered in Utah, it has become the world's
largest network company. Its Netware has been a corporate standard for
LANs. URL: http://www.novell.com/ |
Oak
OBDMS (Object-Oriented Database Management Systems)
| A system offering DBMS facilities in an object-oriented programming
environment. Data is stored as objects and can be interpreted only using
the methods specified by its class. The relationship between similar objects
is preserved (inheritance) as are references between objects. Queries can
be faster because joins are often not needed (as in a relational database).
This is because an object can be retrieved directly without a search, by
following its object id. OODBs (Object-oriented databases) typically provide
better support for versioning. An object can be viewed as the set of all
its versions. Also, object versions can be treated a full fledged objects.
OODBs also provide systematic support for triggers and constraints which
are the basis of active databases. Most, if not all, object-oriented application
programs that have database needs will benefit from using an OODB. URL:
http://wombat.
doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?object-oriented+database |
Object
| In object-oriented programming, a unique instance of a data structure
defined according to the template provided by its class. Each object has
its own value for the variables belonging to its class and can respond
to the messages (methods) defined by its class. URL:
http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldo
c/foldoc.cgi?objects |
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
Object-oriented database management systems (OBDMS)
Object-oriented programming
| Generally, objects are small reusable pieces of code that can be used
interchangeably in a variety of ways (a concept known as polymorphism),
and can take on properties of upper-level code elements (inheritance). |
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)
| Standard means for exchanging data between various database systems
regardless of their internal mechanisms. Database Connectivity (JDBC) would-be-standard
has been created to allow Java applications to interact with a variety
of data sources. |
OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)
Ongoing Publication
| Any bibliographic entity that is intended to be continued (for some
period of time) and which is characterized as being either a succession
of equal discrete parts, each with an associated title, or being a single
entity to which updates and/or additions are integrated into a seamless
whole, with one title associated at any given time with that whole entity.
Entities are differentiated by their differing forms of issuance: successive
discrete parts (serials, series, and newsletters of an event); and integrating
parts (loose-leafs; databases; web sites). Along with Finite publication
makes up the bibliographic universe. URL: http://lcweb.loc.gov/acq/conser/modelc.gif
See also: Finite publication |
Online Serial
| See: Remote Access Computer File Serial |
Online Service/System
| A business or system that supports system based user interaction with
a wide variety of data transmitted over telecommunications lines, such as
America Online, LEXIS/NEXIS, online library system or network information
center.
|
OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog)
| An automated catalog system; a library catalog stored in machine-readable
form and accessed online by the user via a computer terminal, employing
user-friendly software. |
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
Optical Disc
Optical-fiber
| a hair-thin fiber made of glass that functions as a waveguide for light;
used in bundles to transmit images. URL: http://fiberoptic.com/ |
Packets
Parent-Child
| A relationship between two elements such that the element known as
the child is contained by the parent. |
Parser
| A program, usually part of a compiler that analyzes a statement in
a natural or artificial language and resolves it into a form that can be
understood by the computer. |
PCDATA
PERL (Practical Extraction and Reporting Language)
Persistent Uniform Resource Locator
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
| A publicly available program developed by Phil Zimmerman that encrypts
data via an electronic key. This freeware is so good the government attempted
to ban its use. |
PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection)
| An infrastructure for associating labels (meta-data) with Internet content,
originally designed to help parents and teachers control what children
access on the Internet, but also facilitates other uses for labels, including
code signing and privacy. URL: http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue9/pics/ |
PKI (Public Key Infrastructure)
Plug-in
| A (usually small) piece of software that adds features to a larger
piece of software. Common examples are plug-ins for the Netscape® browser
and web server. That is a small piece of software loaded into memory by
the larger program, adding a new feature, so that users need only to install
the few plug-ins that they need, out of a much larger pool of possibilities.
URL: http://pclt.cis.yale.edu/pclt/WEBAPP/plugin.htm |
Point-to-Point-Protocol
POP
POPmail
| A program used to remotely read e-mail across a network, often used
in conjunction with SLIP. Uses the POP protocol.
