RULERS OF GERMANY (DEUTSCHLAND): HISTORICAL NOTE

Parts of Germany were already under Frankish control under the Merovingians, but most of the country was acquired under Charlemagne with his annexations of Bavaria and Saxony in 780s. The list of German kings commences arbitrarily with the beginning of the Carolingian dynasty in 751, although the appearance of the combination of lands that would become Germany did not occur until 840. At this point Ludwig II the German succeeded his father Ludwig I the Pious as king of the East Franks, a position confirmed by the treaty of Verdun in 844. After the deaths of Lodovico II of Italy and of Charles II the Bald of France in the 870s, the German kings intervened in Italy and claimed the imperial title. The German branch of the Carolingians became extinct in 907 and, although Lorraine acknowledged the French Carolingian Charles III the Simple, the German nobility elected one of their own number, Konrad I of Franconia, to be their king. On his deathbed, Konrad I nominated his greatest rival, Heinrich of Saxony as his successor, and the nobility elected Heinrich I king in spite of Bavarian opposition. Heinrich I recovered Lorraine in 925 and his son Otto I the Great defeated the Magyars in 955. In the early 950s and early 960s, Otto I also intervened in Italy, ultimately making himself Italian king, and acquiring the title of Emperor from the Pope in 962. From this point on, all Roman emperors in the West were German kings, although the title was technically open to any deserving Christian ruler. German kings (also called “Kings of the Romans”) were not considered Emperors unless crowned as such by a Pope until 1508. The kingdoms of Germany and Italy were united by a personal union within an Empire that was eventually described as a Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges Römisches Reich). The throne remained technically elective, but the hereditary principle was strong and kings bolstered it by proclaiming their sons co-rulers. On the childless death of young Otto III in 1002, the crown passed to his cousin Heinrich of Bavaria. On Heinrich II’s death in 1024, the German nobility had to elect a new king, but its choice was still between descendants of Otto I, one of whom became Konrad II. Konrad II also inherited the kingdom of Burgundy (Arelate) and brought it into the Empire as its third component in 1032. His son Heinrich III was a strong ruler, but royal authority declined severely during the reign of a minor after his death. When Heinrich IV sought to reassert his authority, he faced by the opposition of both the nobility and the Papacy. The German kings never fully overcame this alliance or either of the parties involved. On the death of Heinrich V in 1125, the succession ignored his Hohenstaufen natural heirs and went outside the royal family for the first time (in the person of Lothar II). The Hohenstaufen Konrad III eventually succeeded Lothar II and passed the throne to his nephew Friedrich I. The Hohenstaufen lost the throne again during the minority of Friedrich II and the civil war between Philipp of Swabia and Otto IV of Brunswick. When Friedrich II recovered Germany, he faced implacable opposition from the Papacy which resented being surrounded by Friedrich’s German and Sicilian possessions. With the death of Konrad IV in 1254, the hereditary principle was discarded in favor of election.

Between 1257 and 1272, the throne was disputed between Alfonso X of Castile and Richard of Cornwall. In 1273 Rudolf of Habsburg was elected king as a relatively insignificant prince. However, the one power the crown had retained allowed Rudolf I to greatly enhance the position of his family. The Babenberg margraves of Austria being extinct and the succession to the duchy being open to question, it could be recovered by the crown and conferred on a new prince. Rudolf I defeated his rival Otakar II of Bohemia in 1276 and 1278, and endowed his own family with Austria and Styria. Avoiding the hereditary principle and shying away from the now powerful Habsburgs, the electors next elected as king Adolf of Nassau, whose attempts at aggrandizement soon led to his deposition in favor of a second Habsburg, Albrecht I in 1298. He too sought to expand his family possessions, planting one son as king of Bohemia. On his assassination in 1308 the electors elected a fairly minor prince, Heinrich of Luxemburg, who immediately placed his own son Jan as king of Bohemia and thus enhanced the positions of his own family. After Heinrich VII’s death in 1313, the electors selected Ludwig IV of Bavaria as king (Ludwig V). He weathered Habsburg opposition and aggrandized his family’s possessions by marrying the heiress of Holland and Hainault and making his sons margraves of Brandenburg. The next king to be elected was Karl IV (Karel I of Bohemia), the grandson of Heinrich VII. In 1356 Karl IV issued a Golden Bull, which recognized the virtual independence of the major German princes and regulated imperial coronations. Having thus resigned himself to the anarchic state of the Empire, Karl IV focused on improving his Bohemian kingdom, and acquired Brandenburg for his own family from the Wittelsbachs. Karl IV also crowned his son Wenzel (Václav IV of Bohemia) co-ruler as King of the Romans and thus assured his succession in 1378. Although the ineffective Wenzel was eventually deposed and replaced with Rupprecht of Pfalz in 1400, the kingship was gradually becoming hereditary once again. Thus, Wenzel’s brother Sigismund succeeded Rupprecht in 1410, and was himself succeeded by his son-in-law Albrecht IV of Habsburg (king as Albrecht II). On the death of Albrecht II, his cousin Friedrich of Styria was elected king (Friedrich III), and the succession remained in the hands of the Habsburgs with only one interruption down to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. The one interruption was occasioned by the extinction of the direct male Habsburg line in 1740, but the contest over the succession (or election) was basically between two Habsburg sons-in-law.

Royal and imperial control over the realm was further compromised by the Reformation in the 16^th century and by the Thirty Years’ War in 1618–1648. Since the Habsburgs were at once staunchly Catholic and unable to defeat their Protestant challengers, their authority over the Protestant princes of the North diminished greatly. In 1701 Friedrich III of Brandenburg was allowed to assume the title King in Prussia (i.e. beyond the boundaries of the Empire) as Friedrich I. Several other German states became kingdoms during the Napoleonic Wars or were granted a high status after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 or later in the 19^th century. The Holy Roman Empire and the last vestiges of the Medieval German “state” were swept away in 1806, when the Habsburg emperor Franz II abdicated and became Emperor of Austria instead. A movement for the unification of Germany gradually appeared and eventually culminated in the creation in 1870 of a German Empire headed by the King of Prussia as Emperor and including the other German kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony, and Württemberg. The rulers of the Medieval German kingdom, of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Württemberg, Bade, Hesse, Mecklenburg and Oldenburg are included in the list below.

