B. GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURAL ECOLOGY

Agazziz, L.

1875 Hydrographic Sketch of Lake Titicaca. Proceedings of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, 11: 283-292. New York.

Alberts, H.

1946 Quinoa -- Ancient Food Crop in South America. Agric. Am., 7: 150-52.

Andrews, D.

1975 On the Ethnozoology of the Guinea Pig. Ñawpa Pacha, 10/12: 129-34.

Antúnez de Mayolo, S. E.

1981 La Nutrición en el Antiguo Perú. Lima: Banco Central de la Reserva del Perú.

Arnold, D.

1993 Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Community. Cambridge University Press.

Baker, P.

1969 Human Adaptation to High Altitude. Science, 163: 1149-56.

Baker, P., and M. Little (eds.)

1976 Man in the Andes. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross.

Balslev, H., and J. Luteyn (eds.)

1992 Páramo: An Andean Ecosystem under Human Influence. Academic Press, New York.

Bandelier, A.

1905 The Basin of Lake Titicaca. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 37: 449-60.

Barette, C.

1972 Aspects de l'Ethno-Ecologie d'un Village Andin. Revue, Canadienne de Sociologie et Anthropologie, 9: 3: 255-267. Quebec.

Bastien, J.

1978a Marriage and Exchange in the Andes: How Weddings Symbolize Exchange between Communities who live on Different Levels of Kaata, a Mountain in the Bolivian Andes. Actes du XLII Congres Int. des Americanistes, 4: 149-164. Paris.

1978b Mountain of the Condor: Metaphor and Ritual in an Andean Ayllu. St. Paul: West Pub. Co.

1985 Qollahuaya-Andean Body Concepts: A Topographical-Hydraulic Model of Physiology. American Anthropologist, 87: 3: 595-611.

Bolton, R.

1979a Guinea Pigs, Protein, and Ritual. Ethnology, 18: 3: 229-52.

1979b On Coca Chewing and High Altitude Stress. Current Anthropology, 20: 2: 418-20.

Boom, B.

1987 Ethnobotany of the Chacobo Indians, Beni, Bolivia. Advances in Economic Botany 4:357-372.

Bowman, I.

1916 The Andes of Southern Peru. New York: American Geographic Society.

Bray, W., and C. Dollery

1983 Coca Chewing and High-Altitude Stress: A Spurious Correlation. Current Anthropology, 24: 269-82.

Brush, S.

1976 Man's Use of an Andean Ecosystem. Human Ecology, 4: 2: 147-66.

1977a Mountain, Field, and Family. Philadelphia: Univ. of Penna. Press.

1977b Farming on the Edge of the Andes. Natural History, 86: 32-41.

1980 The Environment and Native Andean Agriculture. América Indigena, 40: 1: 161-172.

Brush, S., and D. Guillet

1985 Small-Scale Agro-Pastoralism in the Central Andes. Mountain Research and Development, 5:1: 19-30.

Brush, S., et al.

1981 The Dynamics of Andean Potato Agriculture. Economic Botany, 35: 1: 70-88.

Budowski, G.

1968 La Influencia Humana en la Vegetación Natural de Montañas Tropicales Americanas. In C.

Troll, ed., Geo-Ecology of the Mountainous Regions of the Tropical Americas, pp. 157-62. Bonn: Ferd. Dummlers Verlag.

Cabrera, A.

1968 Ecología Vegetal de la Puna. In C. Troll, ed., Geo-Ecology of the Mountainous Regions of the Tropical Americas_, pp. 91-116. Bonn: Ferd. Dummlers Verlag.

Camino, A.

1977 Trueque, Correrias e Intercambios entre los Quechuas Andinos y los Piro y Machiguenga de la Montaña Peruana. Amazonia Peruana, 2: 123-42. Lima.

1980 Tiempo y Espacio en la Estrategía de Subsistencia Andina: Un Caso en las Vertientes Orientales Sud-Peruanas. Senri Ethnological Studies No. 10: El Hombre y su Ambiente en los Andes Centrales, pp. 11-38. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology.

1982 Tiempo y Espacio en la Estrategia de Subsistencia Andina: Un Caso en las Vertientes Orientales Sud-Peruanos. In L. Millones and H. Tomoeda, eds., El Hombre y su Ambiente en los Andes Centrales. Senri Ethnological Studies No. 10, Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan.

Camino, A., et al.

1981 Flexibilidad Calendarica en la Agricultura Tradicional de las Vertientes Orientales de los Andes. In H. Lechtman and A. Soldi, eds., La Tecnología en el Mundo Andino, pp. 169-94. Mexico City: UNAM.

Camino, A., and T. Johns

1988 Laki-Laki (Dennstaedtia glauca, Polypodiaceae): A Green Manure used in Traditional Andean Agriculture. Economic Botany, 42: 45-53.

Cardich, A.

1975 Agricultores y Pastores en Laurichocha y Limites Superiores del Cultivo. Revista del Museo Nacional, 41: 11-36.

1985 The Fluctuating Upper Limits of Cultivation in the Central Andes and their Impact on Peruvian Prehistory. Advances in World Archaeology, 4: 293-333.

Carmouze, J., and E. Aguize-Jaen

1981 La Regulation Hidrique du Lac Titicaca et l'Hidrique de ses Tributaires. Revue d'Hyrdobiologie Tropicale, 14: 311-28. Paris.

Carney, H.