See also: IMAP and QWK |
Port number
| A number that helps a computer selectively refine its search for another
machine on the Internet to the right service after if finds the right computer
using the IP address. |
Portal
| Serves as starting points to other destinations or activities on the Web, attempting to provide all of ones Internet needs in one location. |
Post Office Protocol
Posting
| A single message entered into a network communications system such
as on BBS, newsgroup or listserv.
See also: Listproc, Listserv, Mailinglist, Newsgroup |
PPP (Point-to-Point-Protocol)
Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (PERL)
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
Process-Oriented Real-Time Algorithmic Language
Protocol
| Any standard for the exchange of information, a protocol defines the
specific wording and control flow for communications between two or more
programs, devices, or systems. Contains sets of rules (communications convention
or standard) that enable everyone to understand how something is supposed
to work. Protocols exist everywhere in the world as standards of technology. |
Prospero
| A tool for organizing Internet resources, available since December
1990. Allows each user to organize the contents of remote file servers
into his own virtual file system. The protocol is used for communication
between clients and servers in the archie system.
See also: Archie, Gopher, WAIS |
Proxy Server
| A server that sits between a client application, such as a Web browser,
and a real server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see
if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request
to the real server. URL: http://www.cedpa-k12.org/databus-issues/v36n1/proxy.html |
PURL (Persistent URL)
| Functionally, a PURL is a uniform resource locator (URL). However,
instead of pointing directly to the location of an Internet resource, a
PURL points to an intermediate resolution service. The PURL Resolution
Service associates the PURL with the actual URL and returns that URL to
the client. The client can then complete the URL transaction in the normal
fashion. URL: http://purl.oclc.org |
Public Key Infrastructure
QWK
RAM (Random Access Memory)
| The place in a computer where the operating system, application
programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can
be quickly reached by the computer's processor. URL: http://whatis.com/ramguide.htm
|
RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
| Databases that link tables via associated fields. Object-relational
DBMSs take this concept one step further, allowing for inherited elements
and more flexible data relations.
A database based on the relational model developed by E.F. Codd. A relational
database allows the definition of data structures, storage and retrieval
operations, and integrity constraints. In such a database, the data and
relations between them are organized in tables. A table is a collection
of records and each record in a table contains the same fields. Certain
fields may be designated as keys, which means that searches for specific
values of that field will use indexing to speed them up. Records in different
tables may be linked if they have the same value in one particular field
in each table.
URL: http://wombat.doc.ic
.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?relational+database |
RDF (Resource Description Framework)
RealPlayer
| A free plug-in application which plays live and on-demand RealAudio
and RealVideo software, developed by the RealNetworks, based in Seattle.
It is designed to enable users of personal computers and other digital
devices to send and receive real-time media using today's infrastructure.
URL: http://www.real.com/products/player/index.html |
Relational Database Management System
Remote Access
| A method of using an electronic resource when there is no physical
carrier to be handled by the user. The resources are stored on large storage
devices maintained mechanically or by a computer technically, including
hard disks on microcomputers. |
Remote Access Computer File
| The use of computer files via input/output devices connected electronically
to a computer. |
Remote Access Computer File Serial
| Also known as electronic serial, online serial, or remote access serial,
refers to a work issued in designated parts for an indefinite period of
time, in computer file format, and accessed via input/output devices connected
electronically to a computer.
See also: Electronic Journal |
Resource Description Framework
Robot
Router
| A device or, in some cases, software in a computer, connected to two
or more independent networks that determines the next network point to
which an IP packet should be forwarded toward its final destination. The
router is connected to at least two networks and decides which way to send
each information packet based on its current understanding of the state
of the networks it is connected to. URL: http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~jphb
/comms/iproute.html
See also: Gateway |
SAS (Statistical Analysis System)
| SAS Institute was founded in 1976, offering statistical applications,
solutions for data warehousing, data mining, data visualization, applications
development. URL: http://www.sas.com/ |
Serial
| A publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numeric
or chronological designation and intended to be continued indefinitely.
Serials include periodicals; newspapers; annuals; (reports, yearbooks,
etc.); the journals, memoirs, proceedings, transactions, etc., of societies;
and numbered monographic series. |
Serial Line Internet Protocol
Series
| A group of separate items related to one another by the fact that each
item bears, in addition to its own title proper, a collective title applying
to the group as a whole. The separate item may or may not be numbered. |
Server
| A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of
service to client software running on other computers. The term can refer
to a particular piece of software, such as a WWW server, MAIL server or
to the machine on which the software is running. A single server machine
could have several different server software packages running on it, thus
providing many different servers to clients on the network.