RULERS OF GERMANY (DEUTSCHLAND): LIST

	Kings of the Franks, Kings of the East Franks from 840, Kings of the Germans (Romans), Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519
751–768	PIPPIN the Short	Son of Charles Martel; elected king of the Franks
768–814	KARL I the Great (Charlemagne)	Son of Pippin (Emperor 800)
768–771	KARLMANN I	Son of Pippin
	KARL the Younger	Son of Karl I; co-ruler 806–811
814–840	LUDWIG I the Pious	Son of Karl I (Emperor 813 and 816)
815–817	LOTHAR I	Son of Ludwig I; replaced, died 855 (Emperor 817 and 823)
817–876	LUDWIG II the German	Son of Ludwig I; King of Bavaria; of the East Franks 840
828–838	KARL II the Bald	Son of Ludwig I; King of Swabia; replaced, died 877 (Emperor 875)
876–880	KARLMANN II	Son of Ludwig II; King of Bavaria
876–882	LUDWIG III	Son of Ludwig II; King of Saxony
876–887	KARL III the Fat	Son of Ludwig II; King of Swabia; deposed, died 888 (Emperor 881)
887–899	ARNULF of Carinthia	Son of Karlmann II (Emperor 896)
900–911	LUDWIG IV the Child	Son of Arnulf
911–918	KONRAD I	Son of Konrad of Oberlahngau; elected king
919–936	HEINRICH I the Fowler	Son of Otto I of Saxony; elected king
936–973	OTTO I the Great	Son of Heinrich I (Emperor 962)
973–983	OTTO II the Red	Son of Otto I; co-ruler 961 (Emperor 967)
983–1002	OTTO III	Son of Otto II, co-ruler 983 (Emperor 996)
1002–1024	HEINRICH II the Saint	Son of Heinrich II son of Heinrich I of Bavaria son of Heinrich I (Emperor 1014)
1024–1039	KONRAD II the Salian	Son of Heinrich of Speyer son of Otto of Carinthia son of Konrad of Lorraine by Liutgard daughter of Otto I (Emperor 1027)
1039–1056	HEINRICH III the Black	Son of Konrad II; co-ruler 1028 (Emperor 1046)
1056–1105	HEINRICH IV	Son of Heinrich III; co-ruler 1054; deposed by son, died 1106 (Emperor 1084)
(1077–1080)	RUDOLF of Swabia	Son of Kuno of Rheinfelden; mortally wounded in battle
(1081–1088)	HERMANN of Salm	Son of Giselbert of Luxemburg; killed in battle
(1089–1090)	EKBERT of Meissen	Son of Ekbert I of Meissen; murdered
(1090–1101)	KONRAD	Son of Heinrich IV; co-ruler 1087–1093; deposed by father, anti-king from 1090
1105–1125	HEINRICH V	Son of Heinrich IV; co-ruler 1099 (Emperor 1111)
1125–1137	LOTHAR II of Supplinburg	Son of Gebhard of Supplinburg; elected king (Emperor 1133)
1138–1152	KONRAD III of Hohenstaufen	Son of Friedrich I of Swabia by Agnes daughter of Heinrich IV; formerly anti-king 1027–1035
	HEINRICH	Son of Konrad III; co-ruler 1147–1150
1152–1190	FRIEDRICH I Barbarossa (Red Beard)	Son of Friedrich II of Swabia brother of Konrad III (Emperor 1155)
1190–1197	HEINRICH VI	Son of Friedrich I; co-ruler 1169 (Emperor 1191)
1197–1198	FRIEDRICH II Roger	Son of Heinrich VI; co-ruler 1196; deposed
1198–1208	PHILIPP of Swabia	Son of Friedrich I; murdered
1198–1218	OTTO IV of Braunschweig	Son of Heinrich XII of Bavaria; elected king (Emperor 1209)
1210–1250	FRIEDRICH II Roger	Restored (Emperor 1220)
	HEINRICH	Son of Friedrich II; co-ruler 1220–1235; deposed by father, committed suicide 1242
(1246–1247)	HEINRICH Raspe of Thuringia	Son of Hermann I of Thuringia
(1247–1256)	WILHELM of Holland	Son of Floris IV of Holland
1250–1254	KONRAD IV	Son of Friedrich II; co-ruler 1237
(1257–1272)	RICHARD of Cornawall	Son of John of England; elected king
(1257–1274)	ALFONS the Wise of Castile	Son of Fernando III of Castile by Elisabeth daughter of Philipp; resigned, died 1284
1273–1291	RUDOLF I of Habsburg	Son of Albrecht IV of Habsburg; elected king
1292–1298	ADOLF of Nassau	Son of Walram II of Nassau; elected king; deposed, killed in battle 1298
1298–1308	ALBRECHT I of Austria	Son of Rudolf I; murdered
1308–1313	HEINRICH VII of Luxemburg	Son of Heinrich III of Luxemburg; elected king (Emperor 1312)
1314–1347	LUDWIG V the Bavarian	Son of Ludwig II of Bavaria; elected king; mortally wounded (Emperor 1328)
(1314–1322)	FRIEDRICH the Handsome	Son of Albrecht I; co-ruler 1325–1330
1346–1378	KARL IV of Bohemia	Son of Jan of Bohemia son of Heinrich VII (Emperor 1355)
(1349–1349)	GÜNTHER of Schwarzburg	Son of Heinrich VII of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg; abdicated, died 1349
1378–1400	WENZEL of Bohemia	Son of Karl IV; co-ruler 1376; deposed, died 1419
1400–1410	RUPRECHT the Little of Pfalz	Son of Ruprecht II of Pfalz
(1410–1411)	JOBST of Moravia	Son of Jan Jindřich of Moravia brother of Karl IV
1410–1437	SIGISMUND of Bohemia	Son of Karl IV (Emperor 1433)
1438–1439	ALBRECHT II of Austria	Son of Albrecht IV son of Albrecht III son of Albrecht II of Austria son of Albrecht I
1440–1493	FRIEDRICH III the Peaceful of Styria	Son of Ernst of Styria (Emperor 1452)
1493–1519	MAXIMILIAN I	Son of Friedrich III; co-ruler 1486 (Emperor 1508)
1519–1558	KARL V	Son of Felipe I of Castile son of Maximilian I; abdicated, died 1558
1558–1564	FERDINAND I	Brother of Karl V; co-ruler 1531
1564–1576	MAXIMILIAN II	Son of Ferdinand I; co-ruler 1562
1576–1612	RUDOLF II	Son of Maximilian II; co-ruler 1575
1612–1619	MATTHIAS	Son of Maximilian II
1619–1637	FERDINAND II	Son of Karl II of Austria-Styria son of Ferdinand I
1637–1657	FERDINAND III	Son of Ferdinand II; co-ruler 1636
	FERDINAND IV	Son of Ferdinand III; co-ruler 1653–1654
1658–1705	LEOPOLD I	Son of Ferdinand III
1705–1711	JOSEF I	Son of Leopold I
1711–1740	KARL VI	Son of Leopold I
1742–1745	KARL VII Albert of Bavaria	Son of Maximilian II of Bavaria; husband of Marie Amalie daughter of Josef I
1745–1765	FRANZ I Stefan of Lorraine	Son of Léopold of Lorraine; husband of Maria Theresia daughter of Karl VI
1765–1790	JOSEF II of Austria	Son of Franz I
1790–1792	LEOPOLD II	Son of Franz I
1792–1806	FRANZ II	Son of Leopold II; abdicated, died 1835
1806–		Confederacy of the Rhine, to Germany 1871

RULERS OF PRUSSIA (PREUSSEN): LIST

	Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg
1134–1170	ALBRECHT I the Bear	Son of Otto of Ballenstedt by Eilika of Saxony
1170–1184	OTTO I	Son of Albrecht I
1184–1205	OTTO II	Son of Otto I
1205–1220	ALBRECHT II	Son of Otto I
1220–1266	JOHANN I	Son of Albrecht II; in Stendal
1220–1267	OTTO III	Son of Albrecht II; in Salzwedel
1266–1281	JOHANN II	Son of Johann I; in Stendal
1266–1308	OTTO IV	Son of Johann I; in Stendal
1266–1304	KONRAD	Son of Johann I; in Stendal
1267–1268	JOHANN III	Son of Otto III; in Salzwedel
1268–1299	OTTO V	Son of Otto III; in Salzwedel
1268–1300	ALBRECHT III	Son of Otto III; in Salzwedel
1280–1303	OTTO VI	Son of Otto III; in Salzwedel
1286–1305	JOHANN IV	Son of Konrad; in Stendal
1291–1297	OTTO VII	Son of Konrad; in Stendal
1293–1318	HEINRICH I	Son of Johann I; in Stendal
1299–1308	HERMANN	Son of Otto V; in Salzwedel
1304–1319	WALDEMAR	Son of Konrad; in Stendal
1308–1317	JOHANN V	Son of Hermann; in Salzwedel
1319–1320	HEINRICH II	Son of Heinrich I; in Stendal
1324–1351	LUDWIG I the Elder of Wittelsbach	Son of Ludwig V of Germany; abdicated, died 1361
1351–1365	LUDWIG II the Roman	Brother of Ludwig I
1351–1373	OTTO V the Indolent	Brother of Ludwig II; abdicated, died 1379
1373–1378	WENZEL of Luxemburg	Son of Karl IV of Germany; abdicated, died 1419
1378–1395	SIGISMUND	Brother of Wenzel; deposed
1397–1411	JOBST of Moravia	Son of Jan Jindřich of Moravia brother of Karl IV of Germany
1411–1415	SIGISMUND	Restored; abdicated, died 1437
	Hohenzollern Margraves of Brandenburg, Electors of Brandenburg from 1417
1415–1440	FRIEDRICH I of Hohenzollern	Son of Friedrich V of Nürnberg; Elector 1417
1440–1471	FRIEDRICH II	Son of Friedrich I
1471–1486	ALBRECHT Achilles	Son of Friedrich I
1486–1499	JOHANN Cicero	Son of Albrecht Achilles
1499–1535	JOACHIM I Nestor	Son of Johann Cicero
1535–1571	JOACHIM II	Son of Joachim I
1571–1598	JOHANN GEORG	Son of Joachim II
1598–1608	JOACHIM FRIEDRICH	Son of Johann Georg
1608–1619	JOHANN SIGISMUND	Son of Joachim Friedrich
1619–1640	GEORG WILHELM	Son of Johann Sigismund
1640–1688	FRIEDRICH WILHELM Great Elector	Son of Georg Wilhelm
1688–1701	FRIEDRICH III	Son of Friedrich Wilhelm; from 1701 King in Prussia, died 1713
	Kings in Prussia 1701, Kings of Prussia 1742, from 1871 also Emperors of Germany
1701–1713	FRIEDRICH I	= Elector Friedrich III of Brandenburg
1713–1740	FRIEDRICH WILHELM I	Son of Friedrich I
1740–1786	FRIEDRICH II the Great	Son of Friedrich Wilhelm I; King of Prussia 1742
1786–1797	FRIEDRICH WILHELM II	Son of August Wilhelm son of Friedrich Wilhelm I
1797–1840	FRIEDRICH WILHELM III	Son of Friedrich Wilhelm II
1840–1861	FRIEDRICH WILHELM IV	Son of Friedrich Wilhelm III
1861–1888	WILHELM I	Son of Friedrich Wilhelm III; regent 1858; Emperor of Germany 1871
1888–1888	FRIEDRICH III	Son of Wilhelm I
1888–1918	WILHELM II	Son of Friedrich III; deposed, died 1941
1918–		To Germany

