This course surveys major themes in theory and research on political participation, with some emphasis on voting and elections.  Students will be expected to evaluate the readings critically in our class discussions and in their weekly papers.  Most of the time, specific students will be assigned responsibility for leading class discussion of the readings for the following week.  All students are responsible for reading all of the required pieces and participating in the discussions.  Half of your course grade will be based on your papers; the other half will be based on your contributions to our discussions.

It is likely that we will add or delete readings during the semester.  I may also make assignments that involve things other than readings, such as attending certain events on or off campus.

Papers are due in class each week.  They are to provide a brief overview of the main points of one or more key readings for that week and offer some critical commentary.  Maximum length, 800 words.  The length restriction is intended to motivate you to make tough decisions about what is absolutely essential to include (and remember) and what is not.  The papers are not expected to be literary masterpieces, although they are expected to be organized and coherent.  Don't agonize over these short papers.  Bang 'em out, and turn 'em in.

BOOKS AND OTHER READINGS

All of the required journal articles are available online, usually through JSTOR or ProQuest.  (I recommend starting by using MIRLYN to locate the journal title.)  Other required course readings (and a few optional ones) are available through links in the online syllabus: http://www.umich.edu/~gmarkus/ps685f06.html

Core readings are marked by an asterisk and are probably best read in the order in which they are listed.  Supplemental readings follow--first articles, then books, each collection listed alphabetically.

Required Books:

Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.

Shepsle, Kenneth, and Mark Bonchek. 1997. Analyzing Politics. New York: Norton.

1. OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE (Sept 7)

Keech, William R. 1991. Politics, economics, and politics again. Journal of Politics, 53 (3): 597-611.

Dreier, Peter. 2006. Katrina and power in America. Urban Affairs Review, 41 (4): 528-549.

Piven, Frances Fox. 2006. Response to "American democracy in an age of rising inequality." PS (January): 43-46.

Shapiro, Ian. 1994. Three ways to be a democrat. Political Theory, 22 (1): 124-151.

 2. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, EQUITY, AND POWER (Sept 14)

* APSA Task Force. 2004. American democracy in an age of rising inequality. Perspectives on Politics, 2 (4): 651-666.

* Mead, Lawrence M. 2004. The great passivity. Perspectives on Politics, 2 (4): 671-675.

* Macedo, Stephen et al. 2005. Democracy at Risk. Washington, DC: Brookings Pres. Chapter 1.

* Moe, Terry M. 2005. Power and political institutions. Perspectives on Politics, 3 (2): 215-233.

* Arnstein, Sherry R. 1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35 (July): 216-224.

Hayward, Clarissa Rile. 1998. De-facing power. Polity, 31 (1): 1-22.

Markus, Gregory B. 2002. Civic participation in American cities. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, pp. 1-8.

Sanders, Lynn M. 1997. Against deliberation. Political Theory, 25 (3): 347-376.

Williams, Linda Faye. 2004. The issue of our time: Economic inequality and political power in America, Perspectives on Politics, 2 (4): 683-689.

Gaventa, John. 1980. Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Mansbridge, Jane J. 1983. Beyond Adversary Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Schattschneider, E. E.   1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

 3. COLLECTIVE DECISION: THE FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL PROBLEM? (Sept 21)

* Shepsle, Kenneth, and Mark Bonchek. 1997. Analyzing Politics. ch. 1-7.

* Miller, Gary J. 1997. The impact of economics on contemporary political science. Journal of Economic Literature, 35 (3): 1173-1204.

* Miller, Nicholas R. 1983. Pluralism and social choice. APSR, 77 (3): 734-747.

* Pateman, Carole. 1986. Social choice or democracy? A comment on Coleman and Ferejohn. Ethics, 97 (1): 39-46.

Herzog, Don. 2005. Dragonslaying. University of Chicago Law Review, 72 (2): 757-776.

Knight, Jack, and James Johnson. 1994. Aggregation, deliberation: On the possibility of democratic legitimacy. Political Theory, 22 (2): 277-296.

Plott, Charles R. Axiomatic social choice theory: an overview and interpretation. AJPS, 20 (3): 511-596.

Miller, Nicholas R. 1986. Public choice and the theory of voting: a survey. In Samuel Long, ed. Annual Review of Political Science. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, pp. 1-36.

Mueller, Dennis. 1976. Public choice: A survey, 14 (2): 395-433.

Green, Donald P., and Ian Shapiro. 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press, ch. 6.
 

4. COLLECTIVE ACTION: THE OTHER FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL PROBLEM? (Sept 28)

* Shepsle, Kenneth, and Mark Bonchek. 1997. Analyzing Politics. ch. 8-10.