1980 Diversity, Distribution, and Peasant Selection of Indigenous Potato Varieties in the Mantaro Valley, Peru. Lima: International Potato Center.

Chepstow-Lusty, A., K. Bennett, and V. Switzur

1996 4000 Years of Human Impact and Vegetation Change in the Central Peruvian Andes. Antiquity 70:824-833.

Collin-Delavaud, C.

1965 Les Comunautes de Petits Cultivateurs Indigenes sur la Cote Nord de Perou. Journal de la Socíeté des Americanistes, 54: 2: 239-46. Paris.

1984 Las Regiones Costeñas del Perú Septentrional. Lima: Pont. Univ. Catolica del Perú, Centro de Investigaciones y Promoción del Campesinado.

Colinvaux, P., K. Olsen, and K. Liu

1988 Late Glacial and Holocene Polen Diagrams from Two Endorheic Lakes of the Inter-Andean Plateau of Ecuador. Revista Palaeobot. Palnnol. 55:83-99.

Concha, J.

1975 Relación entre Pastores y Agricultores. Allpanchis, 8: 67-102. Cuzco.

Condarco, M.

1978 Reflexiones acerca del Eco-Sistema Vertical Andino. Avances, 1: 65-74. Lima.

Cook, O.

1916 Agriculture and Native Vegetation in Peru. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 6:284-93.

1920 Foot-Plow Agriculture in Peru. Annual Report, 1918, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 487-91. Washington, D.C.

Costa, J.

1978 Paleo-Climatology, Oceanography, El Niño, and Climate-Related Resources of the Arid Zones of Peru and N. Chile. In Exploring the World's Driest Climate, pp. 156-62. Institute for Environmental Studies, Report No. 101, Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin,Madison.

Cowles, T., et al.

1977 Biological Consequences of the 1975 El Niño. Science, 195: 285-87.

Cromie, W.

1980 When Comes El Niño. Science, 80: 3: 36-43.

Custred, G.

1974 Llameros y Comercio Interregional. In G. Alberti and E. Mayer, eds., Reciprocidad e Intercambio en los Andes Peruanos, pp. 252-89. Lima: Insto. de Estudios Peruanos.

1979 Symbols and Control in a High Altitude Andean Community. Anthropos, 74: 379-392.

1980 The Place of Ritual in Andean Rural Society. In B. Orlove and G. Custred, eds., Land and Power in Latin America, pp. 195-209. New York: Holmes and Meier.

Dedenbach-Salazar, S.

1990 Inka Pachaq Llamanpa Willaynin: Uso y Crianza de los Camelidos en la Epoca Incaica. BAS 16. Bonn: Bonnier Amerikanistiche Studien.

de la Torre, C., and M. Burga (eds.)

1986 Andenes y Camellones en el Perú Andino: Historia Presente y Futuro. Lima: Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología.

deSilva, S., and P. W. Francis

1991 Volcanoes of the Central Andes. New York: Spriger-Verlag.

Dodds, K.

1965 The History and Relationships of Cultivated Potatoes. In J. Hutchinson, ed., Essays on Crop Plan Evolution, pp. 123-141. London: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Dollfus, O.

1965 Effets des Fluctuations et des Accidents Climatiques sur l'Ecologie Humaine du Pérou. Journal de la Socíeté des Americanistes, 54: 2: 227-38.

1981 El Reto del Espacio Andino. Lima: Inst. de Estudios Peruanos.

1982 Development of Land-Use Patterns in the Central Andes. Mountain Research and Development, 2: 1: 39-48.

Drewes, W., and A. Drewes

1957 Climate and Related Phenomena of the Eastern Andean Slopes of Central Peru. Syracuse: University Research Institute.

Duviols, P.

1973 Huari y Llacuaz: Agricultores y Pastores, un Dualismo Prehispánico de Oposición y Complementaridad. Revista del Museo Nacional, 34: 153-191. Lima.

Dyer, D.

1962 Population of the Quechua Region of Peru. Geographical Journal, 52: 337-45.
Elkin, D., C. Madero, G. Mengoni, D. Olivera, M. Reigadas, and H. Yacobaccio

1994 Zooarqueología de Camelidos, Pt. 1: Perspectivas Teóricas y Metodológicos. Grupo de Zooarqueologia de Camelidos, Sección Arqueología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires.

Ellenberg, H.

1979 Man's Influence on Tropical Mountain Ecosystems in South America. Journal of Ecology, 67:401-16.

Ferdon, E.

1950 Studies in Ecuadorian Geography. Monographs of the School of American Research, No. 15. Santa Fe.

1981 Holocene Mangrove Formations on the Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador: Pluvial Indicators of Ecological Response to Physiographic Changes. American Antiquity, 46: 619-26.

Ferroni, M.

1982 Food Habits and the Apparent Nature and Extent of Dietary Nutritional Deficiencies in the Peruvian Andes. Archivos Latinoamericansos de Nutrición, 32: 850-866.

Fiedler, R.

1944 The Peruvian Fisheries. Geographical Review, 34: 97-119.

Fittkau, E., et al.

1975 Productivity, Biomass, and Population Dynamics in Amazonian Water Bodies. In F. Golley and E. Medina, eds., Tropical Ecological Systems, pp. 289-311. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Flannery, K., J. Marcus, and R. Reynolds

1989 The Flocks of the Wamani: A Study of Llama Herders on the Punas of Ayacucho, Peru. New York: Academic Press.

Flores Ochoa, J.