RULERS OF BAVARIA (BAYERN)

	Dukes of Bavaria
895–907	Liutpold	Margrave of Bavaria; killed at Bratislava against the Magyars
907–914	Arnulf	Son of Liutpold; Duke of Bavaria 911; deposed
914–918	Konrad I	Son of Konrad of Lahngau
918–937	Arnulf	Restored
937–938	Eberhard	Son of Arnulf; deposed
938–947	Berchtold	Son of Liutpold
947–955	Heinrich I	Son of Heinrich I of Germany; married Judith, daughter of Arnulf
955–976	Heinrich II the Quarrelsome	Son of Heinrich I; deposed
976–983	Otto I of Swabia	Son of Liudolf of Swabia son of Otto I of Germany brother of Heinrich I
983–985	Heinrich III	Son of Berchtold; deposed, died 989
985–995	Heinrich II the Quarrelsome	Restored
995–1004	Heinrich IV (II) the Saint	Son of Heinrich II; resigned
1004–1009	Heinrich V of Luxemburg	Son of Sigefroi of Luxemburg; brother of Heinrich IV’s wife Kunegund; deposed
1009–1017	Heinrich IV (II) the Saint	Restored; resigned, died 1024
1017–1026	Heinrich V	Restored
1026–1027	Konrad II the Salian	Son of Heinrich of Speyer; abdicated, died 1039
1027–1042	Heinrich VI (III) the Black	Son of Konrad II; resigned
1042–1047	Heinrich VII of Luxemburg	Son of Frédéric I of Luxemburg, brother of Heinrich V
1047–1049	Heinrich VI (III) the Black	Restored; resigned, died 1056
1049–1053	Konrad III of Zütphen	Son of Liudolf, son of Ezzo of Lothringen by Mathilde, daughter of Otto II of Germany; deposed, died 1055
1053–1054	Heinrich VIII (IV)	Son of Heinrich VI; abdicated
1054–1055	Konrad IV the Child	Son of Heinrich VI
1055–1061	Agnes of Poitou	Daughter of Guillaume V of Aquitaine; wife of Heinrich VI; resigned, died 1077
1061–1070	Otto II of Northeim	Son of Benno of Northeim; married Richza, daughter of Otto II of Swabia, son of Ezzo of Lothringen by Mathilde, daughter of Otto II of Germany; deposed, died 1083
1070–1077	Welf I of Este	Son of Adalberto Azzo II of Este; married Ethelind, daughter of Otto II; deposed
1077–1096	Heinrich VIII (IV)	Restored; resigned, died 1106
1096–1101	Welf I	Restored
1101–1120	Welf II the Fat	Son of Welf I
1120–1126	Heinrich IX the Black	Son of Welf I
1126–1138	Heinrich X the Proud	Son of Heinrich IX; deposed, died 1139
1139–1141	Leopold of Austria	Son of Leopold III of Austria by Agnes, daughter of Heinrich VIII
1141–1143	Konrad V (III) of Hohenstaufen	Son of Friedrich I of Swabia by Agnes, daughter of Heinrich VIII; resigned, died 1152
1143–1156	Heinrich XI Jasomirgott	Brother of Leopold, daughter of Heinrich VIII; resigned, died 1177
1156–1180	Heinrich XII the Lion	Son of Heinrich X; deposed, died of a fall from his horse 1195
	Wittelsbach Dukes of Bavaria
1180–1183	Otto I of Wittelsbach	Son of Otto IV of Wittelsbach
1183–1231	Ludwig I the Upright	Son of Otto I; murdered
1231–1253	Otto II the Illustrious	Son of Ludwig I
1253–1294	Ludwig II the Severe	Son of Otto II; in Upper Bavaria
1253–1290	Heinrich I	Son of Otto II; in Lower Bavaria
1290–1312	Otto III	Son of Heinrich I; in Lower Bavaria
1290–1296	Ludwig III	Son of Heinrich I; in Lower Bavaria
1290–1310	Stefan I	Son of Heinrich I; in Lower Bavaria
1294–1317	Rudolf I	Son of Ludwig II; in Upper Bavaria
1294–1347	Ludwig IV (V)	Son of Ludwig II; in Upper Bavaria; all Bavaria 1340; mortally wounded in battle
1310–1339	Heinrich II the Elder	Son of Stefan I; in Lower Bavaria
1312–1334	Otto IV	Son of Stefan I; in Lower Bavaria
1312–1333	Heinrich III the Natternberger	Son of Otto III; in Lower Bavaria
1339–1340	Johann I	Son of Heinrich II; in Lower Bavaria
1347–1361	Ludwig V the Elder	Son of Ludwig IV; in Upper Bavaria 1349
1347–1375	Stefan II	Son of Ludwig IV; in Lower Bavaria 1349; in Landshut 1353; also Upper Bavaria 1363
1347–1351	Ludwig VI the Roman	Son of Ludwig IV; in Upper Bavaria 1349; abdicated, died 1365
1347–1358	Wilhelm I the Mad	Son of Ludwig IV; in Lower Bavaria 1349; in Straubing 1353; deposed, died 1389
1347–1404	Albrecht I	Son of Ludwig IV; in Lower Bavaria 1349; in Straubing 1353
1347–1379	Otto V the Indolent	Son of Ludwig IV; in Upper Bavaria 1349–1351; abdicated; in Landshut 1376
1361–1363	Meinhard	Son of Ludwig V; in Upper Bavaria
1375–1413	Stefan III the Magnificent	Son of Stefan II; in Ingolstadt
1375–1393	Friedrich	Son of Stefan II; in Landshut
1375–1397	Johann II	Son of Stefan II; in Munich
	Albrecht II the Younger	Son of Albrecht I; co-ruler 1387–1397
1393–1450	Heinrich IV the Rich	Son of Friedrich; in Landshut; also Munich 1447
1397–1438	Ernst the Forceful	Son of Johann II; in Munich
1397–1435	Wilhelm II	Son of Johann II; in Munich
1404–1425	Johann III	Son of Albrecht I; in Straubing; co-ruler 1397
1404–1417	Wilhelm III	Son of Albrecht I; in Straubing
1413–1441	Ludwig VII the Bearded	Son of Stefan III; in Ingolstadt; deposed, died 1447
1435–1440	Adolf	Son of Wilhelm II; in Munich
1438–1460	Albrecht III the Pious	Son of Ernst; in Munich
1441–1445	Ludwig VIII the Hunchback	Son of Ludwig VII; in Ingolstadt
1450–1479	Ludwig IX the Rich	Son of Heinrich IV; in Landshut
1460–1463	Johann IV the Truthful	Son of Albrecht III; in Munich
1460–1467	Sigmund the Generous	Son of Albrecht III; in Dachau; abdicated, died 1501
1460–1508	Albrecht IV the Wise	Son of Albrecht III
1479–1503	Georg the Rich	Son of Ludwig IX; in Landshut
1508–1550	Wilhelm IV the Steadfast	Son of Albrecht IV; in Munich 1514
1508–1545	Ludwig X	Son of Albrecht IV; in Landshut 1514
1550–1579	Albrecht V the Practical	Son of Wilhelm IV
1579–1597	Wilhelm V the Pious	Son of Albrecht V; abdicated, died 1626
1597–1623	Maximilian I	Son of Wilhelm V; Elector from 1623, died 1651
	Wittelsbach Electors of Bavaria
1623–1651	MAXIMILIAN I	= Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria
1651–1679	Ferdinand Maria the Peaceful	Son of Maximilian I
1679–1726	Maximilian II Emanuel Blueking	Son of Ferdinand Maria; in exile 1706–1714
1726–1745	Karl Albert	Son of Maximilian II
1745–1777	Maximilian III Josef	Son of Karl Albert
1777–1799	Karl Theodor	Son of Johann Christian of Sulzbach
1799–1805	Maximilian IV Josef	Son of Friedrich Michael son of Christian III of Zweibrücken; King from 1805, died 1825
	Kings of Bavaria
1805–1825	Maximilian I Josef	= Elector Maximilian IV of Bavaria
1825–1848	Ludwig I	Son of Maximilian I; abdicated, died 1868
1848–1864	Maximilian II	Son of Ludwig I
1864–1886	Ludwig II the Mad	Son of Maximilian II
1886–1913	Otto	Son of Maximilian II; deposed, died 1916
1913–1918	Ludwig III	Son of Liutpold, son of Ludwig I; deposed, died 1921
1918–		To Germany
	Wittelsbach: Line of Pfalz-Sulzbach (Ancestors of Karl Theodor)
1319–1327	ADOLF	Son of Rudolf I of Bavaria; Count Palatine on the Rhine
1327–1398	RUPRECHT II	Son of Adolf
1398–1410	RUPRECHT III the Little	Son of Ruprecht I
1410–1459	STEFAN	Son of Ruprecht II; in Simmern
1459–1489	LUDWIG I the Black	Son of Stefan
1489–1514	ALEXANDER	Son of Ludwig I; in Zweibrücken
1514–1552	LUDWIG II	Son of Alexander
1552–1569	WOLFGANG	Son of Ludwig II
1569–1614	PHILIPP LUDWIG	Son of Wolfgang; in Neuburg
1614–1632	AUGUST	Son of Philipp Ludwig; in Sulzbach
1632–1708	CHRISTIAN AUGUST	Son of August
1708–1733	THEODOR	Son of Christian August
1733–1733	JOHANN CHRISTIAN	Son of Theodor
1733–1799	KARL THEODOR	Son of Johann Christian; Count Palatine on the Rhine 1742, Elector of Bavaria 1777
	Wittelsbach: Line of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (Ancestors of Maximilian IV/I Josef)
1569–1600	KARL I	Son of Wolfgang; Count Palatine in Birkenfeld
1600–1654	CHRISTIAN I	Son of Karl I; in Bischweiler
1654–1717	CHRISTIAN II	Son of Christian I
1717–1735	CHRISTIAN III	Son of Christian II; in Zweibrücken from 1731
1735–1767	FRIEDRICH MICHAEL	Son of Christian III
1767–1825	MAXIMILIAN I Josef	Son of Friedrich Michael; Count Palatine in Zweibrücken 1795, of Pfalz and Elector of Bavaria 1799, King of Bavaria 1805