* Riker, William H., and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1969. A theory of the calculus of voting. APSR, 63 (1): 11-30.

* Oliver, Pamela E. 1993. Formal models of collective action. Annual Review of Sociology, 19: 271-300.

* Moore, Will H. 1995. Rational rebels: overcoming the free-rider problem. Political Research Quarterly, 48 (June): 417-454.

* Meehl, Paul. 1977. The selfish voter and the thrown away vote argument. APSR, 71 (1): 11-31.

* Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. 2006. Homo economicus and Zoon politikon: Behavioral game theory and political behavior. In Robert E. Goodin  and Charles Tilly, eds. 2006. Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.

Axelrod, Robert. 1981. The emergence of cooperation among egoists. APSR, 75 (2): 306-318.

Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. 2006. The evolutionary basis of collective action. In Donald Wittman and Barry Weingast, eds. Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Verba, Sidney, Kay L. Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 2000. Rational action and political activity. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 12 (3): 243-268.

Whiteley, Paul F. 1995. Rational choice and political participation--evaluating the debate. Political Research Quarterly, 48: 211-233.

Aldrich, John A. 1993. Rational choice and turnout. AJPS, 37 (1): 246-278.

Schuessler, Alexander A. 2000. Expressive voting. Rationality and Society, 12 (1): 87-119.

Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Participation's not a paradox: the view from American activists. British Journal of Political Science, 25 (1): 1-36.

Cohn, Jonathan. 1999. Revenge of the nerds: irrational exuberance. The New Republic (Oct. 25).

Mansbridge, Jane J. 1990. The rise and fall of self-interest in the explanation of political life. In Jane J. Mansbridge, ed. Beyond Self-Interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ch. 1.

Petracca, Mark P. 1991. The rational actor approach to politics: science, self-interest, and normative democratic theory. In Kristen R. Monroe, ed. The Economic Approach to Politics. New York: HarperCollins, ch. 7.

Monroe, Kristen Renwick. 2001. Morality and a sense of self: the importance of identity and categorization for moral action. AJPS, 45 (3): 491-507.

Schelling, Thomas C. 1973. Hockey helmets, concealed weapons, and daylight saving: a study of binary choices with externalities. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 17 (3): 381-428.

Granovetter, Mark. 1978. Threshold models of collective behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 83 (6): 1420-1443.

Heckathorn, Douglas D. 1996. The dynamics and dilemmas of collective action. American Sociological Review, 61 (April): 250-277.

Lohmann, Susanne. 1994. The dynamics of informational cascades: the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989-91. World Politics, 47 (1): 42-101.

Macy, Michael. 1990. Learning theory and the logic of critical mass. American Sociological Review, 55 (6): 809-826.

Sugden, Robert. Spontaneous order. 1989. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3 (4): 85-97.

Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

Blais, Andre. 2000. To Vote or Not to Vote. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.

Green, Donald P., and Ian Shapiro. 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press, ch. 4, 5, 7.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hirschman, A. O. 1982. Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Jasper, James M. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
 

5. WHAT ARE INSTITUTIONS GOOD FOR? (Oct 5)

* Shepsle, Kenneth, and Mark Bonchek. 1997. Analyzing Politics. New York: Norton, ch. 11, 14.

* March, James, and Johan Olsen. 1984. The new institutionalism: Organizational factors in political life. APSR, 78 (3): 734-749.

* Immergut, Ellen M. 1998. The theoretical core of the new institutionalism. Politics and Society, 26 (1): 5-34.

* Ostrom, Elinor. 1998. A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action. APSR, 92 (1): 1-22.

Axelrod, Robert. 1997. The dissemination of culture: a model with local convergence and global polarization. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41 (2): 203-226.

Bianco, William, and Robert Bates. 1990. Cooperation by design: leadership structure and collective dilemmas," APSR, 84 (1): 133-48.

Calvert, Randall. 1992. Leadership and its basis in problems of social coordination. International Political Science Review, 13 (1): 7-24.

Iverson, Torben, and Davis Soskice. 2006. Electoral institutions and the politics of coalitions: Why some democracies redistribute more than others. APSR, 100 (2): 165-181.

Macy, Michael, and Andreas Flache. 1995. Beyond rationality in models of choice. Annual Review of Sociology, 21: 73-91.

Miller, Byron. 1992. Collective action and rational choice: place, community, and the limits to individual self-interest. Economic Geography, 68 (1): 22-42.

Oliver, Pamela. 1984. 'If you don't do it, nobody else will': active and token contributors to local collective action. American Sociological Review, 49 (Oct.): 601-610.