1973 El Reino Lupaqa y el Actual Control Vertical de la Ecología. História y Cultura, 6: 195-202. Lima.

1975 Sociedad y Cultura de Pastores en la Puna Alta de los Andes. América Indigena, 33: 2: 297-319. Mexico City.

1976 Enga, Enqaychu, Illa y Khuya Rumi: Aspectos Magico-Religiosos entre Pastores. Journal of Latin American Lore, 2: 1: 115-34. Also published in Journal de la Socíeté des Americanistes,63: 245-62. Paris.

1977 Pastores de Puna. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

1978 Pastoralists of the Andes: The Alpaca Herders of Paratía. Philadelphia: ISHI Publications.

1981 Clasificación y Nominación de Camelidos Sudamericanos. In H. Lechtman and A. Soldi, eds., La Tecnología en el Mundo Andino, pp. 195-216. Mexico City.

1982 Causas que Originaron la Actual Distribución Espacial de las Alpacas y Llamas. In L. Millones y H. Tomoeda, eds., El Hombre y su Ambiente en ls Andes Centrales, pp. 63-92. Senri Ethnological Studies No. 10, Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan.

1984 El Cultivo de Qocha en la Puna Sur Andina. In S. Masuda, ed., Contribuciones a los Estudios de los Andes Centrales, pp. 59-100. University of Tokyo.

1985 Interaction and Complementarity in Three Zones of Cusco. In S. Masuda, et al., eds., Andean Ecology and Civilization, pp. 251-76. Univ. of Tokyo Press.

1986 The Classification and Naming of South American Camelids. In J. Murra, et al., eds.,Anthropological History of Andean Politics, pp. 137-48. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Flores Ochoa, J. (ed.)

1988 Llamichos y Paqocheros -- Pastores de LLamas y Alpacas. Cuzco: Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología.

Flores O., J., and P. Paz

1983 La Agricultura en Lagunas del Altiplano. Ñawpa Pacha 21:127-152.

1984 El Cultivo en Qocha en la Puna Sur Andina. In S. Masuda, ed., Contribuciones a los Estudios de los Andes Centrales, pp. 59-100. University of Tokyo, Japan.

Fock, N.

1981 Ecology and Mind in an Andean Irrigation Culture. Folk, 23: 311-330.

Fonseca, C.

1972 La Economia "Vertical" y la Economia de Mercado en las Comunidades Alten`~as del Perú. In J. Murra, ed., Visita de la Provincia de Leon de Huanuco en 1562, Inigo Ortiz de Zuniga,Visitador, pp. 315-38. Huanuco, Peru: Univ. Nac. Hermillio Valdizan.

1973 Sistemas Económicas Andinas. Lima: Biblioteca Andina.

1976 Organización Dual del Sistema en las Comunidades de Chaupiwaranga, Perú. Actas del XLI Cong. Int. de Americanistas, 3: 545-52. Mexico City.

1983 El Control Comunal del Agua en la Cuenca del Rio Cañete. Allpanchis, 22: 19: 61-73. Cuzco.

Fonseca, C., and E. Mayer

1978 Sistemas Agrarios y Ecología en la Cuenca del Río Cañete. Debates en Antropología, 2: 25-51. Depto. de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Católica del Perú. Lima.

1988 Comunidad y Producción en la Agricultura Andina. Lima: FOMCIENCIAS.

Fowler, M.

1989 Medicine and Surgery of South American Cameloids. Iowa State University, Ames.

Franco, E., et al.

1979 Producción y Utilización de la Papa en el Valle del Mantaro, Perú. Lima: Centro Internacional de la Papa.

Franklin, W.

1982 Biology, Ecology, and Relationship to Man of the South American Camelids. In Mammalian Biology in South America, edited by M. Mares and H. Genoway, pp. 457-489. University of Pittsburgh Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, Special Publication VI, No. 6. Pittsburgh.

1983 Contrasting Socioecologies of South America's Wild Camelids: the Vicuña and the Guanaco. In Advances in the Study of Mammalian Behavior, edited by J. Eisenberg and D. Dleinman, pp. 573-629. Special Publication, American Society of Mammalogists, No. 7.

Frisancho, A. R.

1975 Functional Adaptation to High Altitude Hypoxia. Science, 187: 313-19.

Fuchs, A.

1978 Coca Chewing and High Altitude Stress. Current Anthropology, 19: 2: 277-91.

Fujii, T., and H. Tomoeda

1981 Chacra, Laime y Auquenidos -- Explotación Ambiental de una Comunidad Andina. In S. Masuda, ed., Estudios Etnográficos del Perú Meridional, pp. 33-63. University of Tokyo, Japan.

Gade, D.

1967 The Guinea Pig in Andean Folk Culture. Geographical Review, 57: 2: 213-24.

1969a Vanishing Crops of Traditional Agriculture: The Case of Tarwi (Lupinus Mutabilia) in the Andes. Proc. of the Assoc. of Am. Geog., 1: 47-51.

1969b The Llama, Alpaca, and Vicuña: Fact vs. Fiction. Journal of Geography, 68: 339-43.

1970 Ethnobotany of Cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule), Rustic Seed Crop of the Altiplano. Economic Botany, 24: 55-61.

1975 Man and Land in the Vilcanota Valley of Peru. The Hague: W. Junk.

1992 Landscape, System, and Identity in the Post- Conquest Andes. Annals of the Assoc. of American Geographers, 82: 460-477.

