Some grammatical terms and their roots in Latin
- Agentive
- agô,
agere, êgî, actus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'do, work'
- Active
- agô,
agere, êgî, actus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'do, work'
- Auxiliary
- augeô,
augêre, auxî, auctus
(Second [thematic
-ê- stem] conjugation verb) 'help'
- Causative
- causa,
causae (Fem, First [thematic -â- stem] declension
noun) 'cause'
- Caritive
- careô,
carêre, caruî, caritus
(Second [thematic
-ê- stem] conjugation verb) 'lack, miss, be without'
- Antecedent
- ante
+ cêdô,
cêdere, cessî, cessus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'go away'
- Cessative
- cessô,
cessâre, cessâvî, cessâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'stop'
- Exclamation
- ex
+ clamô,
clamâre, clamâvî, clamâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'cry'
- Clause
- claudô,
claudere, clausî, clausus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'close'
- Inceptive
- in[1] + capiô,
capere, cêpî, captus
(Third [athematic consonant stem -iô] conjugation verb) 'begin'
-
- (in[1] prefix =
'into/inside')
- Benedictive
- bene + dîcô, dîcere,
dîxî, dictus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'say'
- Conditional
- cum + dîcô, dîcere,
dîxî, dictus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'say'
- Indicative
- in[1]
+ dîcô, dîcere,
dîxî, dictus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'say'
- Predicate
- pre + dîcô, dîcere,
dîxî, dictus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'say'
- Dative
- dô,
dare, dedî, dâtus
(Irregular) 'give'
- Dual
- duo,
duae, dua
'two'
- Factive
- faciô,
facere, fêcî, factus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] -iô conjugation verb) 'do, make'
- Benefactive
- bene + faciô, facere, fêcî,
factus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] -iô conjugation verb) 'do, make'
- Perfect
- per + faciô, facere, fêcî,
factus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] -iô conjugation verb) 'do, make'
- (the perfect participle of the English verb do is
'done', still used in this sense)
- Imperfect
- in[2] +per +
faciô, facere, fêcî,
factus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] -iô conjugation verb) 'do, make'
- (in[2] prefix = "not";
Latin,
cognate to Germanic "un-" (uncivil) and Greek "a-" (atheist)
- (/im-/ allomorph before labial /p-/ of {in[2]} morpheme)
- Lative
- ferô,
ferre, tûlî, latus
(Irregular third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'carry'
- (Perfect and Participle are examples of suppletion)
- Ablative
- ab + ferô,
ferre, tûlî, latus
(Irregular third [athematic
consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'carry'
- Allative
- ad + ferô,
ferre, tûlî, latus
(Irregular third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'carry'
- Elative
- ex + ferô,
ferre, tûlî, latus
(Irregular third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'carry'
- Illative
- in[1]
+ ferô,
ferre, tûlî, latus
(Irregular third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'carry'
- Relative
- re + ferô,
ferre, tûlî, latus
(Irregular third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'carry'
- Superlative
- super + ferô,
ferre, tûlî, latus
(Irregular third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'carry'
- Translative
- trans + ferô,
ferre, tûlî, latus
(Irregular third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'carry'
- Affix
- ad + figô,
figere, fixî, fixus
(Third [athematic consonant stem]
conjugation verb) 'pierce'
- Infix
- in[1] + figô,
figere, fixî, fixus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] conjugation verb) 'pierce'
- Prefix
- pre + figô,
figere, fixî, fixus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] conjugation verb) 'pierce'
- Suffix
- sub + figô,
figere, fixî, fixus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] conjugation verb) 'pierce'
- Infinitive
- in[2]
+ finis
(Masc [occasionally Fem], Third [athematic consonant
stem] declension noun) 'end'
- Inflection
- in[1] + flectô,
flectere, flexî, flexus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] conjugation verb) 'bend'
- Reflexive
- re + flectô,
flectere, flexî, flexus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] conjugation verb) 'bend'
- Retroflex
- retro + flectô,
flectere, flexî, flexus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] conjugation verb) 'bend'
- Gerund
- gerô,
gerere, gessî, gestus
(Third [athematic consonant stem]
conjugation verb) 'bear, cherish'
- Register
- re + gerô,
gerere, gessî, gestus
(Third [athematic consonant stem]
conjugation verb) 'bear, cherish'
- Cognate
- cum + (g)nascor,
(g)nascî, (g)nâtus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb)
'born'
- (Deponent verbs have only passive forms, regardless of
their meaning)
- Gender
- genus,
generis
(Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun)
'kind, type', a derivative from
- gens, gentis
(Fem, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun) 'clan, tribe'
- Genitive
- genetivus,
-a, -um
(Masc, Fem, Neut, First & Second [thematic
-a/-o stems] declension adjective) 'innate', a derivative from
- gignô,
gignere, genuî, genitum
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] conjugation verb) 'bear, produce'; in passive 'be born'
- Egressive
- ex + gradior,
gradî, gressus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] -iô conjugation, deponent) 'step'
- Ingressive
- in[1] + gradior,
gradî, gressus
(Third [athematic consonant stem]
-iô conjugation, deponent) 'step'
- Progressive
- pro + gradior,
gradî, gressus
(Third [athematic consonant stem]
-iô conjugation, deponent) 'step'
- Habitual
- habeô,
habêre, habuî, habitus
(Second [thematic
-ê- stem] conjugation verb) 'have'
- Interjection
- inter + iaciô,
