Version 3.0 (April 2, 2008) (Revised plan for final few weeks)

Political Science 623: Politics of the Metropolis

Gregory B. Markus
Professor of Political Science and Research Professor, Center for Political Studies
6735 Haven Hall
(734) 763-2222, gmarkus@umich.edu
Office hours: Tuesdays, 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm, or by appointment

COURSE OVERVIEW

An understanding of urban politics is relevant to the work of political scientists of all specialties. Indeed, the study of politics originated as the study of cities. As for the present day, within a decade or so the majority of humankind will reside in cities for the first time in history. In the United States, even as older industrial cities decline, the broader process of urbanization continues apace. In the rest of the world—and particularly in developing countries—urbanization is occurring even more rapidly. As this is happening, certain aspects of government and governance are centralizing while other aspects are decentralizing, everywhere. Moreover, largely within the past two decades the dynamic economic, informational, and cultural processes known collectively as globalization have given rise to networks in which many individuals and institutions in, say, San Francisco are more directly connected to individuals and institutions in, say, Tokyo than to those in their neighbor city of Oakland or their state capital of Sacramento. As a consequence of all of this, cities and metropolitan areas in the U.S. and the world over confront new political challenges and opportunities. Those challenges and opportunities—and the concepts, theories, and empirical analyses that help us understand them—constitute the subject matter of this course.

Each class meeting will consist primarily of group discussion of the week's assigned readings. Your course grade will be based equally upon your participation in class discussions and your weekly written reports. Each report should summarize, integrate, and evaluate (much of) the week's readings: maximum length, 800 words. Bring your report to class. You may delay submitting your report to me until the day after class if you wish, but you should nevertheless bring a draft report to class with you. These reports are not expected to be literary masterpieces, although they are expected to be organized and coherent. Do not agonize over these reports: bang 'em out, turn 'em in.

I recommend that you purchase : Thomas J. Sugrue. 1996 (or updated version). The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Princeton University Press.

The other primary readings are available on the Web. For journal articles, I recommend that you log in to MIRLYN and search for the journal by title. Links to other readings are provided in our syllabus, which is available on the Web through a link from my homepage: http://www.umich.edu/~gmarkus/.

Jan. 8. Introduction to the Course

* Glaeser, Edward L. 1998. "Are cities dying?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12 (2): 139-160.

Katz, Bruce 2000. "Enough of the small stuff! Toward a new urban agenda," Brookings Review, 18 (3): 4-9.

Henderson, Vernon. 2002. "Urbanization in developing countries," World Bank Research Observer, 17 (1): 89-112.

Nivola, Pietro S. 1999. "Are Europe's cities better?" Public Interest, 137 (Fall): 73-85.

Sellers, Jefferey M. 2005. "Re-placing the nation: An agenda for comparative urban politics," Urban Affairs Review, 40 (4): 419-445.

Jan. 15. City Government: Structure, Power, Limits (Part 1)

* Briffault, Richard. 1990. "Our localism: Part I -- the structure of local government law," Columbia Law Review, 90 (January): 1-115.

* Briffault, Richard. 1990. "Our localism: Part II -- localism and legal theory," Columbia Law Review, 90 (March): 346-454.

Caplan, Bryan. 2001. "Standing Tiebout on his head: Tax capitalization and the monopoly power of local government," Public Choice, 108: 101-122.

Frug, Gerald E. 1980. "The city as a legal concept," Harvard Law Review, 93 (6): 1057-1154.

King, Loren A. 2004. "Democratic hopes in the polycentric city," Journal of Politics, 66 (1): 203–223.

Kollman, Ken, John H. Miller and Scott E. Page. 1997. "Political institutions and sorting in a Tiebout model," American Economic Review, 87 (5): 977-992.

Lowery, David. 2000. "A transactions cost model of metropolitan governance: Allocation versus redistribution in urban America," Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10 (1): 49-78.

Ostrom, Vincent, Charles M. Tiebout, and Robert Warren. 1961. "The organization of government in metropolitan areas: A theoretical inquiry," American Political Science Review, 55 (4): 831-842.

Beito, David T., Peter Gordon, and Alexander Tabarrok, eds. 2002. The Voluntary City: Choice, Community and Civil Society. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Jan. 22. City Government: Structure, Power, Limits (Part 2)

* DiGaetano, Alan. 1991. "Urban political reform: Did it kill the machine?" Journal of Urban History, 18 (1): 37-67.