Gade, D., and M. Escobar

1982 Village Settlement and the Colonial Legacy in S. Peru. Geographical Review, 72: 4: 430-449.

Gilmore, R.

1950 Fauna and Ethnozoology of South America. In Handbook of South American Indians, edited by J. Steward, Vol. 6, pp. 345-464. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Godoy, R.

1986 Sistemas Agricolas Sectoriales en los Andes. Una Visión General. América Indígena, 46: 2:363-78.

Goland, C.

1992 Field Scattering as Agricultural Risk Management: a Case Study from Cuyo Cuyo, Dept. of Puno, Peru. Mountain Research and Development, : 317-338.

Golte, J.

1980 La Racionalidad de la Organización Andina. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

1981 Cultura y Naturaleza Andina. Allpanchis, 17-18: 119-132. Cuzco.

Gordon, B.

1957 Human Geography and Ecology in the Sinú Country of Colombia. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

Gow, D.

1978 Verticality and Andean Cosmology: Quadripartition, Opposition, and Mediation. Actas del XLII Congreso International des Americanistes, 4: 199-211. Paris.

Grace, B.

1983 The Climate of the Altiplano, Depto. of Puno. Canadian International Development Agency.

Grobman, A., et al.

1961 Races of Maize in Peru: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classification. National Research Council Pub. No. 915. Washington, D.C.

Grootes, P., M. Stuiver, L. Thompson, and E. Moseley-Thompson

1989 Oxygen Isotope Changes in Tropical Ice, Quelccaya, Peru. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94: 1187-1194.

Guillet, D.

1981 Land Tenure, Ecological Zone, and Agricultural Regime in the Central Andes. American Ethnologist, 8: 1: 139-56.

1983 Towards a Cultural Ecology of Mountains: The Central Andes and the Himalayas Compared. Current Anthropology, 24: 5: 561-74.

1984 Agro-Pastoral Land Use and the Tradegy of the Commons in the Central Andes. In P. Bender, ed., Contemporary Cultural Adaptations to Highland Environments, pp. . Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press.

1986 Paleotecnologias hidraulicas en el Altiplano Peruano y su Potencial Económico. América Indígena, 46: 2: 331-48.

1987a Terracing and Irrigation in the Peruvian Highlands. Current Anthropology, 28: 4: 409-30.

1987b On the Potential for Intensification of Agropastoralism in the Arid Zones of the Central Andes. In D. Browman, ed.,Arid Land Use Strategies and Risk Management in the Andes , pp. 81-98. Boulder: Westview Press.

Hanna, J.

1974 Coca Leaf Use in Southern Peru: Some Biological Aspects. American Anthropologist, 76: 2:281-96.

Hansen, B., et al.

1984 Pollen Studies in the Junin Area, Central Peruvian Andes. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 95: 1454-65.

Harris, O.

1978 Kinship and the Vertical Economy of the Laymi Ayllu, Norte de Potosi [Bolivia]. Actes du XLII Congreso International des Americanistes, 4: 164-177. Paris.

1980 The Power of Signs: Gender, Culture, and the Wild in the Bolivian Andes. In C. MacCormack and M. Strathern, eds., Nature, Culture, and Gender, pp. . Cambridge Univ. Press.

1982 Labour and Produce in an Ethnic Community, N. Potosi, Bolivia. In D. Lehman, ed., Ecology and Exchange in the Andes, pp. 70-96. Cambridge University Press.

1985 Ecological Duality and the Role of the Center: Northern Potosi. In S. Masuda, I. Shimada, and C. Morris, eds., Andean Ecology and Civilization, pp. 311-355. University of Tokyo Press.

1986 From Assymmetry to Triangle: Symbolic Transformations in Northern Potosí [Bolivia]. In J. Murra, N. Wachtel, and J. Revel (eds.), Anthropological History of Andean Polities, pp. 260-279. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hatch, J.

1976 The Corn Farmers of Motupe: A Study of Traditional Farming Practices in Northern Coastal Peru. Land Tenure Center Monograph No. 1, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison.

Hodgson, R. W.

1951 Three Native Tuber Foods of the High Andes. Economic Botany, 5: 185-201.

Horn, D.

1984 Marsh Resource Utilization and the Ethnoarchaeology of the Uru-Muratos of Highland Bolivia. PhD dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.

Inamura, T.

1981 Adaptación Ambiental de los Pastores Altoandinos en el Sur del Perú. In S. Masuda, ed.,Estudios Etnográficos del Perú Meridional, pp. 65-83. Univ. of Tokyo, Japan.

1986 Relaciones estructurales entre pastores y agricultores du un distrito alto-andino en el sur del Perú. In S. Masuda, ed., Etnografía e História del Mundo Andino: Continuidad y Cambio, pp. 141-190. University of Tokyo, Japan.

Jackson, M., et al.

1980 An Ethnobotanical Field Study of Primitive Potato Varieties in Peru. Euphtica, 29: 107-113.

Jamtgaard, K. A.

1984 Limits on Common Pasture Use on an Agro-Pastoral Community: the Case of Toqra, Peru. Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Group No. 42. Dept. of Rural Sociology,University of Missouri, Columbia.

Johns, T.

1981 The Añu and the Maca. Journal of Ethnobiology, 1: 2: 208-12.

Johnson, A.