RULERS OF HANOVER (HANNOVER)

	Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1202–1213	WILHELM I	Son of Heinrich III of Saxony
1213–1252	OTTO I the Child	Son of Wilhelm
1252–1279	ALBRECHT I	Son of Otto I; in Brunswick 1267
1252–1277	JOHANN I	Son of Otto I; in Lüneburg 1267
1277–1330	OTTO II	Son of Johann I; in Lüneburg
1279–1322	HEINRICH I	Son of Albrecht I; in Grubenhagen 1289
1279–1318	ALBRECHT II	Son of Albrecht I; in Göttingen 1289 and Brunswick 1292
1279–1292	WILHELM II	Son of Albrecht I; in Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel 1289
1318–1344	OTTO III	Son of Albrecht II; in Brunswick and Göttingen
1318–1369	MAGNUS I	Son of Albrecht II; in Brunswick 1345
1318–1367	ERNST I	Son of Albrecht II; in Göttingen 1345
1322–1351	HEINRICH II	Son of Heinrich I; in Grubenhagen
1322–1361	ERNST II	Son of Heinrich I; in Osterode, also Herzberg 1360
1322–1360	WILHELM III	Son of Heinrich I; in Herzberg and Grubenhagen 1391
1330–1352	OTTO IV	Son of Otto II; in Lüneburg
1330–1369	WILHELM IV	Son of Otto II; in Lüneburg (abdicated 1355?)
1345–1373	MAGNUS II	Son of Magnus I; in Brunswick; killed in battle
1351–1399	OTTO V	Son of Heinrich II; in Grubenhagen
1355–1367	LUDWIG	Son of Magnus I; in Lüneburg
	ERNST	Son of Ernst I; co-ruler 1355–1363 in Göttingen
	ALBRECHT	Son of Ernst I; co-ruler 1363 in Göttingen
	ERNST	Son of Magnus I; co-ruler 1385 in Blankenburg
1361–/1383	ALBRECHT III	Son of Ernst II; in Salzderhelden
1361–/1421	FRIEDRICH I	Son of Ernst II; in Herzberg and Osterode
1367–1394	OTTO VI	Son of Ernst I; in Göttingen
1373–1400	FRIEDRICH II	Son of Magnus II; in Gifhorn 1381
1373–1434	BERNHARD I	Son of Magnus II; in Lüneburg 1388, then Brunswick 1409, then Lüneburg 1429
1373–1416	HEINRICH III	Son of Magnus II; in Lüneburg 1409
/1383–1427	ERICH I	Son of Albrecht III; in Salzderhelden
1394–1463	OTTO VII	Son of Otto VI; in Göttingen
1416–1482	WILHELM V	Son of Heinrich III; in Lüneburg, then Brunswick 1429, also Calenburg 1432, Göttingen 1463, Wolfenbüttel 1473
/1421–1452	OTTO VIII	Son of Friedrich I; in Herzberg and Osterode
1427–1464	HEINRICH IV	Son of Erich I; in Salzderhelden and Grubenhagen
1432–1473	HEINRICH V	Son of Heinrich III; in Wolfenbüttel
1434–1445	OTTO IX	Son of Bernhard I; in Lüneburg
	ERNST	Son of Erich I; co-ruler 1441–1466 in Herzberg and Osterode
1445–1457	FRIEDRICH III	Son of Bernhard I; in Lüneburg; abdicated, died 1478
1452–1485	ALBRECHT IV	Son of Erich I; in Herzberg and Osterode
1457–1464	BERNHARD II	Son of Friedrich III; in Lüneburg
1464–1471	OTTO X	Son of Friedrich III; in Lüneburg
1464–1526	HEINRICH VI	Son of Heinrich IV; in Salzderhelden and Grubenhagen
1471–1532	HEINRICH VII	Son of Otto X; in Lüneburg
1482–1495	WILHELM VI	Son of Wilhelm V; in Wolfenbüttel; abdicated, died 1503
1482–1495	FRIEDRICH IV	Son of Wilhelm V; in Calenburg
1485–1551	PHILIPP I	Son of Albrecht IV; in Herzberg and Osterode
1495–1514	HEINRICH VIII	Son of Wilhelm VI; in Wolfenbüttel; killed in battle
1495–1540	ERICH II	Son of Wilhelm VI; in Calenburg
1500–1508	ERICH III	Son of Albrecht IV; in Herzberg and Osterode; abdicated, died 1532
1514–1568	HEINRICH IX	Son of Heinrich VIII; in Wolfenbüttel
1521–1549	OTTO XI	Son of Heinrich VII; in Lüneburg, then Harburg 1527
1527–1546	ERNST III	Son of Heinrich VII; in Lüneburg
1527–1549	FRANZ	Son of Heinrich VII; in Lüneburg, then Gifhorn 1539
1540–1584	ERICH IV	Son of Erich II; in Calenburg
1546–1559	FRANZ OTTO	Son of Ernst III; in Lüneburg
1549–1603	OTTO XII	Son of Otto XI; in Harburg, also Moisburg 1560
1551–1567	ERNST IV	Son of Philipp I; in Herzberg and Osterode
1559–1598	HEINRICH X	Son of Ernst III; in Dannenberg 1569
1559–1592	WILHELM VII	Son of Ernst III; in Lüneburg
1567–1595	WOLFGANG	Son of Philipp I; in Herzberg and Osterode
1568–1589	JULIUS	Son of Heinrich X; in Wolfenbüttel, also Calenburg 1584
1589–1613	HEINRICH JULIUS	Son of Julius; in Wolfenbüttel, also Grubenhagen 1596
1592–1611	ERNST V	Son of Wilhelm VII; in Lüneburg
1595–1596	PHILIPP II	Son of Philipp I; in Herzberg and Osterode
1598–1636	JULIUS ERNST	Son of Heinrich X; in Dannenberg
1603–1642	WILHELM AUGUST	Son of Otto XII; in Harburg, also Blankenburg 1635
1603–1606	CHRISTOPH	Son of Otto XII; in Harburg
1606–1641	OTTO XIII	Son of Otto XII; in Harburg
1611–1633	CHRISTIAN	Son of Wilhelm VII; in Lüneburg, also Grubenhagen 1617
1613–1634	FRIEDRICH ULRICH	Son of Heinrich Julius; in Wolfenbüttel and (till1617) Grubenhagen
1633–1636	AUGUST I	Son of Wilhelm VII; in Lüneburg, also Calenburg 1635
1634–1666	AUGUST II	Son of Heinrich X; in Wolfenbüttel, also Dannenberg 1636
1636–1648	FRIEDRICH V	Son of Wilhelm VII; in Lüneburg, also Harburg 1643
1636–1641	GEORG	Son of Wilhelm VII; in Calenburg
1641–1665	CHRISTIAN LUDWIG	Son of Georg; in Calenburg, then Lüneburg-Celle 1648
1648–1705	GEORG WILHELM	Son of Georg; in Calenburg and Grubenhagen, then Lüneburg-Celle 1665
1665–1679	JOHANN FRIEDRICH	Son of Georg; in Calenburg and Grubenhagen
1666–1704	RUDOLF AUGUST	Son of August II; in Wolfenbüttel
1679–1692	ERNST AUGUST I	Son of Georg; in Calenburg and Grubenhagen; Elector of Hanover 1692, died 1698
1704–1714	ANTON ULRICH	Son of August II; in Wolfenbüttel
1714–1731	AUGUST WILHELM	Son of Anton Ulrich; in Wolfenbüttel
1731–1735	LUDWIG RUDOLF	Son of Anton Ulrich; in Wolfenbüttel; in Blankenburg 1707
1735–1735	FERDINAND ALBRECHT	Son of Ferdinand Albrecht of Bevern son of August II; in Wolfenbüttel
	Electors of Hanover 1692–1814, Kings of Hanover 1814–1866, Dukes of Brunswick 1913–1918
1692–1698	ERNST AUGUST I	Son of Georg Dk of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1698–1727	GEORG I Ludwig	Son of Ernst August I
1727–1760	GEORG II	Son of Georg I
1760–1820	GEORG III	Son of Friedrich Ludwig son of Georg II
1820–1830	GEORG IV	Son of Georg III
1830–1837	WILHELM	Son of Georg III
1837–1851	ERNST AUGUST II	Son of Georg III
1851–1866	GEORG V	Son of Ernst August II; deposed, died 1878
1866–1913		To Germany (Prussia)
1913–1918	ERNST AUGUST IV	Son of Ernst August III son of Georg V; deposed, died 1953
1918–		To Germany
	Dukes of Brunswick
1735–1780	CARL I	Son of Ferdinand Albrecht of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1780–1806	CARL II	Son of Carl I; killed in battle
1806–1815	FRIEDRICH WILHELM	Son of Carl II; killed in battle
1815–1830	CARL III	Son of Carl son of Carl II; abdicated, died 1873
1830–1884	WILHELM	Brother of Carl III