* Bridges, Amy, and Richard Kronick. 1999. "Writing the rules to win the game: The middle-class regimes of municipal reformers," Urban Affairs Review, 34 (5): 691-706.

* Mollenkopf, John. 1989. "Who (or what) runs cities, and how?" Sociological Forum, 4 (1): 119-137.

* Hayward, Clarissa Rile. 1998. "De-facing power," Polity, 31 (1): 1-22.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. 2002 Census of Governments, Vol. 1 (1): Government Organization. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Read pp. v-xii.

Welch, Susan. 1990. "The impact of at-large elections on the representation of Blacks and Hispanics," Journal of Politics, 52 (4): 1050-1076.

Stone, Clarence N. 1980. "Systemic power in community decision making," American Political Science Review, 74 (4): 978-990. 

Frederickson, H. George, and Gary Alan Johnson. 2001. "The adapted American city: A study of institutional dynamics," Urban Affairs Review, 36 (6): 872-884.

Bridges, Amy. 1997. "Textbook municipal reform," Urban Affairs Review 33 (1): 97-119.

Morgan, David R., and John P. Pelissero. 1980. "Urban policy: Does political structure matter?" American Political Science Review, 74 (4): 999-1006.

DiGaetano, Alan and Elizabeth Strom. 2003. "Comparative urban governance: An integrative approach," Urban Affairs Review, 38 (3): 356-395.

Dahl, Robert A. 1959. Who Governs? New Haven: Yale University Press.

Crenson, Matthew A. 1971. The Un-Politics of Air Pollution: A Study of Non-Decisionmaking in the Cities. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Burns, Nancy. 1994. The Formation of American Local Governments: Private Values in Public Institutions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Le Gales, Patrick. 2002. European Cities: Social Conflicts and Governance. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press.

Rae, Douglas W. 2003. City: Urbanism and Its End. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Jan. 29. Growth Machines and Urban Regimes

* Molotch, Harvey. 1976. "The city as a growth machine: toward a political economy of place," American Journal of Sociology, 82 (2): 309-332.

* Logan, John R., Rachel Bridges Whaley, and Kyle Crowder. 1997. "The character and consequences of growth regimes: An assessment of 20 years of research," Urban Affairs Review, 32 (5): 603-630.

* Mossberger, Karen and Gerry Stoker. 2001. "The evolution of urban regime theory: The challenge of conceptualization," Urban Affairs Review, 36 (6): 810-835.

* Davies, Jonathan S. 2002. "Urban regime theory: A normative-empirical critique," Journal of Urban Affairs, 24 (1): 1-17.

Stone, Clarence N. 2005. "Looking back to look forward: Reflections on urban regime analysis" Urban Affairs Review, 40 (3): 309-341.

Pierre, Jon. 2005. "Comparative urban governance: Uncovering complex causalities," Urban Affairs Review, 40 (4): 446-462.

Wong, Kenneth K. 1988. "Economic constraint and political choice in urban policymaking," American Journal of Political Science, 32 (1): 1-18.

Logan, John R., and Harvey L. Molotch. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Peterson, Paul E. 1981. City Limits. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Stone, Clarence N. 1989. Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta 1946-1988. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.

Feb. 5. Civil Society, Democracy, and Place

* Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon & Schuster. Chapter 1.

* Macedo, Stephen et al. 2005. Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation and What We Can Do About It. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, Chapter 3. "The American Metropolis." (Draft)

* Sampson, Robert J., Doug McAdam, Heather MacIndoe, and Simon Weffer-Elizondo. 2005. "Civil society reconsidered: The durable nature and community structure of collective civic action," American Journal of Sociology, 111 (3): 673-715.

* DeFilippis, James 2001. "The myth of social capital in community development," Housing Policy Debate, 12 (4): 781-806.

Lang, Robert E., and Steven P. Hornburg. 1998. "What is social capital and why is it important to public policy?" Housing Policy Debate, 9 (1): 1-16.

Krishna, Anirudh. 2002. "Enhancing political participation in democracies: What is the role of social capital?" Comparative Political Studies, 35 (4): 437-460.