Pierson, Paul. 2000. Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. APSR, 94 (2): 251-267.

Walker, Jack L., Jr. 1983. The origins and maintenance of interest groups in America. APSR, 77 (2): 390-406.

Chong, Dennis. 1991. Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.

March, James, and Johan Olsen. 1995. Democratic Governance. New York: Free Press.
 

6. WHAT IS POLITICAL PARTICIPATION GOOD FOR? (Oct 12)

* Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Henry E. Brady, and Norman H. Nie. 1993. Citizen activity: Who participates? What do they say? APSR, 87 (2): 303-318.

* Warren, Mark R. 1998. Community building and political power: a community organizing approach to democratic renewal. American Behavioral Scientist, 42: 78-92.

* Cornwall, Andrea, and John Gaventa. 2001. From users and choosers to makers and shapers: Repositioning participation in social policy. (IDS working paper no. 127) Brighton, UK: University of Sussex. 36 p.

* Warren, Mark. 1992. Democratic theory and self-transformation. APSR, 86 (1): 8-23.

Coles, Romand. 2006. Of tensions and tricksters: Grassroots democracy between theory and practice. Perspectives on Politics, 4 (3): 547-561.

Dawson, Michael C. 1994. Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Fischer, Frank. 2000. Citizens, Experts, and the Environment: The Politics of Local Knowledge. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Garcia, F. Chris, ed. 1997. Pursuing Power: Latinos and the Political System. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Ginsberg, Benjamin, and Alan Stone, eds. 1996. Do Elections Matter? 3rd ed. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.

Verba, Sidney, and Norman Nie 1972. Participation in America. New York: Harper & Row.
 

7. WHO PARTICIPATES, WHO DOESN'T, AND WHY? (Oct 19)

* Rosenstone, Steven J. and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America.   New York: Macmillan.

* Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba, and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1995. Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation. APSR, 89 (2): 271-294.

Leighley, Jan E. 1995. Attitudes, opportunities and incentives: a field essay on political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 48: 181-209.

Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Henry Brady, and Norman H. Nie. 1993. Race, ethnicity and political resources: participation in the United States. British Journal of Political Science, 23 (4): 453-497.

Burns, Nancy, Kay Lane Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 1997. The public consequences of private inequality: family life and citizen participation, APSR, 91 (2): 373-389.

Various authors. 1997. Symposium on Voice and Equality. APSR, 91 (2): 421-430.

Goldstein, Kenneth M., and Travis N. Ridout. 2002. The politics of participation: Mobilization and turnout over time. Political Behavior, 24 (1): 3-29.

Harris, Fredrick C. 1994. Something within: Religion as a mobilizer of African-American activism. Journal of Politics, 56 (1): 42-68.

Huckfeldt, Robert, and John D. Sprague. 1992. Political parties and electoral mobilization: Political structure, social structure and the party canvass. APSR, 86 (1): 70-86.

McAdam, Doug. 1986. Recruitment to high-risk activism: the case of Freedom Summer. American Journal of Sociology, 92 (1): 64-90.

Morris, Aldon. 1981. Black Southern student sit-in movement: An analysis of internal organization. American Sociological Review, 46: 744-767.

Pollock, Philip H., III. 1982. Organizations as agents of mobilization: How does group activity affect political participation? American Journal of Political Science 26: 486-503.

Schlozman, Kay Lane, Nancy Burns, Sidney Verba, and Jesse Donahue. 1995. Gender and citizen participation: Is there a different voice? AJPS, 39 (2): 267-293.

Burns, Nancy, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 2001. The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Goldstein, Kenneth. 1999. Interest Groups, Lobbying, and Participation in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Leighley, Jan E. 2001. Strength in Numbers: The Political Mobilization of Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Tate, Katherine. 1993. From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Politics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Teske, Nathan. 1997. Political Activists in America: The Identity Construction Model of Political Participation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics.   Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Walton, Hanes, Jr. 1985. Invisible Politics. New York: SUNY Press.

Wolfinger, Raymond E., and Steven J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who Votes? New Haven: Yale University Press.

8. TOO MUCH PARTICIPATION? (Oct 26)

* Huntington, Samuel P. 1975. The democratic distemper. Public Interest, 41 (Fall): 9-38.

* Verba, Sidney. Would the dream of political equality turn out to be a nightmare? Perspectives on Politics, 1 (4): 663-679.

* Hayes, Christopher. 2004. Lessons learned about undecided voters: Decision makers. The New Republic (online, Nov. 17).

* Eliasoph, Nina. 1997. 'Close to home': The work of avoiding politics. Theory and Society, 26 (5): 605-647.

Cook, Bill, and Uma Kothari, eds. Participation: The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books.