RULERS OF SAXONY (SACHSEN)

	Dukes of Saxony, Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg, Electors of Saxony from 1356
850–866	Liudolf	Margrave of East Saxony
866–880	Bruno	Son of Liudolf; killed
880–912	Otto I the Illustrious	Son of Liudolf
912–936	Heinrich I the Fowler	Son of Otto I
936–961	Otto II the Great	Son of Heinrich I; resigned, died 973
961–973	Hermann Billung	Son of Billung; by royal appointment
973–1011	Bernhard I	Son of Hermann
1011–1059	Bernhard II	Son of Bernhard I
1059–1072	Orthulf	Son of Bernhard II
1072–1106	Magnus	Son of Orthulf
1106–1137	Lothar of Supplinburg	Son of Gebhard of Supplinburg; by royal appointment
(1112–1113)	Otto III the Rich	Son of Adalbert II of Ascania; married Eilika, daughter of Magnus; resigned, died 1123
1137–1138	Heinrich II the Proud	Son of Heinrich IX of Bavaria by Wulfhild, daughter of Magnus; married Gertrud, daughter of Lothar; deposed, died 1139
1138–1142	Albrecht I the Bear	Son of Otto III; deposed, died 1170
1142–1180	Heinrich III the Lion	Son of Heinrich II; deposed, died of a fall from his horse 1195
1180–1212	Bernhard III	Son of Albrecht I
1212–1261	Albrecht II	Son of Bernhard III; Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg
1261–1298	Albrecht III	Son of Albrecht II
1298–1356	Rudolf I	Son of Albrecht III
1356–1370	Rudolf II	Son of Rudolf I; Elector 1356
1356–1388	Wenzel	Son of Rudolf I; Elector 1370
1388–1419	Rudolf III	Son of Wenzel; Elector 1388
1388–1422	Albrecht IV	Son of Wenzel; Elector 1419
	Wettin Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg and Electors of Saxony
1423–1428	Friedrich I the Warlike	Son of Friedrich III of Meissen
1428–1464	Friedrich II the Gentle	Son of Friedrich I
1464–1486	Ernst	Son of Friedrich II; Elector of Saxony
1464–1500	Albrecht the Bold	Son of Friedrich II; Duke of Saxony
1486–1525	Friedrich III the Wise	Son of Ernst; Elector
1500–1539	Georg the Bearded	Son of Albrecht; Duke
1525–1532	Johann the Constant	Son of Ernst; Elector
1532–1547	Johann Friedrich Magnanimous	Son of Johann; Elector; deposed, died 1554
1539–1541	Heinrich the Pious	Son of Albrecht; Duke
1541–1553	Moritz Judas	Son of Heinrich; Duke; Elector 1547
1553–1586	August the Father	Son of Heinrich
1586–1591	Christian I	Son of August
1591–1611	Christian II the Beerking	Son of Christian I
1611–1656	Johann Georg I Bierjörg	Son of Christian I
1656–1680	Johann Georg II	Son of Johann Georg I
1680–1691	Johann Georg III the Fat	Son of Johann Georg II; murdered (?)
1691–1694	Johann Georg IV	Son of Johann Georg III
1694–1733	Friedrich August I the Strong	Son of Johann Georg III
1733–1763	Friedrich August II	Son of Friedrich August I
1763–1763	Friedrich Christian	Son of Friedrich August II
1763–1806	Friedrich August III the Righteous	Son of Friedrich Christian; King from 1806, died 1827
	Kings of Saxony
1806–1827	Friedrich August I the Righteous	= Elector Friedrich August III
1827–1836	Anton	Son of Friedrich Christian
1836–1854	Friedrich August II	Son of Maximilian son of Friedrich Christian; co-regent 1830
1854–1873	Johann the Magister	Brother of Friedrich August II
1873–1902	Albrecht	Son of Johann
1902–1904	Georg	Son of Johann
1904–1918	Friedrich August III	Son of Georg; deposed, died 1932
1918–		To Germany

RULERS OF WÜRTTEMBERG

	Counts of Württemberg
/1110–1122/	konrad	Nephew of Konrad of Württemberg
/1134–1158/	ludwig i	Son of Konrad
/1166–1181/	ludwig ii	Son of Ludwig I
/1201–1228/	ludwig iii	Son of Ludwig II
1236–1243	EBERHARD I	Son of Ludwig III
1243–1265	ULRICH I dal Pollice	Son of Heinrich
1265–1279	ULRICH II	Son of Ulrich I
1279–1325	EBERHARD II the Illustrious	Son of Ulrich I
1325–1344	ULRICH III	Son of Eberhard II
1344–1392	EBERHARD III the Contender	Son of Ulrich II
1344–1366	ULRICH IV	Son of Ulrich II
1392–1417	EBERHARD IV the Meek	Son of Ulrich son of Eberhard III
1417–1419	EBERHARD V the Younger	Son of Eberhard IV
1419–1450	LUDWIG IV	Son of Eberhard V; in Urach 1442
1419–1480	ULRICH V the Well-Loved	Son of Eberhard V; in Stuttgard 1442
1450–1457	LUDWIG V	Son of Ludwig IV; in Urach
1450–1495	EBERHARD VI the Bearded	Son of Ludwig IV; in Urach; Duke from 1495, died 1496
1480–1496	EBERHARD VII the Younger	Son of Ulrich V; in Stuttgard; Duke from 1496
	Dukes of Württemberg
1495–1496	EBERHARD I the Bearded	= Count Eberhard VI of Württemberg
1496–1498	EBERHARD II the Younger	= Count Eberhard VII of Württemberg; deposed, died 1504
1498–1519	ULRICH	Son of Heinrich of Mömpelgard son of Ulrich V; deposed
1519–1534		To Germany
1534–1550	ULRICH	Restored
1550–1568	CHRISTOPH the Pacific	Son of Ulrich
1568–1593	LUDWIG	Son of Christoph
1593–1608	FRIEDRICH I	Son of Georg of Mömpelgard son of Heinrich
1608–1628	JOHANN FRIEDRICH	Son of Friedrich I
1628–1674	EBERHARD III	Son of Johann Friedrich
1674–1677	WILHELM LUDWIG	Son of Eberhard III
1677–1733	EBERHARD LUDWIG	Son of Wilhelm Ludwig
1733–1737	KARL Alexander	Son of Friedrich Karl son of Eberhard III
1737–1793	KARL Eugen	Son of Karl Alexander
1793–1795	LUDWIG EUGEN	Son of Karl Alexander
1795–1797	FRIEDRICH EUGEN	Son of Karl Alexander
1797–1805	FREIDRICH II	Son of Friedrich Eugen; Elector from 1803, King from 1805, died 1816
	Kings of Württemberg
1805–1816	FRIEDRICH	= Duke Friedrich II of Württemberg
1816–1864	WILHELM I	Son of Friedrich
1864–1891	KARL	Son of Wilhelm I
1891–1918	WILHELM II	Son of Friedrich son of Paul son of Friedrich; deposed, died 1921
1918–		To Germany