Mayer, Margit. 2003. "The onward sweep of social capital: Causes and consequences for understanding cities, communities, and urban movements," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27(1): 110-132.

Woolcock, Michael, and Deepa Narayan. 2000. "Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy," World Bank Research Observer, 15 (2): 225-249.

Oliver, J. Eric. 2000. "City size and civic involvement in metropolitan America," American Political Science Review, 94 (2): 361-373.

Castells, Manuel. 1983. The City and the Grassroots. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Feb. 12. Mediating Institutions, Leadership, and Participation

* To be shown in class: Mahan, Leah and Mark Lipman. 1996. "Holding Ground: The Rebirth of Dudley Street." Documentary video available at U-M Film and Video Library.

* Kretzmann, John P. 1995. "Building communities from the inside out," Shelterforce (Sept./Oct.)

* Arnstein, Sherry R. 1969. "A ladder of citizen participation," Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35 (July): 216-224.

* Ganz, Marshal.   2004. "Organizing." In George R. Goethals, Georgia J. Sorenson, and James MacGregor Burns, eds. Encyclopedia of Leadership. Vol. 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

* Warren, Mark R. 1998. "Community building and political power: A community organizing approach to democratic renewal," American Behavioral Scientist, 42 (1): 78-92.

Fennell, Lee Anne. 2001. "Beyond exit and voice: User participation in the production of local public goods," Texas Law Review, 80 (1): 1-87.

Obama, Barack. 1990. "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city." In Peg Knoepfle (ed.), After Alinsky: Community Organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Illinois Issues, University of Illinois at Springfield, Ch. 4.

Walljasper, Jay 1997. "When activists win: the renaissance of Dudley St." The Nation, March 3. See also the DSNI Website.

Speer, Paul W., et al. 2003. "The intentional exercise of power: Community organizing in Camden, New Jersey," Journal of Community and Applied Psychology, 13: 399-408.

Stoecker, Randy. 2003. "Understanding the development-organizing dialectic," Journal of Urban Affairs, 25 (4): 493-512.

Cherry, Jenet, Kris Jones, and Jeremy Seekings. 2000. "Democratization and politics in South African townships," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24 (4): 889-905.

Berry, Jeffrey M., Kent E. Portney, and Ken Thomson. 1993. The Rebirth of Urban Democracy Washington: Brookings Institution.

Feb. 19. Racism, Deindustrialization, and the Urban Crisis

* Sugrue, Thomas J. 1996. The Origins of Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Self, Robert O. 2003. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Introduction.

Massey, Douglas S.  1990. "American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass," American Journal of Sociology, 96 (2): 329-357.

Farley, Reynolds, Sheldon Danziger, and Harry J. Holzer. 2000. Detroit Divided. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Massey, Douglas S. and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Pattillo-McCoy, Mary. 1999. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Introduction. 

Thabit, Walter. 2002. How East New York Became a Ghetto. New York: New York University Press. Introduction.

March 4. Urban Poverty: Causes, Consequences, Injustices

* Montemurri, Patricia, Kathleen Gray, and Cecil Angel. 2005. "Detroit tops nation in poverty census," Detroit Free Press (Aug. 31).

* Wilson, William Julius. 1996. "Work," New York Times Magazine (Aug. 18): 27+.

* Steinberg, Stephen. 1997. "The role of racism in the inequality studies of William Julius Wilson," Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 15 (Spring): 109-117.

* Small, Mario Luis and Katherine Newman. 2001. "Urban poverty after The Truly Disadvantaged: the rediscovery of the family, the neighborhood, and culture," Annual Review of Sociology, 27: 23-45.

* Dickerson, Debra. 1999. "Pennies from hell," Village Voice (May 5-11). (Review of No Shame in My Game, by Katherine Newman.)

* Hout, Michael. 2004. Review of "The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality" by Thomas M. Shapiro. Washington Post (Feb. 15).

* Smith, Joel J. 2007. "26,000 apply for 1,000 casino jobs," Detroit News (March 28).

Morin, Richard. 2001. "Misperceptions cloud whites' view of blacks," Washington Post (July 11), p. A1.

Reich, Robert. 1991. "The secession of the successful," New York Times Magazine, (Jan. 20): 16-17+.