Eliasoph, Nina. 1998. Avoiding Politics: How Everyday Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hibbing, John R., and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 2002. Stealth Democracy: Americans' Beliefs About How Government Should Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.
 

9. SOCIAL CAPITAL, CIVIL SOCIETY, AND POLITICAL ACTION (Nov 2)

* Putnam, Robert D. 1995. Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6 (Jan.): 65-78.

* Ryan, Alan. 2000. My way. New York Review of Books (Aug. 10).

* Berman, Sheri. 1997. Civil society and political institutionalization. American Behavioral Scientist, 40 (5): 562-574.

* Foley, Michael W. and Bob Edwards. 1996. The paradox of civil society. Journal of Democracy. 7: 38-52.

* Woolcock, Michael, and Deepa Narayan. 2000. Social capital: implications for development theory, research, and policy. World Bank Research Observer, 15 (2): 225-249.

DeFilippis, James. 2001. The myth of social capital in community development. Housing Policy Debate, 12 (4): 781-806.

Fung, Archon. 2003. Associations and democracy: Between theories, hopes, and realities. Annual Review of Sociology, 29: 515-539.

Fung, Archon, and Erik Olin Wright. 2001. Deepening democracy: Innovations in empowered participatory governance. Politics and Society, 29 (1): 5-41.

Krishna, Anirudh. 2002. Enhancing political participation in democracies: what is the role of social capital? Comparative Political Studies, 35 (4): 437-460.

Levi, Margaret. 1996. Social and unsocial capital: A review essay of Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work. Politics and Society, 24 (1): 45-55.

Portes, Alejandro and Patricia Landolt. 1996. The downside of social capital. The American Prospect (May/June).

Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson. 2000. A nation of organizers: The institutional origins of civic voluntarism in the United States, APSR, 94: 527-546.

Varshney, Ashutosh. 2001. "Ethnic conflict and civil society: India and beyond," World Politics, 53 (3): 362-398.

Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2006. Applying Norton's challenge to the study of political behavior: Focus on process, the particular, and the ordinary. Perspectives on Politics, 4 (2): 353-359.

Almond, Gabriel A., and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ehrenberg, John. 1999. Civil Society: The Critical History of an Idea. New York New York University Press.

Morone, James A. 1998. The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Skocpol, Theda, and Morris P. Fiorina, eds. 1999. Civic Engagement in American Democracy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2004. Talking about Politics: Informal Groups and Social Identity in American Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Warren, Mark E. Democracy and Association. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

* Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. 1986. American voter turnout in comparative perspective. APSR, 80 (1): 17-43.

* Timpone, Richard J. 1998. Structure, behavior, and voter turnout in the United States. APSR, 92 (1): 145-158.

* McDonald, Michael P., and Samuel L. Popkin. 2001. The myth of the vanishing voter. APSR, 95 (4): 963-974.

* Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. 2000. The effects of canvassing, direct mail, and telephone contact on voter turnout: A field experiment. APSR, 94 (3): 653-663.

Green, Donald P., Alan S. Gerber, and David W. Nickerson. 2003. Getting out the vote in local elections: Results from six door-to-door canvassing experiments. Journal of Politics, 65 (4): 1083-1096.

Highton, Benjamin. 2004. Voter registration and turnout in the United States. Perspectives on Politics, 2 (3): 507-515.

Kahn, Kim Fridkin, and Patrick J. Kenney. 1999. Do negative campaigns mobilize or suppress turnout? Clarifying the relationship between negativity and participation. APSR, 99: 877-890.

Michelson, Melissa R. 2003. Getting out the Latino vote: How door-to-door canvassing influences voter turnout in rural central California. Political Behavior, 25(3): 247-263.

Abramson, Paul R., and John H. Aldrich. 1982. The decline of electoral participation in America. APSR, 76 (3): 502-521.

Jackman, Robert W. 1987. Political institutions and voter turnout in the industrial democracies. APSR, 81 (2): 405-424.

Miller, Warren, and J. Merrill Shanks. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ch. 3-5.

Patterson, Thomas E. 2002. The Vanishing Voter. New York: Vintage.

McDonald, Michael P. 2005. United States Election Project: Voter Turnout.

* Jennings, M. Kent, and Gregory B. Markus. 1984. Partisanship over the long haul:   results from the three-wave political socialization panel study. APSR, 78: 1000-1018.

* Bartels, Larry M. 2000. Partisanship and voting behavior, 1952-1996. AJPS, 44 (1): 35-50.

* Feldman, Stanley, and Pamela J. Conover. 1981. The origins and meanings of liberal/conservative self-identifications. AJPS, 25: 617-645.