1976 The Climate of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. In W. Schwerdtferger, ed., World Survey of Climatology, vol. 12, pp. 147-88. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Kelley, K.

1965 Land Use Regions in the Central and Northern Portions of the Inca Empire. Annals of the Assoc. of American Geographers, 55: 4: 327-28.

Kent, J.

1982 The Domestication and Exploitation of the South American Camelids. PhD dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

Knapp, G.

1984 Soil, Slope, and Water in the Equatorial Andes: A Study of Prehistoric Agricultural Adaptation. PhD dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin.

Koford, C.

1957 The Vicuña and the Puna. Ecological Monographs, 27: 2: 153-219.

Kuznar, L.

1991 Herd Composition in an Aymara Community of the Peruvian Altiplano. Human Ecology, 19:369-387.

1994 Awatimarka: The Ethnoarchaeology of an Andean Herding Community. Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth.

Lehman, D. (ed.)

1982 Ecology and Exchange in the Andes. Cambridge University Press.

Leon, J.

1964 The Maca (Lipidium meyenii), a Little Known Food Plant of Peru. Economic Botany, 18:122-27.

Levieil, D., and B. Orlove

1990 Local Control of Aquatic Resources: Community and Ecology in Late Titicaca, Peru. AmericanAnthropologist, 92: 2: 362-382.

Love, T.

1989 Andean Interzonal Bartering: Why Does it Persist in a Cash-Market Economy? In V. Vitzthum, ed., Multidisciplinary Studies in Andean Anthropology, pp. 87-100. University of Michigan Discussions in Anthropology, Vol. 8. Ann Arbor.

Lynch, B.

1986 Irrigación en San Marcos. Allpanchis, 28: 9-46. Cusco.

Lynch, T.

1981 Zonal Complementarity in the Andes: A History of the Concept. In P. Francis, et al., eds., Networks of the Past: Regional Interactions in Archaeology, pp. 221-31. Proc. 12th Conf. of the Arch. Assoc. of the Univ. of Calgary.

1988 Regional Interaction, Transhumance and Verticality: Archaeological Use of Zonal Complementarity in Peru and Chile. In V. Vitzhum, ed., Multidisciplinary Studies in Andean Anthropology, Michigan Discussions in Anthropology, 8: 1-11. Ann Arbor.

MacBride, J.

1949 Flora of Peru. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series. Chicago.

Mamami, M.

1981 El Chuño: Preparación, Uso, Almacenamiento. In H. Lechtman and A. Soldi, eds., La Tecnología en el Mundo Andino, pp. 235-246.

Martin, R.

1970 The Role of Coca in the History, Religion, and Medicine of South American Indians. Economic Botany, 24: 422-37.

Masson, L.

1984 Las Terrazas Agrícolas: Una Tecnología Olvidada en el Perú. Lima: Banco Continental.

Masuda, S.

1980 Inter-Regional Relationships in Southern Peru: Maritime Activities of Highlanders in Three Southern Departments of Arequipa, Moquegua, and Tacna. Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology, 5: 1-43. Osaka, Japan.

Masuda, S., and C. Morris (eds.)

1985 Andean Ecology and Civilization. Univ. of Tokyo Press.

Mayer, E.

1979 Land Use in the Andes: Ecology and Agriculture in the Mantaro Valley of Peru, with Special Reference to Potatoes. Lima: Centro Internacional de la Papa.

1985 Production Zones. In S. Masuda and C. Morris, eds., Andean Ecology and Civilization, pp. 45-84. Univ. of Tokyo Press.

Mazess, R.

1975 Human Adaptation to High Altitude. In A. Damon, ed., Physiological Anthropology, pp. 167-209. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

Mazess, R., and P. Baker

1964 Diet of Quechua Indians Living at High Altitudes: Nuñoa, Peru. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 15: 341-51.

McCorkle, C. M.

1987 Punas, Pastures, and Fields: Grazing Strategies and the Agropastoral Dialectic in an Indigenous Andean Community. In D. Browman, ed., Arid Land Use Strategies and Risk Management in the Andes, pp. 57-70. Boulder: Westview Press.

Mercer, J., and O. Palacios

1977 Radiocarbon Dating of the Last Glaciation in Peru. Geology 5:600-604.

Miller, G.

1979 An Introduction to the Ethnoarchaeology of the Andean Camelids. PhD dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology, University of California at Los Angeles.

Millones, L, and H. Tomoeda (eds.)

1982 El Hombre y su Ambiente en los Andes Centrales. Senri Ethnological Studies No. 10, National Ethnological Museum, Osaka, Japan.

Mitchell, W.

1976 Irrigation and Community in the Central Peruvian Highlands. American Anthropologist, 78: 1: 25-44.

1977 Irrigation Farming in the Andes: Evolutionary Implications. In R. Halperin and J. Dow (eds.), Peasant Livlihood: Studies in Economic Anthropology and Cultural Ecology, pp. 36-59. New York: St. Martin's Press. Also published in 1980 in R. MacNeish (ed.), The Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru, Vol. 1, pp. . Ann Arbor: The Univ. of Michigan Press.

1980 Local Ecology and the State: Implications of Contemporary Quechua Land Use for the Inca Sequence of Agricultural Work. In E. Ross, ed., Beyond the Myths of Culture: Essays in Cultural Materialism, pp. . New York: Academic Press.