RULERS OF BADE (BADEN)

	Margraves of Bade
1100–1130	HERMANN I	Son of Hermann of Verona
1130–1160	HERMANN II	Son of Hermann I
1160–1190	HERMANN III	Son of Hermann II; killed in battle
1190–1243	HERMANN IV	Son of Hermann III
1243–1250	HERMANN V	Son of Hermann IV
1250–1268	FRIEDRICH I	Son of Hermann V; executed after battle at Tagliacozzo
1268–1288	RUDOLF I	Son of Hermann IV
1288–1291	HERMANN VI	Son of Rudolf I
1288–1295	RUDOLF II	Son of Rudolf I
1288–1297	HESSO	Son of Rudolf I
1288–1333	RUDOLF III	Son of Rudolf I
1291–1333	FRIEDRICH II	Son of Hermann VI
1291–1348	RUDOLF IV	Son of Hermann VI
1297–1335	RUDOLF HESSO	Son of Hesso
1333–1353	HERMANN VII	Son of Friedrich II
1348–1353	FRIEDRICH III	Son of Rudolf IV
1348–1361	RUDOLF V	Son of Rudolf IV; in Pforzheim
1353–1372	RUDOLF VI	Son of Friedrich III
1372–1431	BERNHARD I	Son of Rudolf VI
1372–1391	RUDOLF VII	Son of Rudolf VI
1431–1453	JAKOB I	Son of Bernhard I
1453–1475	KARL I	Son of Jakob I
1453–1458	BERNHARD II	Son of Jakob I; in Pforzheim; abdicated, died 1458
1475–1527	CHRISTOPH I	Son of Karl I
1475–1488	ALBRECHT	Son of Karl I; in Hachberg 1482; killed in battle
	Dukes of Bade-Bade
1527–1536	BERNHARD III	Son of Christoph I; in Bade
1527–1533	PHILIPP I	Son of Christoph I; in Spanheim
1536–1569	PHILIBERT	Son of Bernhard III; in Bade; killed in battle
1536–1575	CHRISTOPH II	Son of Bernhard III; in Rodemachern
1569–1588	PHILIPP II	Son of Philibert; in Bade
1575–1596	EDUARD Fortunatus	Son of Christoph II; in Rodemachern, also Bade 1588; deposed, died 1600
1596–1622		To Germany
1622–1677	WILHELM	Son of Eduard; in exile till 1622; in Bade, also Rodemachern 1666
1622–1665	HERMANN Fortunatus	Son of Eduard; in Rodemachern
1665–1666	KARL Wilhelm Eugen	Son of Hermann; Rodemachern
1677–1707	LUDWIG WILHELM	Son of Ferdinand Maximilian son of Wilhelm; in Bade
1707–1761	LUDWIG GEORG Simpert	Son of Ludwig Wilhelm; in Bade
1761–1771	AUGUST GEORG	Son of Ludwig Wilhelm; in Bade
	Dukes of Bade-Durlach
1527–1553	ERNST	Son of Christoph I; in Durlach
1552–1553	BERNHARD	Son of Ernst; in Durlach
1552–1577	KARL II	Son of Ernst; in Durlach
1577–1604	ERNST FRIEDRICH	Son of Karl II; in Durlach
1577–1590	JAKOB II	Son of Karl II; in Hachberg 1584
1577–1622	GEORG FRIEDRICH	Son of Karl II; in Sausenberg, in Durlach 1604; deposed, died 1636
1622–1634	FRIEDRICH IV	Son of Georg Friedrich; in Durlach; deposed
1634–1648		To Germany
1648–1659	FRIEDRICH IV Magnus	Restored; in Durlach
1659–1677	FRIEDRICH V Magnus	Son of Friedrich IV; in Durlach
1677–1709	FRIEDRICH VI Magnus	Son of Friedrich V; in Durlach
1709–1738	KARL III Wilhelm	Son of Friedrich VI; in Durlach
1738–1806	KARL FRIEDRICH	Son of Friedrich son of Karl III; in Durlach; also Bade 1771; Grand Duke from 1806, died 1811
	Grand-Dukes of Bade
1806–1811	KARL FRIEDRICH	= Duke Karl Friedrich of Bade
1811–1818	KARL I	Son of Karl Ludwig son of Karl Friedrich
1818–1830	LUDWIG I	Son of Karl Friedrich
1830–1852	LEOPOLD I	Son of Karl Friedrich
1852–1856	LUDWIG II	Son of Leopold I; deposed, died 1858
1856–1907	FRIEDRICH I	Son of Leopold I
1907–1918	FRIEDRICH II	Son of Friedrich I; deposed, died 1928
1918–		To Germany

RULERS OF HESSE (HESSEN)

	Landgraves of Hesse
1265–1308	HEINRICH I the Child	Son of Hendrik II of Brabant
1308–1328	OTTO I	Son of Heinrich I; in Upper Hesse
1308–1311	JOHANN	Son of Heinrich I; in Lower Hesse
1328–1376	HEINRICH II	Son of Otto
	OTTO II	Son of Heinrich II; co-ruler 1340–1366
1376–1413	HERMANN the Learned	Son of Ludwig son of Otto
1413–1458	LUDWIG I	Son of Hermann
1458–1471	LUDWIG II	Son of Ludwig I; in Cassel
1458–1483	HEINRICH III	Son of Ludwig I; in Marburg
1471–1493	WILHELM I	Son of Ludwig II; in Cassel; abdicated, died 1515
	LUDWIG III	Son of Heinrich III; co-ruler in Marburg 1474–1478
1483–1509	WILHELM II	Son of Ludwig II; in Cassel
1483–1500	WILHELM III	Son of Heinrich III; in Marburg
1509–1567	PHILIPP I the Magnanimous	Son of Wilhelm II
	Landgraves of Hesse-Cassel
1567–1592	WILHELM IV	Son of Philipp I; in Cassel
1567–1604	LUDWIG IV	Son of Philipp I; in Marburg
1567–1583	PHILIPP II	Son of Philipp I; in Rheinfels
1592–1627	MORITZ	Son of Wilhelm IV; abdicated, died 1632
1627–1637	WILHELM V	Son of Moritz
1637–1663	WILHELM VI	Son of Wilhelm V
1663–1670	WILHELM VII	Son of Wilhelm VI
1670–1730	KARL	Son of Wilhelm VI
1730–1751	FRIEDRICH I	Son of Karl
1751–1760	WILHELM VIII	Son of Karl; regent since 1730
1760–1785	FRIEDRICH II	Son of Wilhelm VIII
1785–1803	WILHELM IX	Son of Friedrich II; Elector from 1803, died 1821
	Electors of Hesse (-Cassel)
1803–1821	WILHELM I	= Landgrave Wilhelm IX
1821–1831	WILHELM II	Son of Wilhelm I; abdicated, died 1847
1831–1866	FRIEDRICH WILHELM I	Son of Wilhelm II; deposed, died 1875
1866–		To Germany (Prussia)
	Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt
1567–1596	GEORG I the Pious	Son of Philipp I of Hesse
1596–1626	LUDWIG V	Son of Georg I
1626–1661	GEORG II	Son of Ludwig V
1661–1678	LUDWIG VI	Son of Georg II
1678–1678	LUDWIG VII	Son of Ludwig VI
1678–1739	ERNST LUDWIG	Son of Ludwig VI
1739–1768	LUDWIG VIII	Son of Ernst Ludwig
1768–1790	LUDWIG IX	Son of Ludwig VIII
1790–1806	LUDWIG X	Son of Ludwig IX; Grand Duke from 1806, died 1830
	Grand Dukes of Hesse (-Darmstadt)
1806–1830	LUDWIG I	= Landgrave Ludwig X of Hesse-Darmstadt
1830–1848	LUDWIG II	Son of Ludwig I
1848–1877	LUDWIG III	Son of Ludwig II
1877–1892	LUDWIG IV	Son of Karl son of Ludwig II
1892–1918	ERNST LUDWIG	Son of Ludwig IV; deposed
1918–		To Germany