See also: Client , Network |
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
| A generic markup language for representing documents. SGML is an international
standard that describes the relationship between a document's content and
its structure. SGML allows document-based information to be shared and
re-used across applications and computer platforms in an open, vendor-neutral
format. SGML is sometimes compared to SQL, in that it enables companies
to structure information in documents in an open fashion, so that it can
be accessed or re-used by any SGML-aware application across multiple platforms.
In Intranet it is common to see a very general purpose SGML language
used as the information repository source format. The general purpose SGML
language may be readily translated to HTML for output to an HTML browser,
transformed for other applications, or used as is by SGML-capable software.
URL: http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/sgm
l-xml.html
; http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/SGML/
See also: SQL, XML |
SGML Browser
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)
SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)
| A W3C recommendation for the stylistic layout of multimedia presentation
on the Web. It defines the mechanism that authors can use to compose a
multimedia presentation, combining audio, video, text, graphics and then
precisely synchronize where on the screen and when these media are presented
to the viewer. URL: http://www.w3c.org/AudioVideo/ |
SMTP
| A protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers, generally used
to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. It is necessary to
specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when configure
an e-mail application. URL: http://ganges.cs.tcd.ie/4ba2/x400/smtp.ht
ml
See also: POP, IMAP |
Spider
SQL (Structured Query Language)
| Standard data dialect used in most RDBMS and ORDBMS systems, it allows
developer to create, add, modify, and delete data from a certain source
or sources under certain conditions in a certain order.
See also: RDBMS, ORDBMS |
Standard Generalized Markup Language
Statistical Analysis System
Structured Query Language
Successive Entry Cataloging
| A new record is created each time the title of a serial changes or
the corporate body used as main entry for the serial changes, and the description
is based on the earliest issue of the serial. Each successive entry record
contains information relevant only to the span of issues covered by that
record. |
Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
Tag (e.g. Title Tag)
| A command inserted in a document that specifies how the document, or
a portion of the document, should be formatted, commonly used in SGML and
HTML documents. |
Tagged Image File Format
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
| A protocol that allows computers to have error-free bidirectional communication
together over a network. Utilizes IP for routing and delivery with sequencing,
error detection, recovery, demultiplexing of services, and guaranteed delivery
added to allow error-free communication. |
TCP/IP
TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
| The TEI initiative uses the Standard Generalized Mark-up Language (SGML)
convention of enclosing tagged data within a pair of angle-bracketed designators,
such as <title> </title>, with the closing designator preceded by
a slash. URL: http://www.uic.edu:80/orgs/tei/ |
Telnet
Terminal
| An input-output device consisting of a keyboard and a monitor or screen,
which is used to send or receive information or instructions. |
Text Encoding Initiative
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
| One of the most widely supported file formats for storing bit-mapped
images on personal computers (both PCs and Macintosh computers). File extension
often ends ***.tif. URL: http://dv.go.dlr.de/pdinfo_dv/tiff.html
See also: BMP, GIF, JPEG |
Title Screen
| In the case of a computer file, a display of data that includes the
title proper and usually, though not necessarily, the statement of responsibility
and the data relating to publication. |
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Trust Hierarchy
UKMARC
| A MARC standard developed, managed and promoted by the British Library
and applied by the Library in its bibliographic products and services and
by many UK libraries in their bibliographic processing operations. URL:
http://portico.bl.uk/services/bsds/nbs/marc
/
See also: MARC, USMARC |
Uniform Resource Locator
Uniform Resource Name
United States Machine Readable Cataloging
UNIX
| A multi-user, multitasking, general purpose, case-sensitive operating
system developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, designed to be a small,
flexible system used exclusively by programmers. UNIX (with built-in TCP/IP)
has become the leading operating system for workstations and the most common
operating system for servers on the Internet. |
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
| A draft standard for specifying an object on the Internet, such as
a file or newsgroup. URLs are used as the basis of linking to other files
and documents around the Internet. Developed by IETF, was heavily used
by NCSA's MOSAIC as a precision finding tool in mid-1994. URL: http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/demow
eb/url-primer.html |
URL-Minder
| Retrieves World-Wide-Web resources from time to time and checks to
see if they have changed from the last time they were retrieved. It sends
you e-mail when the Web pages you have registered change.