1991 Peasants on the Edge: Crop, Cult, and Crisis in the Andes. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.

Mitchell, W.P., and D. Guillet (eds.)

1994 Irrigation at High Altitudes: The Social Organization of Water Control Systems in the Andes. Am. Anthropological Assoc., Society for Latin American Anthropology, Pub. Series Vol. 12.

Montes de Oca, I.

1989 Geografía y recursos Naturales de Bolivia. Second edition. Academia nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia, La Paz.

Moore, J. D.

1991 Cultural Responses to Environmental Catastrophes: Post El Niño Subsistence on the Prehistoric North Coast of Peru. Latin American Antiquity 2:27-43.

Murphy, R.

1926 The Oceanography of the Peruvian Littoral with Reference to the Abundance and Distribution of Marine Life. Geographical Review, 13: 64-85.

Murra, J.

1985 The Limits and Limitations of the "Vertical Archipelago" in the Andes. In S. Masuda, I. Shimada, and C. Morris, eds., Andean Ecology and Civilization, pp. 15-20. Univ. of Tokyo Press.

National Research Council

1989 Lost Crops of the Incas. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Nials, F., et al.

1979 El Niño: The Catastrophic Flooding of Coastal Peru. Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 50: 7: 4-14, 50: 8: 4-10.

Nicholson, G.

1960 Chicha Maize Types and Chicha Manufacture in Peru. Economic Botany, 14: 4: 290-300.

Novoa, C., and J. Wheeler

1984 Llama and Alpaca. In Evolution of Domesticated Animals, edited by I. Mason, pp. 116-128. Longman, London.

Orlove, B.

1977a Alpacas, Sheep, and Men: The Wool Export Economy and Regional Society in Southern Peru. New York: Academic Press.

1977b Integration through Production: The Use of Zonation. American Ethnologist, 4: 1: 84-101.

1987 Stability and Change in Highland Andean Dietary Patterns. In M. Harris and E. Ross, eds., Food and Evolution: Towards a Theory of Human Food Habits, pp. 481-515. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Orlove, B., and R. Godoy

1986 Sectorial Fallowing Systems in the Central Andes. Journal of Ethnobiology, 6: 1: 169-204.

Orlove, B., and D. Guillet

1985 Theoretical and Methodological Considerations in the Study of Mountain Peoples: Reflections on the Idea of Subsistence Type and the Role of History in Human Ecology. Mountain Research and Development, 5: 1: 3-18.

Ossio, J.

1978a Relaciones Inter-étnicas y Verticalidad Ecológica en la Comunidad de Andamarca (Ayacucho, Peru). Actes du XLII Congres International des Americanistes, 4: 179-198. Paris.

1978b El Simbolismo del Agua y la Representación del Tiempo y el Espacio en la Fiesta de la Acequia de la Comunidad de Andamarca. Actes du XLII Cong. Int. des Amer., 4: 377-396. Paris.

1981 Expresiones Simbolicas y Sociales de los Ayllus Andinos: el Caso de los Ayllus de la Comunidad de Cabana e del Antiguo Repartimiento de los Rucanas-Antamarcas. In A. Casteli,et al., eds., Etnohistória y Antropología Andina, pp. 189-214. Lima.

Ossio, J. (ed.)

1973 Ideología Mesiánica del Mundo Andino. Lima: Colección Biblioteca de Antropología.

Paerregaard, K.

1992 Complementarity and Duality: Oppositions between Agriculturalists and Herders in an Andean Village. Ethnology, 31: 15-26.

Pickersgill, B., and C. Heiser

1977 Origins and Distribution of Plants Domesticated in the New World Tropics. In C. Reed, ed., Origins of Agriculture, pp. 803-36. The Hague: Mouton.

Poole, D.

1982 Los Santuarios Religiosos en la Economía Regional Andina. Allpanchis, 19: 79-116. Cuzco.

1984 Ritual-Economic Calendars in Paruro: The Structures of Representation in Andean Ethnography. PhD dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Illinois.

Popenoe, H., et al.

1989 Lost Crops of the Incas: Little Known Plans of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Pulgar, J.

1967 Geografía del Perú: Los Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú. Lima: Editorial Universo.

Quinn, W., V. Neal, and S. Antunez de Mayolo

1987 El Niño Occurrences over the Past Four and a Half Centuries. Jounral of Geophysical Research, 92: 14449-14461.

Reparaz, G.

1958 La Zona Aride du Perou. Geografiska Annaler, 40: 1: 1-61.

Rhoades, R., and S. Thompson

1975 Adaptive Strategies in Alpine Environments: Beyond Ecological Particularism. American Ethnologist, 2: 3: 535-51.

Rosengren, D.

1983 Proximity and Interaction: The Case of the Matsigenka of the Upper Urubamba, SE Peru. Annals, Goteborg Etnografiska Museum, 1981/82: 48-63. Goteborg.

Rollins, H. J. Richardson, and D. Sandweiss

1986 The Birth of El Niño: Geoarchaeological Evidence and Implications. Geoarchaeology 1:1:3-16.

Rury, P., and T. Plowman

1983 Morphological Studies of Archaeological and Recent Coca Leaves. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University.

Saignes, T.

1986 The Larecaja Valley and Ecological Complementarity. In J. Murra, N. Wachtel, and J. Revel, eds., Anthropological History of Andean Polities, pp. 321-354. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Salomon, F.

