Abstract of Bailey, R.M. and G.R. Smith. 1981. Origin and geography of the fish fauna of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin. Canadian J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 38:(12):1539-1561.

153 species inhabit the Great Lakes basin. In the 14,000 years post glaciation, 122 species have invaded from the Mississippi drinage, 14 kinds from the Atlantic slope refuge, and 18 kinds from both. Rapid evolution demonstrated by intralacustrine differences is seen in all lakes, including blue walleye in Lake Erie, siscowet in Lake Superior, and the diversity of ciscoes. Topminnow and minnow pairs in Lake Ontario illustrate invasion from two directions. The lack of intrinsic reproductive isolation among forms of ciscoes increased their vulnerability to extinction because depleted populations spawned with neighboring populations.