iacere, iêcî, iactus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] -iô conjugation verb) 'throw'
- (-- often spelled jaciô)
- Adjective
- ad + iaciô,
iacere, iêcî, iactus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] -iô conjugation verb) 'throw'
- Subject
- sub + iaciô,
iacere, iêcî, iactus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] -iô conjugation verb) 'throw'
- Imperative
- imperô,
imperâre, imperâvî, imperâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'order'
- Comitative
- cum + eô,
îre, îvî, îtus
(Irregular) 'go'
- Conjunction
- cum + iungô,
iungere, iunxî, iunctus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem] conjugation verb) 'join'
- Conjugation
- cum + iugô,
iugâre, iugâvî, iugâtus
(First
[thematic -â-] stem] conjugation verb) 'join'
- (iugô is a regular formation from
iungô)
- Lateral
- latus,
lateris
(Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun) 'side'
- Locative
- locus,
locî
(Masc, Second [thematic -o stem] declension noun)
'place'
- Demonstrative
- de + monstrô,
monstrâre, monstrâvî, monstrâtus
(First [thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'show'
- Nominative
- nomen,
nomenis
(Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun) 'name'
- Noun
- nomen,
nomenis
(Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun) 'name'
- Pronoun
- pro + nomen,
nomenis
(Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun) 'name'
- Optative
- optô,
optâre, optâvî, optâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'hope, wish'
- Subordinate
- sub + ordô,
ordinis
(Masc, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun)
'order'
- Comparative
- cum + parô,
parâre, parâvî, parâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'get'
- Parse
- pars,
partis
(Fem, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun) 'part'
- Participle
- pars,
partis
(Fem, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun) 'part'
- Partitive
- pars,
partis
(Fem, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension noun) 'part'
- Passive
- patior,
patî, passus
(Third [athematic consonant stem]
conjugation, deponent) 'allow, suffer'
- Pejorative
- pêior,
pêius
(Masc+Fem, Neut, Irregular Third declension
adjective) 'worse'
- (pêior is the comparative
form of malus, -a, -um 'bad')
- Reduplication
- re+ duo,
duae, dua + plicô,
plicâre, plicâvî, plicâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'fold'
- Complement
- cum + pleô,
plêre, plêvî, plêtus
(Second
[thematic -ê- stem] conjugation verb) 'fill'
- Plural
- plûs,
plûris
(Masc+Fem, Neut, Irregular Third declension
adjective) 'more'
- (plûs is the (irregular)
comparative form of multus, -a, -um 'much, many')
- Deponent
- de + ponô,
ponere, posuî, positus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'place'
- Apposition
- ad + ponô,
ponere, posuî, positus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'place'
- Preposition
- pre + ponô,
ponere, posuî, positus
(Third [athematic consonant stem] conjugation verb) 'place'
- Potential
- potens,
potentis
(Masc+Fem, Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem]
declension adjective) 'mighty, strong'
- (potens is
the present active participle form of the irregular modal verb possum,
posse, potuî, positus 'can, may')
- Regular
- regô,
regere, rexî, rectus
'rule'
- Derivation
- de + rîvus,
rîvî
(Masc, Second [thematic -o stem]
declension noun) 'river'
- Interrogative
- inter+ rogô, rogâre, rogâvî, rogâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'ask'
- Sibilant
- sibilô, sibilâre, sibilâvî, sibilâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'hiss'
- Assimilation
- ad + similis,
simile
(Masc+Fem, Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem]
declension adjective) 'same'
- Dissimilation
- dis + similis,
simile
(Masc+Fem, Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension adjective) 'same'
- Singular
- singulî,
-ae, -a
(Masc, Fem, Neut, First & Second [thematic
-a/-o stems] declension adjective) 'single'
- Consonant
- cum + sonô, sonâre, sonuî, sonitus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'sound'
- Person
- per + sonô, sonâre, sonuî, sonitus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'sound'
- (Nota Bene: This etymology is attributed in
Lewis
and Short to
the writings of Gabbius Bassus;
- modern etymologists derive persôna
from an Etruscan original.)
- Resonant
- re + sonô, sonâre, sonuî, sonitus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'sound'
- Aspect
- ad + speciô,
specere, spexî, spectus
(Third [athematic consonant
stem -iô] conjugation verb) 'look'
- Stative
- stô,
stâre, stetî, status
(Irregular First [thematic
-â- stem] conjugation verb) 'stand'
- Instrumental
- in[1]
+ struô,
struere, struxî, structus
'build'
- Construction
- cum + struô,
struere, struxî, structus
'build'
- Future
- sum, esse, fûî,
futûrus,
(Irregular) 'be'
- Essive
- sum, esse, fûî,
futûrus,
(Irregular) 'be'
- Abessive
- ab + sum, esse, fûî,
futûrus,
(Irregular) 'be'
- Adessive
- ad + sum, esse, fûî,
futûrus,
(Irregular) 'be'
- Inessive
- in[1] + sum,
esse, fûî, futûrus,
(Irregular) 'be'
- Temporal
- tempus,
temporis
(Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension
noun) 'time'
- Tense
- tempus,
temporis
(Neut, Third [athematic consonant stem] declension
noun) 'time'
- Intonation
- in[1] +
tonus,
tonî
(Masc, Second [thematic -o stem]
declension noun) 'tone'
- Verb
- verbum, verbî
(Neut,
Second [thematic -o stem] declension noun) 'word'
- Adverb
- ad + verbum, verbî
(Neut,
Second [thematic -o stem] declension noun) 'word'
- Vocative
- vocô,
vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus
(First
[thematic -â- stem] conjugation verb) 'call'
- Volitional
- volô, velle, voluî
(Irregular modal verb) 'want'
Linguistics 114
Last change April 13, 2004 John Lawler
(with assistance from Aaron J.
Dinkin gratefully acknowledged)