1985 The Dynamic Potential of the Complementarity Concept. In S. Masuda, I. Shimada, and C. Morris, eds., Andean Ecology and Civilization, pp. 511-532. Univ. of Tokyo Press.

Sarma, A.

1974 Holocene Paleoecology of South Coastal Ecuador. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 118: 1: 93-134.

Sandweiss, D.

1986 The Beach Ridges at Santa, Peru: El Niño, Uplift and Prehistory. Geoarchaeology 1:1:17-28.

Schjellerup, I.

1986 Ploughing in Chuquibamba, Peru. Tools and Tillage 5:180-189.

Schwerdtferger, W. (ed.)

1976 Climates of Central and South America. World Survey of Climates, Vol. 12. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.

Simmonds, N.

1965 The Grain Chenopods of the Tropical American Highlands. Economic Botany, 19: 223-35.

Simpson, B.

1975 Pleistocene Changes in the Flora of the High Tropical Andes. Paleobiology, 1: 273-94.

Skar, H.

1982 The Warm Valley People: Duality and Land Reform among the Quechua Indians of Highland Peru. New York: Columbia University Press.

1985 Communitas and Schismogenesis: The Andean Pilgrimage Reconsidered. Ethnos, 50: 88-102. Stockholm.

Smith, C.E.

1977 Recent Evidence in Support of the Tropical Origin of New World Crops. In D. Deigler, ed., Crop Resources, pp. 79-95. New York: Academic Press.

Smith, C. T.

1960 Aspects of Agriculture and Settlement in Peru. Geographical Journal, 126: 397-412.

Stanley, H., M. Kadwell, and J. Wheeler

1994 Molecular Evolution of the Family Camelidae - A Mitochondrial DNA Study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 256:1-6. London.

Stine, S.

1994 Extreme and Persistent Drought in California and Patagonia during Mediaeval Time. Nature 369:546-549.

Stouse, P.

1970 The Distribution of Llamas in Bolivia. Proc. Assoc. Am. Geog., 2: 136-40.

Sturm, H., and O. Rangel

1985 Ecología de los Paramos Andinos: Una Visión Preliminar Integrada. Bototá: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Univ. Nacional de Colombia.

Swanson, E.

1955 Terrace Agriculture in the Central Andes. Davidson Journal of Anthropology, 1: 2: 123-32.

Tapia, G.

1976 La Quinoa: Un Cultivo de los Andes Altos. La Paz: Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia.

1982 El Medio, los cultivos y los sistemas agricolas en los Andes del sur del Perú. Cuzco: Proyecto Investigación de los Sistemas Agrícolas Andinos.

Thomas, R.

1973 Human Adaptation to a High Andean Energy Flow System. Occ. Papers in Anthropology, No. 7, Dept. of Anthropology, Penna. State University.

1978 Effects of Change on High Mountain Human Adaptive Patterns. In P. Webber, ed., High Altitude Geoecology, pp. . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

Thomas, R., and B. Winterhalder

1975 Physical and Biotic Environment of Southern Highland Peru. In P. Baker and M. Little, eds., Man in the Andes, pp. 21-59. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross.

Thompson, L., L. Hastenrath, and B. Arnao

1979 Climate Ice Core Records from the Tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap. Science, 203: 1240-1243.

Thompson, L, and E. Moseley-Thompson

1987 Evidence of Abrupt Climate Change during the last 1500 Years Recorded in Ice Cores from the Tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap. In W. Berger and L. Labeyrie, eds., Abrupt Climate Change, Evidenc and Implications, pp. 99-110. D. Reidel Pub. Co.

Thompson, L., et al.

1982 Geophysical Investigations of the Tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap. _Journal of Glaciology_, 28: 57-68.

1985 A 1500 Year Record of Tropical Precipitation Records in Ice Cores from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. Science, 229: 971-973.

1986 The Little Ice Age as Recorded in the Stratigraphy of the Tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap. Science, 234: 361-364.

1988 Pre-Incan Agricultural Activity Recorded in Dust Layers in Two Tropical Ice Cores. Nature, 336: 763-765.

Tibesar, A.

1950 The Salt Trade among the Montaña Indians of the Tarma Area of Eastern Peru. Primitive Man, 23: 4:103-109.

Tomka, S.

1992 Vicuñas and Llamas: Parallels in Behavioral Ecology and Implications for the Domestication of Andean Camelids. Human Ecology, 20:407-433.

1994 Quinua and Camelids on the Bolivian Altiplano: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach to Agro-Pastoral Subsistence Production with an Emphasis on Agro-Pastoral Transhumance. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

Tomoeda, H.

1985 The Llama is my Chacra: Metaphor of Andean Pastoralists. In S. Masuda, I. Shimada, and C. Morris (eds.), Andean Ecology and Civilization, pp. 277-299. Univ. of Tokyo Press.

Tomoeda, H., and T. Fugii

1985 Marriage Relations between *(Punaruna) and Llaqtaruna: The Case of Pampamarca Parish, Apurimac, Peru. In S. Masuda, I. Shimada, and C. Morris (eds.), Andean Ecology and Civilization, pp. 301-309. Univ. of Tokyo Press.

Tosi, J.

1960 Zonas de Vida Natural en el Peru. Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas de la OEA, Zona Andina, Boletin Técnica No. 5. Lima.

Townsend, C.

1926 Vertical Life Zones of Northern Peru, with Crop Correlations. Ecology, 7: 440-444.

Treacy, J. M.