Teitz, Michael B., and Karen Chapple. 1998. "The causes of inner-city poverty: Eight hypotheses in search of reality," Cityscape, 3 (3): 33-70.

Kotz, Nick. 2005. "Review of 'When Affirmative Action Was White,' by Ira Katznelson," New York Times (Aug. 28).

Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. "Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination," American Economic Review, 94 (4): 991-1013.

Massey, Douglas S.   1990. "American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass," American Journal of Sociology, 96 (2): 329-357.

Pattillo-McCoy, Mary. 2000. "The limits of out-migration for the Black middle class," Journal of Urban Affairs, 22 (3): 225-241.

Reed, Adolph Jr. 1988. "The liberal technocrat," The Nation, 246 (Feb. 6): 167+.

Mouw, Ted. 2000. "Job relocation and the racial gap in unemployment in Detroit and Chicago, 1980 to 1990," American Sociological Review, 65 (Oct.): 730-753.

Tigges, Leann, Irene Browne, and Gary Green. 1988. "Social isolation of the urban poor: Race, class, and neighborhood effects on social resources."  Sociological Quarterly, 39 (1): 53-77.

Musterd, Sako. 2005. "Social and ethnic segregation in Europe: Levels, causes, and effects," Journal of Urban Affairs, 27 (3): 331–348.

Harry J. Holzer, Paul Offner, and Elaine Sorensen. 2004. "Declining employment among young black less-educated men: The role of incarceration and child support." Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty.

Edin, Kathryn. 2000. "Few good men: Why poor women don't remarry," The American Prospect, 11(4).

Blank, Rebecca M., Marilyn Dabady, and Constance F. Citro, eds. 2004. Measuring Racial Discrimination. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Chapter 4. Theories of Discrimination.

Wilson, William J. 1996. When Work Disappears. New York: Vintage.

Drake, St. Claire and Horace Cayton. 1993 [1945]. Black Metropolis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

U.S. Census Bureau latest information on poverty in the U.S.

March 11. The Multi-Ethnic Metropolis

* Fix, Michael E. and Jeffrey S. Passel. 2001. U.S. Immigration at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

* Huntington, Samuel P. 2004. "The Hispanic challenge," Foreign Policy (March/April).

* Lowenstein, Roger. 2006. "The immigration equation," New York Times Magazine (July 9).

* Card, David. 2005. "Is the new immigration really so bad?" Economic Journal, 115 (507): F300-F323.

Borjas, George J. 1995. "Know the flow; nine immigration myths," National Review (April 17): 44-50.

Larsen, Luke 2004. "The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: March 2003." Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

Aguilar, Louis. 1999. "Detroit neighborhood rebounds: Clubs, cafes and galleries eyed in trendy community that Mexicans call home," Detroit Free Press, Feb. 27.

James, Franklin J., Jeff A. Romine, and Peter E. Zwanzig. 1998. "The effects of immigration on urban communities," Cityscape 3 (3): 171-192.

Alex-Assensoh, Yvette Marie and Lawrence J. Hanks. 2000. "In Search of Black and Multiracial Politics in America." In Yvette Marie Alex-Assensoh and Lawrence J. Hanks, eds. Black and Multiracial Politics in America. New York: New York University Press.

Castells, Manuel. 1976. "Immigrant workers and class struggles in advanced capitalism: The western European experience," Politics and Society, 5 (1): 33-66.

Smith, James P. and Barry Edmonston, eds. 1997. The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences Press.

Borjas, George J. 1999. Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Waldinger, Roger. 1996. Still the Promised City? African Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

March 18. A Metropolitan Perspective

* Gallagher, John. 1999. "Government choices sped Detroit's blight," Detroit Free Press. April 10.

* Kurth, Joel, et al. 2001. "Region is diverse, not mixed: Metro Detroit is most segregated area in nation, census shows," Detroit News (April 1).

* Downs, Anthony. 1998. "How America's cities are growing: The big picture," Brookings Review (Fall): 8-11.

* View online: Cook, Christopher M. 2001. "The Sprawling of America: Inner City Blues" (55 minutes).

* Swanstrom, Todd. 2001. "What we argue about when we argue about regionalism," Journal of Urban Affairs, 23 (5): 479-496.

* Patterson, L. Brooks. "Sprawl, Schmall... Give Me More Development."