RULERS OF MECKLENBURG

	Princes, Dukes, Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1815
1179–1227	HEINRICH BURWIN I	Son of Prisbislaw of the Obodrites
1189–1200	NIKOLAUS I	Son of Wartislaw brother of Heinrich Burwin I; in Rostock; killed in battle
	HEINRICH BURWIN II	Son of Heinrich Burwin I; co-ruler 1217–1226 in Werle and Rostock
	NIKOLAUS II	Son of Heinrich Burwin I; co-ruler 1217–1225 in Gadebusch
1227–1264	JOHANN I	Son of Heinrich Burwin II; co-ruler 1226
1227–1278	HEINRICH BURWIN III	Son of Heinrich Burwin II; in Rostock 1236
1227–1280	PRIBISLAW I	Son of Heinrich Burwin II; in Parchim
	JOHANN	Son of Heinrich Burwin III; co-ruler 1262–1266 in Rostock
1264–1302	HEINRICH I	Son of Johann I
1264–1265	ALBRECHT I	Son of Johann I
1264–1290	NIKOLAUS III	Son of Johann I
1273–1299	JOHANN II	Son of Johann I; in Gadebusch
1278–1282	WALDEMAR	Son of Heinrich Burwin III; co-ruler 1266; in Rostock
1280–1316	PRIBISLAW II	Son of Pribislaw I; in Belgard
1280–/1289	PRIBISLAW III	Son of Pribislaw I; in Wollin
1282–1314	NIKOLAUS IV	Son of Waldemar; in Rostock
1302–1329	HEINRICH II the Lion	Son of Heinrich I; co-ruler 1287
	JOHANN III	Son of Heinrich I; co-ruler 1287–1289
1329–1379	ALBRECHT II	Son of Heinrich II; in Schwerin 1358
1379–1383	HEINRICH III	Son of Albrecht II
1379–1412	ALBRECHT III	Son of Albrecht II
1379–1384	MAGNUS I	Son of Albrecht II
1384–1422	JOHANN IV	Son of Magnus I
1412–1423	ALBRECHT IV	Son of Albrecht III
1422–1477	HEINRICH IV the Younger	Son of Johann IV; also Werle 1436 and Stargard 1441
1422–1442/3	JOHANN V	Son of Johann IV
1464–1483	ALBRECHT V	Son of Heinrich IV; in Güstrow
1464–1474	JOHANN VI	Son of Heinrich IV; in Güstrow
1477–1503	MAGNUS II	Son of Heinrich IV; in Schwerin; also Güstrow 1483
1480–1507	BALTHASAR	Son of Heinrich IV
1503–1552	HEINRICH V	Son of Magnus II; in Schwerin
1503–1547	ALBRECHT VI	Son of Magnus II; in Güstrow
1547–1576	JOHANN ALBRECHT I	Son of Albrecht VI; in Güstrow till 1555, also in Schwerin 1552
1555–1603	ULRICH	Son of Albrecht VI; in Güstrow till 1585, also in Schwerin 1592
1570–1592	CHRISTOPH	Son of Albrecht VI; in Gadebusch
1585–1592	JOHANN VII	Son of Johann Albrecht I; in Schwerin
1592–1610	KARL I	Son of Albrecht VI; in Schwerin till 1608, also in Güstrow 1603
1592–1658	ADOLF FRIEDRICH I	Son of Johann VII; in Schwerin, also Güstrow 1636–1654
1592–1636	JOHANN ALBRECHT II	Son of Johann VII; in Güstrow 1610
1654–1695	GUSTAV ADOLF	Son of Johann Albrecht II; in Güstrow
1658–1692	CHRISTIAN LUDWIG I	Son of Adolf Friedrich I; in Schwerin
1658–1670	KARL II	Son of Adolf Friedrich I; in Mirow
1658–1675	JOHANN GEORG	Son of Adolf Friedrich I; in Mirow 1670
1658–1688	FRIEDRICH I	Son of Adolf Friedrich I; in Grabow
1688–1713	FRIEDRICH WILHELM	Son of Friedrich I; in Grabow, also Schwerin 1692
1713–1747	KARL LEOPOLD	Son of Friedrich I
1747–1756	CHRISTIAN LUDWIG II	Son of Friedrich I
1756–1785	FRIEDRICH II	Son of Christian Ludwig II
1785–1837	FRIEDRICH FRANZ I	Son of Ludwig son of Christian Ludwig II; Grand Duke 1815
1837–1842	PAUL FRIEDRICH	Son of Friedrich Ludwig son of Friedrich Franz I
1842–1883	FRIEDRICH FRANZ II	Son of Paul Friedrich
1883–1897	FRIEDRICH FRANZ III	Son of Friedrich Franz II
1897–1918	FRIEDRICH FRANZ IV	Son of Friedrich Franz III; deposed, died 1945
1918–		To Germany
	Princes of Werle and Princes of the Wends 1418
1235–1277	NIKOLAUS I	Son of Heinrich Burwin II; in Rostock 1229, Werle 1235
1277–1291	HEINRICH I	Son of Nikolaus I; in Güstrow
1277–1286	BERNHARD I	Son of Nikolaus I; in Prisannewitz 1281
1277–1283	JOHANN I	Son of Nikolaus I; in Parchim 1281
1283–1316	NIKOLAUS II	Son of Johann I; in Parchim; also Güstrow 1292 and Penzlin 1307
1283–1337	JOHANN II	Son of Johann I; in Parchim; also Güstrow 1316
1316–1352	JOHANN III	Son of Nikolaus II; in Goldberg
1337–1360/1	NIKOLAUS III	Son of Johann II; in Güstrow
1337–1382	BERNHARD II	Son of Johann II; in Waren
1352–1354	NIKOLAUS IV	Son of Johann III
1354–1374	JOHANN IV	Son of Nikolaus IV
1360/1–1393	LORENZ	Son of Nikolaus III; in Goldberg 1374
1360/1–1377/8	JOHANN V	Son of Nikolaus III
1374–/1395	JOHANN VI	Son of Bernhard II; in Goldberg 1374, also Waren 1382
1393–1421	BALTHASAR	Son of Lorenz; in Güstrow
1393–1414	JOHANN VII	Son of Lorenz
1393–1436	WILHELM	Son of Lorenz; in Güstrow 1421, also Waren 1426
/1395–1404	NIKOLAUS V	Son of Johann VI
/1395–1426	CHRISTOPH	Son of Johann VI; killed in battle
	Dukes of Mecklenburg-Stargard
1329–1392/3	JOHANN I	Son of Heinrich II of Mecklenburg; in Stargard 1352
1392/3–1416	JOHANN II	Son of Johann I
1392/3–1417	ULRICH I	Son of Johann I
1392/3–1397	ALBRECHT I	Son of Johann I
1416–1438	JOHANN III	Son of Johann II; also Werle 1436
1417–/1423	ALBRECHT II	Son of Ulrich I
1417–1466	HEINRICH the Elder	Son of Ulrich I; also Werle 1436
1466–1471	ULRICH II	Son of Heinrich
	Dukes, from 1815 Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1701–1708	ADOLF FRIEDRICH II	Posthumous son of Adolf Friedrich I; in Strelitz and Werle
1708–1752	ADOLF FRIEDRICH III	Son of Adolf Friedrich II
1752–1794	ADOLF FRIEDRICH IV	Son of Karl son of Adolf Friedrich II
1794–1816	KARL	Brother of Adolf Friedrich IV; Grand Duke 1815
1816–1860	GEORG	Son of Karl
1860–1904	FRIEDRICH WILHELM	Son of Georg
1904–1914	ADOLF FRIEDRICH V	Son of Friedrich Wilhelm
1914–1918	ADOLF FRIEDRICH VI	Son of Adolf Friedrich V; committed suicide 1918
1918–		To Germany