1989 The Fields of Coporaque: Agricultural Terracing and Water Management in the Colca Valley, Arequipa, Peru. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.

Troll, C.

1958 Las Culturas Superiores Andinas y el Medio Geográfico. Instituto de Geografía, Serie 1, Monografias y Ensayos Geográficos No. 1. Lima. Reprinted in 1980 in Allpanchis, 14: 3-56. Cusco.

1960 The Relationship Between the Climates, Ecology, and Plant Geography of the Southern Cold Temperate Zone and the Tropical High Mountains. Proc. Royal Soc. (London), Series B, 152:529-32.

1968 The Cordilleras of the Tropical Americas. In C. Troll, ed., Geoecology of the Mountainous Regions of the Tropical Americas, pp. 15-56. Institut de Universitat Bonn.

Troll, C. (ed.)

1968 Geoecology of the Mountainous Regions of the Tropical Americas. Collequium Geographicum 9, Institut de Universitat Bonn.

Ugent, D.

1970 The Potato. Science, 170: 1161-66.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

1975 Nutritive Value of American Foods. Agricultural Handbook No. 456. Washington, D.C.

Valdez, L.

1997 Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Community: A Reconsideration of the Evidence. Journal of Anthropological Research 53:65-85.

Valle, L.

1970 La ecología subjectiva como un elemento esencial de la verticalidad. Revista del Museo Nacional, 37: 167-75.

1972 Cycle Ecologique et el Cycle Ritual: Les Cas d'un Village Andin. Revue Canadienne de Sociologie et Anthropologie, 9: 3: 238-254.

Van Buren, M.

1996 Rethinking the Vertical Archipelago: Ethnicity, Exchange, and History in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 98:2:338-351.

Vincze, L.

1986 Peasant Animal Husbandry: A Dialectic Model of Techno-Environmental Integration in Agro-Pastoral Societies. Ethnology, 19: 387-403.

Waylen, P., and C. Caviedes

1986 El Niños and Annual Floods on the North Peruvian Littoral. Journal of Hydrology 89:141-156.

Weberbauer, A.

1936 Phytogeography of the Peruvian Andes. In J. MacBride, ed., Flora of Peru, Pt. 1, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series, Pub. 351, Vol. 13, pp. 13-80. Chicago.

1945 El Mundo Vegetal de los Andes Peruanos. Lima.

Webster, S.

1971 An Indigenous Quechua Community in Exploitation of Multiple Ecological Zones. Revista del Museo Nacional, 37: 176-83. Lima.

1973 Native Pastoralism in the South Andes. Ethnology, 2: 115-33.

Wells, L. E.

1988 Holocene Fluvial and Shoreline History as a Function of Human and Geological Factors in Arid North Peru. PhD dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford.

1990 Holocene History of the El Niño Phenomenon as Recorded in Flood Sediments of Northern Coastal Peru. Geology 18:1134-1137.

Wheeler, J.

1995 Evolution and Present Situation of the South American Camelidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 54:271-295.

Wheeler, J., A. Russell, and H. Redden

1995 Llamas and Alpacas: Pre-Conquest Breeds and Post-Conquest Hybrids. Journal of Archaeological Science 22: 833-840.

White, P., et al.

1955 Nutrient Content and Protein Quality of quinoa and Canihua. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 3: 531-34.

Wickes, D., and W. Lowdermilk

1938 Soil Conservation in Ancient Peru. Soil Conservation, 4: 91-94.

Winterhalder, B., and R. Thomas

1978 Geoecology of Southern Highland Peru: A Human Adaption Perspective. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper No. 27, University of Colorado, Boulder.

Winterhalder, B., et al.

1974 Dung as an Essential Resource in a Highland Peruvian Community. Human Ecology, 2: 2: 89-104.

Wright, H.

1980 Environmental History of the Junin Plain and the Nearby Mountains. In J. Rick, Prehistoric Hunters of the High Andes, pp. 253-256. New York: Academic Press.

1983 Late Pleistocene Glaciation and Climate around the Junin Plain, Central Peruvian Andes. Geografiska Annaler, 65A: 35-43.

1984 Late Glacial and Late Holocene Moraines in the Cerros Cuchpanga, Central Peru. Quaternary Research, 21: 275-285.

Wright, H., and J. Bradbury

1975 História Ambiental del Cuaternario Tardío en el Area de la Planicie de Junin, Peru. Revista del Museo Nacional, 41: 75-76. Lima.

Wright, H., G. Seltzer, and B. Hansen

1989 Glacial and Climatic History of the Central Peruvian Andes. National Geographic Research, 5: 4: 439-445.

Wyrtki, K., et al.

1976 Predicting and Observing El Niño. Science, 191: 343-46.

Yamamoto, N.

1982 A Food Production System in the Southern Central Andes. Senri Ethnological Studies, 10: 39-62. Univ. of Tokyo.

1985 The Ecological Complementarity of Agro-Pastoralism: Some Comments. In S. Masuda, I. Shimada, and C. Morris, eds., Andean Ecology and Civilization, pp. 85-100. University ofTokyo Press.

1988 Papa, Llama, y Chaquitaclla: Una Perspectiva Etnobotánica de la Cultura Andina. In S. Masuda, ed., Recursos Naturales Andinas, pp. 111-152. University of Tokyo.

Zeil, W.

1979 The Andes, A Geological Review. Berlin.


back to main page