* Imbroscio, David L. 2006. "Shaming the inside game: A critique of the liberal expansionist approach to addressing urban problems," Urban Affairs Review, 42 (2): 224-248.

Swanstrom, Todd. 2006. "Regionalism, equality, and democracy," Urban Affairs Review, 42 (2): 249-257.

Voith, Richard. 1998. "Do suburbs need cities?" Journal of Regional Science, 38 (3): 445-464.

Voith, Richard. 1996. "Central city decline: Regional or neighborhood solutions?" Business Review (March/April).

Grant, Peter. 2001. "Sprawl thins populations of older suburbs; Rapid development at fringes is leaving hollowed-out cores," Wall Street Journal (July 9), p. A2.

Katz, Bruce and Jennifer Bradley. 1999. "Divided we sprawl," Atlantic Monthly, 284 (December): 26-42.

Easterbrook, Gregg. 1999. "Suburban myth," The New Republic, March 15, pp. 18+.

Gurwitt, Rob. 1998. "The quest for common ground," Governing Magazine (June), pp. 16+.

Lambert, Bruce. 2006. "'First' suburbs growing older and poorer, report warns," New York Times (Feb. 16).

Haughwout, Andrew F. 2000. "The paradox of infrastructure investment: can a productive good reduce productivity?" Brookings Review, 18 (3): 38-41.

Nechyba, Thomas J. and Randall P. Walsh, 2004. "Urban sprawl," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18 (4): 177–200.

Danielson, Michael N. and Paul G. Lewis. 1996. "City bound: Political science and the American Metropolis," Political Research Quarterly, 49 (1): 203-220.

Orfield, Myron. 1998. "Conflict or consensus: Forty years of Minnesota metropolitan politics," Brookings Review, Fall, 16 (4).

Newman, Peter. 2000. "Changing patterns of regional governance in the EU," Urban Studies, 37 (5/6): 895-908.

LeFevre, Christian. 1998. "Metropolitan government and governance in western countries: A critical review," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 22 (1): 9-25.

Oliver, J. Eric. 1999. "The effects of metropolitan economic segregation on local civic participation," American Journal of Political Science, 43 (1): 186-212.

Puentes, Robert and David Warren. 2006. One-Fifth of America: A Comprehensive Guide to America's First Suburbs. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Frug, Gerald E. 2002. "Beyond regional government," Harvard Law Review, 115 (6): 1763-1836.

Briffault, Richard. 2000. "Localism and regionalism," Buffalo Law Review, 48 (Winter): 1-30.

Garreau, Joel. 1991. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier, New York: Doubleday.

Gillham, Oliver. 2002. The Limitless City: A Primer on the Urban Sprawl Debate. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Jackson, Kenneth T. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.

Oliver, J. Eric. 2001. Democracy in Suburbia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

April 1. Urban Transformation in a Post-Industrial Age

* Jackson, Kenneth T. 2001. "Once again, the city beckons," New York Times (March 30).

* Porter, Michael E. 1995. "The competitive advantage of the inner city," Harvard Business Review, 73 (May-June): 55-71.

* Glaeser, Edward L. 2005. "Smart growth: education, skilled workers, and the future of cold-weather cities." Cambridge, MA: J. F. Kennedy School of Government.

* Goozner, Merrill. 1998. "The Porter prescription," The American Prospect, 38, May-June.

* Lessenberry, Jack. 2006. "Men of the people," Metrotimes (April 4).

* Eisinger, Peter. 2000. "The politics of bread and circuses: Building the city for the visitor class," Urban Affairs Review, 35 (3): 316-333.

* Guyette, Curt. 2001. "Down a green path: An alternative vision for a section of east Detroit takes shape," Metrotimes, Oct. 31.

* Weyrich, Paul M., and William S. Lind (n.d.) "Conservatives and Mass Transit: Is it Time for a New Look?" Washington, DC: Free Congress Foundation.

* Downs, Anthony. 2004. "Traffic: Why it's getting worse, what government can do." Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

* Meredith, Robyn. 1998. "Job-seeking Detroiters cannot get to where the jobs are," New York Times (May 26).

Davis, Diane. 2005. "Cities in global context: A brief intellectual history," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29 (1): 92-109.

