Abstract of Todd, T.N., G.R. Smith, and L.E. Cable. 1981. Environmental and genetic contributions to morphological differentiation in ciscoes (Coregoninae) of the Great Lakes. Canadian J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 38(1):59-67.

Wild-caught and lab-reared populations were compared among several species. Environmental differences dominated the comparison, but genetic-based differences diagnosed all species pairs except zenithcus and alpenae.