1. Archives de l’Etat, Liège (AEL), Officialité, reg. 22, ff.12-12v. Given names have been modernized in keeping with the somewhat inconsistent practices of Liégeois historians: except in direct quotations from the documents, "Jean" is used for the name usually spelt "Jehan" or "Johan" (except for Johannes Saverot, who seems to have preferred the Latin form); "Catherine," often spelt with a "K" is always given a "C"; "Jehenne" becomes "Jeanne"; and "Maroie" or "Maroye" becomes "Marie." Nicknames like "Collard" (Nicholas) are kept in the original form.

² Merry E. Weisner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1993). She does mention the severity with which violence by women was punished, p. 34.

³ Rosemary O’Day, The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France, and the United States of America (London: Macmillan, 1994), p. 95.

⁴ David Warren Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

⁵ Sabean, Property, Production, and Family, pp. 124-46.

⁶ Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 51

⁷ Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, p. 70 and note 79, particularly mentioning Geneva. He also cites figures from the Geneva marriage court in note 207, p. 84.

⁸ Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, pp. 75, 78-79.

⁹ Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, p. 72.

¹⁰ John Witte, Jr., From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition (Louisville KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1997), p. 91.

¹¹ Witte, From Sacrament to Contract, p. 112.

¹² Joel F. Harrington, Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 266.

¹³ Thomas Max Safley, Let No Man Put Asunder: The Control of Marriage in the German Southwest: A Comparative Study, 1550-1600 (Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1984).

¹⁴ These results are summarized in a table; Safley, Let No Man Put Asunder, p. 142.

¹⁵ Safley, Let No Man Put Asunder, pp. 104-5.

¹⁶ R.H. Helmholtz, Marriage Litigation in Medieval England (London: Cambridge University Press, 1974), p. 101. Another collection of documents from medieval London finds the same pattern; see Shannon McSheffrey, ed., Love and Marriage in Late Medieval London (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publicationsm 1995), p. 6.

¹⁷ Helmholtz, Marriage Litigation, p. 105-6. Even though Witte in From Sacrament to Contract cites Helmholz, he still maintains that "a strong emphasis on the reconciliation of husband and wife" is one of the innovations of Protestant Geneva (p. 91).

¹⁸ Helmholtz, Marriage Litigation, p. 106.

¹⁹ AEL, Officialité, reg. 5, f. 6v (12 January 1509).

²⁰ AEL, Fonds Lefort I, 25.

²¹ The term "burgomaster" translates bourgmestre, although this word was not in use in Liège until the eighteenth century. The contemporary title was "maître de la Cité."

²² AEL, Fonds Lefort I, 25 gives 1480; "Recueil héraldique des commissaires de la cité de Liège 1424 à 1542" (Bibliothèque de l’Université de Liège, MS 1606B), p. 69, gives 1476.

²³ I give the form of his name as Johannes, as he is always referred to in the parish records. Later Liégeois antiquaries like Lefort tend to modernize the name as "Jean."

²⁴ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Obligations 6 f. 280

²⁵ The earliest surviving document is dated 1 August 1481: AEL, Echevins de Liège Obigations 5 f. 50.

²⁶ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Convenances et Testaments 24 ff.361v–362v.

²⁷ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Oeuvres 50 f. 344.

²⁸ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Oeuvres 58 f. 309v.

²⁹ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Oeuvres 66 f. 247v-248.

³⁰ There is no source that gives marriage as a requirement for the office, but it was required to hold office in the guilds that were the foundation of political life in Liège, and remained a requirement for the office of burgomaster until the end of the Ancien Regime.

³¹ For example, a contract in AEL, Echevins de Liège, Oeuvres 74, f. 268v. dated 24 November 1513.

³² AEL, Echevins de Liège, Oeuvres 62, f. 302: Johannes Saverot, on behalf of his daughter, settles a claim on money promised by her late husband’s grandmother in Barbe’s marriage contract.

³³ AEL, Saint-Martin-en-Ile ptf. 8; also in AEL, Echevins de Liège, Convenances et Testaments 27, ff 175-176v.

³⁴ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Convenances et Testaments 26, f. 36. The month is missing from the date, but it is probably December, since it was registered 23 December 1516.

³⁵ He is always referred to as a mangon, although apart from his joining the guild there is no other evidence of his connection to the trade. His son Martin, however, was at one time one of the wardens of the guild who were charged with enforcement of guild standards. See Edouard Poncelet and Emile Fairon, "Liste chronologique des actes concernant les métiers et confréries de la cité de Liège" Annuaire d’histoire liégeoise 3(1943-45): 474.

³⁶ AEL, Officialité, Sentences 8, f. 14v.

³⁷ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Oeuvres 83, ff. 269v-270.

³⁸ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Oeuvres 83, f. 247v: "en faisant a la volonte derain de son jadit marit et en recompense de ce que par cas daventure il ewist par ignorance le pendant de la domaine quil a heu de son vivant compterie des poevres de ceste cite oblijet de compter . . . que sa consicience ses hoirs et representants en soient discargies devant Dieu et le monde."

³⁹ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Oeuvres 80, f. 157. The word mambour could mean "guardian" or "attorney": the latter is more likely in view of the fact that the children in question were clearly full grown. This further suggests that they were actually Catherine’s as well.

⁴⁰ On this confraternity, see D. Henry Dieterich, "Brotherhood and Community on the Eve of the Reformation: Confraternities and Parish Life in Liège, 1485-1530" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1982) and "Confraternities and Lay Leadership in Sixteenth-Century Liège" Renaissance and Reformation 25(1989).

⁴¹ "Quo tempore pendente . . . pluris et diversis vicibus" AEL, Officialité, reg. 22, f. 12.

⁴² AEL, Saint-Martin-en-Ile folder 8.

⁴³ Léon Naveau, Analyse du recueil d’épitaphes de J.-G. et J.-H. Lefort (Liège: Société des Bibliophiles, 1899), p. 40, no. 218.

⁴⁴ AEL, Echevins de Liège, Convenances et Testaments 35, ff. 285v-289.