RULERS OF OLDENBURG, SCHLESWIG, AND HOLSTEIN

	Counts, Dukes of Oldenburg from 1777, Grand Dukes of Oldenburg from 1829
/1091–1108	EGILMAR I	Count in Lerigau
1108–1142/	EGILMAR II	Son of Egilmar I
/1148–1167	CHRISTIAN I	Son of Egilmar II
1167–1212	MORITZ I	Son of Christian I
1212–1233	CHRISTIAN II	Son of Moritz
1212–1251	OTTO I	Son of Moritz; in Berne 1233
1233–1270	JOHANN I	Son of Christian II
1270–1285	CHRISTIAN III	Son of Johann I
1285–1316	JOHANN II	Son of Christian III
1316–1324	CHRISTIAN IV	Son of Johann II
1316–1344	JOHANN III	Son of Johann II
1316–1346	KONRAD I	Son of Johann II
1344–1356	JOHANN IV	Son of Johann III
1347–1401	KONRAD II	Son of Konrad I
1347–1399	CHRISTIAN V	Son of Konrad I
1356–1357	OTTO II	Son of Johann IV
1399–1440	DIETRICH	Son of Christian V
1401–1420	MORITZ II	Son of Konrad II
1440–1454	CHRISTIAN VI	Son of Dietrich
1454–1483	GERHARD VI	Son of Dietrich; in Delmenhorst from 1440
1483–1526	JOHANN V	Son of Gerhard VI
1526–1529	JOHANN VI	Son of Johann V; abdicated, died 1548
1526–1529	GEORG	Son of Johann V; abdicated, died 1551
1526–1529	CHRISTOF	Son of Johann V; abdicated, died 1566
1526–1573	ANTON I	Son of Johann VI
1573–1603	JOHANN VII	Son of Anton I
1603–1667	ANTON GÜNTHER	Son of Johann VII; also Delmenhorst 1647
1667–1773		To Denmark
1773–1785	FRIEDRICH AUGUST I	Son of Christian August son of Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp; Duke of Oldenburg 1777
1785–1823	WILHELM	Son of Friedrich August I; in exile 1810–1815
1823–1829	PETER I	Son of Georg brother of Friedrich August I
1829–1853	AUGUST	Son of Peter I; Grand Duke of Oldenburg 1829
1853–1900	PETER II	Son of August
1900–1918	FRIEDRICH AUGUST II	Son of Peter II; deposed, died 1931
1918–		To Germany
	Counts of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst
1259–1270	JOHANN I
1270–1304	OTTO I	Son of Johann I
1304–1347	JOHANN II	Son of Otto I
1304–1355	CHRISTIAN I the Elder	Son of Otto I
1347–1367	CHRISTIAN II the Younger	Son of Johann II
1355–1374	OTTO II	Son of Christian I
1367–1418	OTTO III	Son of Christian II
1418–1421	NIKOLAUS	Son of Otto IV; abdicated, died 1434
1421–1440	DIETRICH	Son of Christian V of Oldenburg
1440–1483	GERHARD	Son of Dietrich; abdicated, died 1500
1463–1464	MORITZ	Son of Dietrich; in Delmenhorst
1464–1483	JAKOB	Son of Moritz; in Delmenhorst
1483–1526	JOHANN III	Son of Gerhard
1526–1529	JOHANN IV	Son of Johann III; abdicated, died 1548
1526–1529	GEORG	Son of Johann III; abdicated, died 1551
1526–1529	CHRISTOF	Son of Johann III; abdicated, died 1566
1526–1573	ANTON I	Son of Johann III
1573–1577	JOHANN V	Son of Anton I; abdicated, died 1603
1573–1619	ANTON II	Son of Anton I
1619–1622	ANTON HEINRICH	Son of Anton II
1619–1647	CHRISTIAN	Son of Anton II; to Oldenburg
	Princes of Southern Jutland, Dukes of Schleswig
1115–1131	KNUD I Lavard	Son of Erik I of Denmark; murdered
1131–1157	WALDEMAR I	Son of Knud I; abdicated, died 1182
1157–1173	CHRISTOFFER	Son of Waldemar I
1173–1202	KNUD II	Son of Waldemar I
1202–1231	WALDEMAR II the Great	Son of Waldemar I; abdicated, died 1241
1231–1252	ABEL	Son of Waldemar II; killed in battle
1253–1257	VALDERMAR III	Son of Abel
1259–1272	ERICH I	Son of Abel
1272–1312	VALDEMAR IV	Son of Erich I
1312–1325	ERICH II	Son of Valdemar IV
1325–1364	VALDEMAR V	Son of Erich II
1364–1375	HEINRICH	Son of Valdemar V
1375–		To Denmark, then to Holstein 1386
	Counts of Holstein and Schauenburg
1106–1110	GOTTFRIED of Hamburg	Count of Holstein
1110–1129	ADOLF I of Schauenburg	Count of Schauenburg; abdicated, died 1331
1129–1138	ADOLF II	Son of Adolf I; deposed
1138–1139	HEINRICH of Badewide	Usurper
1139–1164	ADOLF II	Restored; killed in battle
1164–1225	ADOLF III	Son of Adolf II
1225–1238	ADOLF IV	Son of Adolf III; abdicated, died 1261
1238–1263	JOHANN I	Son of Adolf IV; in Kiel
1238–1290	GERHARD I	Son of Adolf IV; in Itzehoe
1263–1308	ADOLF V	Son of Johann I; in Kiel till 1273, then in Segeberg
1263–1316	JOHANN II the One-Eyed	Son of Johann I; abdicated, died 1321; in Kiel
1290–1312	GERHARD II the Blind	Son of Gerhard I; in Plön
1290–1315	ADOLF VI	Son of Gerhard I; in Pinneberg
1290–1304	HEINRICH I	Son of Gerhard I; in Rendsburg
1304–1340	GERHARD III the Great	Son of Heinrich I; in Rendsburg; murdered
1312–1323	GERHARD IV	Son of Gerhard II; in Kiel
1312–1359	JOHANN III the Mild	Son of Gerhard II; in Plön; also Kiel 1316
1315–1354	ADOLF VII	Son of Adolf VI; in Pinneberg
1323–1350	GERHARD V	Son of Gerhard IV; in Kiel
1340–1384	HEINRICH II	Son of Gerhard III; in Rendsburg; also Duke of Schleswig 1375
1340–1397	NIKOLAUS	Son of Gerhard III; in Plön and Kiel 1390
1354–1370	ADOLF VIII	Son of Adolf VII; in Pinneberg
1359–1390	ADOLF IX	Son of Johann III; in Plön and Kiel
1370–1405	OTTO I	Son of Adolf VII; in Pinneberg
1384–1404	GERHARD VI	Son of Heinrich II; in Rendsburg and Schleswig; Plön and Kiel 1397; murdered
1384–1403	ALBRECHT	Son of Heinrich II, in Segeberg, also Plön and Kiel 1397
1381–1421	HEINRICH III	Son of Heinrich II; abdicated 1402–1403, resumed rule in Holstein
1404–1427	HEINRICH IV	Son of Gerhard VI; in Rendsburg and Schleswig; killed in battle
1404–1426	ADOLF X	Son of Otto I; in Pinneberg
1426–1464	OTTO II	Son of Adolf X; in Pinneberg (for successors see Schauenburg-Pinneberg)
1427–1459	ADOLF XI	Son of Gerhard VI; in Rendsburg and Schleswig
1427–1433	GERHARD VII	Son of Gerhard VI; in Rendsburg and Schleswig
1459–1481	CHRISTIAN I	Son of Dietrich of Oldenburg son of Christian V by Hedwig daughter of Gerhard VI
1481–1513	JOHANN	Son of Christian I; ceded Holstein-Gottorp to brother Friedrich I 1490
1513–1559	CHRISTIAN II	Son of Johann; died in prison
	Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
1490–1533	FRIEDRICH I	Son of Christian I of Holstein and Denmark
1533–1586	ADOLF	Son of Friedrich I
1586–1587	FRIEDRICH II	Son of Adolf
1587–1590	PHILIPP	Son of Adolf
1590–1616	JOHANN ADOLF	Son of Adolf
1616–1650	FRIEDRICH III	Son of Johan Adolf
1650–1695	CHRISTIAN ALBRECHT	Son of Friedrich III
1695–1702	FRIEDRICH IV	Son of Christian Albrecht; killed in battle
1702–1739	KARL FRIEDRICH	Son of Friedrich IV
1739–1762	KARL PETER ULRICH	Son of Karl Friedrich; murdered
1762–1773	PAUL	Son of Karl Peter Ulrich; abdicated, murdered 1801; to Oldenburg
	Counts of Schauenburg-Pinneberg after 1464, Princes of Schauenburg-Pinneberg from 1619
1464–1474	ADOLF XII	Son of Otto II of Schauenburg-Pinneberg
1474–1492	ERICH	Son of Otto II of Schauenburg-Pinneberg
1492–1510	OTTO III	Son of Otto II of Schauenburg-Pinneberg
1510–1527	JOHANN IV	Son of Otto II of Schauenburg-Pinneberg
1527–1531	JOBST I	Son of Johann IV
1531–1576	OTTO IV	Son of Jobst I
1531–1544	ADOLF XIII	Son of Jobst I; abdicated, died 1556
1531–1560	JOHANN V	Son of Jobst I
1531–1581	JOBST II	Son of Jobst I
1576–1601	ADOLF XIV	Son of Otto IV
1581–1607	HEINRICH V	Son of Jobst II
1601–1622	ERNST	Son of Otto IV; Prince 1619
1607–1635	JOBST HERMANN	Son of Heinrich V
1635–1640	OTTO VI	Son of Georg Hermann son of Jobst II
1640–1681	PHILIPP of Lippe	Son of Simon of Lippe by Elisabeth daughter of Otto IV