* Lupia, Arthur. 1994. Shortcuts versus encyclopedias: information and voting behavior in California insurance reform elections. APSR, 88 (1): 63-76.

Markus, Gregory B. 2001. American individualism reconsidered. In James H. Kuklinski, ed. Citizens and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 401-432.

Alvarez, R. Michael and Lisa Garcia-Bedolla. 2003. The foundation of Latino voter partisanship: evidence from the 2000 election. Journal of Politics, 65(1).

Highton, Ben and A.L. Burris. 2002. New perspectives on Latino voter turnout in the United States. American Politics Research, 30 (3): 285-306.

Bartels, Larry. 2005. What's the matter with 'What's the Matter with Kansas?' Quarterly Journal of Political Science,

Converse, Philip E., and Markus, Gregory B. 1979. Plus ca change ...:   the new CPS election study panel. APSR, 73: 32-49.

Jacobson, Gary C. 2005. Polarized politics and the 2004 Congressional and presidential elections. Political Science Quarterly: 199-218.

Campbell, James E. 2005. Why Bush won the presidential election of 2004: Incumbency, ideology, terrorism, and turnout. Political Science Quarterly: 219-241.

Hindman, Matthew. 2005. The real lessons of Howard Dean: Reflections on the first digital campaign. Perspectives on Politics (March): 121-128.

Kuklinski, James H., Luskin, Robert C., and Bolland, John. 1991. Where's the schema? Going beyond the 'S' word in political psychology. APSR, 85: 1341-1355.

Luskin, Robert C. 1987. Measuring political sophistication. AJPS, 31: 856-899.

Markus, Gregory B. 1983. Dynamic modelling of cohort change: the case of political partisanship. AJPS, 27: 717-739.

Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.

Dawson, Michael C. 1994. Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Garcia, John A. 2003. Latino Politics in America: Community, Culture, and Interests. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Key, V. O., Jr. 1966. The Responsible Electorate. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Neuman, W. Russell. 1986. The Paradox of Mass Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Miller, Warren, and J. Merrill Shanks. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Ch. 6, 7.
 

12. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ELECTORAL CHOICE, II (Nov 30)

* Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1989. Candidate perception in an ambiguous world: campaigns, cues, and inference processes. AJPS, 33: 912-940.

* Markus, Gregory B., and Philip E. Converse. 1979. A dynamic simultaneous equation model of electoral choice. APSR, 73: 1055-1070.

* Markus, Gregory B. 1982. Political attitudes during an election year: A report on the 1980 NES panel study. APSR, 76: 538-560.

Bartels, Larry M. 1987. Candidate choice and the dynamics of the presidential nominating process. AJPS, 31: 1-30.

Marcus, George E., and Michael MacKuen. 1993. Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote:   The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. APSR, 87: 672-685.

Miller, Arthur H., Martin P. Wattenberg, and Oksana Malanchuk. 1986. Schematic assessments of presidential candidates. APSR, 80: 521-540.

Fiorina, Morris. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press. Ch. 1, 10.

Page, Benjamin I. 1978. Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Reeves, Keith. 1997. Voting Hopes or Fears?   New York: Oxford University Press.

Wattenberg, Martin. 1991. The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

* Kramer, Gerald H. 1983. The ecological fallacy revisited:   aggregate- versus individual-level findings on economics and elections and sociotropic voting. APSR, 77: 92-111.

* Markus, Gregory B. 1988. The impact of personal and national economic conditions on the presidential vote: a pooled cross-sectional analysis. AJPS, 32: 137-154.

* Bartels, Larry. 2005. Homer gets a tax cut: Inequality and public policy in the American mind. Perspectives on Politics, 3 (1): 15-31.

* Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson. 2005. Abandoning the middle: The Bush tax cuts and the limits of democratic control. Perspectives on Politics, 3 (March): 33-53.

Hibbs, Douglas A., Jr. 2000. Bread and Peace voting in U.S. presidential elections. Public Choice, 104: 149-180.

Nordhaus, William D. 2006. Electoral victory and statistical defeat? Economics, politics, and the 2004 presidential election. Quarterly Journal of Political Science,

Markus, Gregory B. 1992. The impact of personal and national economic conditions on presidential voting, 1956-1988. AJPS, 36: 829-834.

Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and Douglas Rivers. 1984. A retrospective on retrospective voting. Political Behavior, 6: 369-393.

Kramer, Gerald H. 1977. Short-term fluctuations in U.S. voting behavior, 1896-1964, APSR, 65: 131-143.

Tufte, Edward. 1975. Determinants of the outcomes of midterm Congressional elections. APSR, 69: 812-826.