See also: Agent, Robot, Spider, WebCrawler |
URN (Uniform Resource Name)
| Developed as an adjunct to URL, and is assigned to specify the identity
of a resource, rather than its location. ISBNs are an example of specifying
identity. URL: http://www.acl.lanl.gov/URN/ |
USENET
| An Internet service, a set of machine with global bulletin boards,
discussion groups, with comments passed among hundreds of thousands of
machines. Not all USENET machines are on the Internet. USENET is completely
decentralized, with over 10,000 discussion areas, called newsgroups. URL:
http://sunsite.nus.sg/pub/zen/zen-1.0_6.html
See also: Listproc, Listserv, Mailinglist, Newsgroup |
USMARC (United States Machine Readable Cataloging)
Veronica
Version
| Most often version in the electronic environment means edition as opposed
to print format. (The word "edition" rarely appears for electronic materials.)
Version can also mean language variation (such as English or German) or
variations between formats (such as print and electronic journals). |
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
| A graphics display system for PCs developed by IBM as successor to
EGA. VGA, which uses an analog signal, has become one of the de facto standards
for PCs. Standard EGA comprises 640 x 400 pixels. SVGA (SuperVGAs) are
becoming standard.
See also: EGA |
Visual Resources Association
Virtual Reality Modeling Language
VRA (Visual Resources Association)
| A non-profit organization established to further research and education
in the field of visual resources and to promote a spirit of cooperation
among the members of the profession. URL: http://www.vra.oberlin.edu/ |
VRA Core Categories
| Standards which are intended as a guideline for describing visual documents
depicting works of art, architecture, and artifacts or structures from
material, popular, and folk culture. URL: http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/dsc.html |
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language)
| A specification, containing file name extension, *.wrl, for displaying
3-dimensional objects on the World Wide Web. A VRML viewer or plug-in is
required to view files with *.wrl on the Web. URL: http://www.sdsc.edu/vrml/ |
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
| An international industry consortium founded in 1994 to lead the World
Wide Web to its full potential, jointly hosted by the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science [MIT/LCS] in the United States;
the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique [INRIA]
in Europe; and the Keio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus in Japan. |
WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers)
| A distributed information service which offers simple natural language
input, indexed searching for fast retrieval, and a "relevance feedback"
mechanism which allows the results of initial searches to influence future
searches. Public domain implementations are available.
See also: Archie, Gopher, Prospero |
WAN (Wide Area Network)
| A network, usually constructed with serial lines, which covers a large
geographic area. The computers are generally connected by telephone lines
or radio waves.
See also: LAN, Network. |
Web
Web Farming (WF)
| The systematic discovery and acquisition of business-relevant Web content
as input to the data warehouse. It has three goals: (1) to discover and
acquire Web content that is highly relevant to the business; (2) to structure
that data so that it becomes an integral part of the existing data warehouse;
(3) to accomplish this in a systematic manner that evolves into a production
system. |
Web Mailer
Web Page
| One hypertext document page in a World Wide Web site. Web pages, including
subset "home pages", refer to the huge collection of documents that make
up the World Wide Web.
See also: Home Page |
Web Site
| A location, identified in the form of a URL, on the WWW that stores
Web pages for access and use; often consists of a collecting device for
publications, information, multimedia, and links to other sites. |
WebCrawler
WebMail (Web Mailer)
| Web based free e-mail system, such as Hotmail, RocketMail, MailExcite,
etc. It is based on the premise that e-mail access should be easy and possible
from any computer connected to the Web. By adhering to the universal HTTP
standard WebMail eliminates all the disparities that exist in different
e-mail systems today. Sending and receiving e-mail using Hotmail is as
easy as browsing to the WebMail's Web site, logging on and sending an e-mail
message. URL: http://www.hotmail.com/
; http://www.rocketmail.com |
WF
|