Saxenian, AnnaLee. 1996. "Inside-out: regional networks and industrial adaptation in Silicon Valley and Route 128," Cityscape, 2 (2): 41-60.

Castells, Manuel. 2000. "Toward a sociology of the network society," Contemporary Sociology, 29 (5): 693-699.

Markusen, Ann. 1999. "Fuzzy concepts, scanty evidence, policy distance: The case for rigour and policy relevance in critical regional studies," Regional Studies, 33 (9): 869-884.

Florida, Richard 2002. "The rise of the creative class," Washington Monthly (May).

Muller, Peter O. 1997. "The suburban transformation of the globalizing American city," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 551 (May): 44-58.

Kantor, Paul and H. V. Savitch. 2005. "How to study comparative urban development politics: A research note," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29 (1): 135-151.

Dewar, Margaret E. 1998. "Why state and local economic development programs cause so little economic development," Economic Development Quarterly, 12 (1): 68-87.

LeRoy, Greg, Allison Lack, and Karla Walter. 2006. The Geography of Incentives: Economic Development and Land Use in Michigan. Washington, DC: Good Jobs First.

Fainstein, Susan S. 2001. "Inequality in global city-regions." In: Allen J. Scott, ed. 2001. Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, pp. 285-298.

Kasarda, John D. and Edward M. Crenshaw. 1991. "Third world urbanization: Dimensions, theories and determinants," Annual Review of Sociology, 17: 467-501.

Smith, David A. 1996. Third World Cities in Global Perspective: The Political Economy of Uneven Urbanization. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Sassen, Saskia. 2001. The Global City, 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [Phil Gyford provides a good "Cliff Notes" version of Sassen's book.]  See also the interview with Sassen.

Grengs, Joe. 2005. "Fighting for balanced transportation in the Motor City," Progressive Planning (Spring).

Schneider, Keith. 2006. "Trains, planes and (fewer) automobiles," Metrotimes (March 8).

Bullard, Robert D., Glenn S. Johnson, and Angel O. Torres. 2002. "Transportation Justice for All: Addressing Equity in the 21st Century." (Atlanta: Clark Atlanta University Environmental Justice Resource Center).

Barrows, Matthew. 2002. "L.A. success speeds bus rapid transit," Sacramento Bee, Oct. 14.

Murray, Mark. 2000. "Seeking justice in roads and runways," National Journal, 32 (March 4): 712.

Metropolitan Land Use Institute, "Transportation" Website. (Lots of useful articles and resources)  

April 8. Providing Public Services: Education and Housing

A. Education

* Macedo, Stephen. 2003. "School reform and equal opportunity in America's geography of inequality," Perspectives on Politics, 1 (4): 743-755.

* Darling-Hammond, Linda. 1998. "Unequal opportunity: Race and education," Brookings Review, 16 (2), pp. 28-32.

* Traub, James. 2000. "What no school can do," New York Times Magazine (Jan. 26).

* Rothstein, Richard. 2001. "Reducing poverty could increase school achievement," New York Times, March 7.

* Rothstein, Richard. 2001. "Assessing money's role in making schools better," New York Times, Nov. 14.

* Sunderman, Gail L., James S. Kim, and Gary Orfield. 2005. NCLB Meets School Realities: Lessons From the Field. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Chapter 1.

* Shirley, Dennis. 2001. "Patience and politics: Alliance Schools develop parental leadership," Shelterforce (July/Aug.)

Center on Education Policy. 2007. "Answering the Question That Matters Most: Has Student Achievement Increased Since No Child Left Behind?" Washington, DC: Center on Education Policy.

Jennings, Jack, and Diane Stark Rentner. 2006. "Ten Big Effects of the No Child Left Behind Act on Public Schools." Washington, DC: Center on Education Policy.

Lee, Valerie E., and David T. Burkam. 2002. Inequality at the Starting Gate. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute. (Executive summary)

Reed, Douglas S. 2001. On Equal Terms: The Constitutional Politics of Educational Opportunity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 

Payne, Charles M. 2008. So Much Reform, So Little Change: The Persistence of Failure in Urban Schools. Cambridge: Harvard Educational.

B. Housing

* Dreier, Peter, and David Moberg. 1996. "Moving from the 'hood: the mixed success of integrating suburbia," The American Prospect, 7 (24).

* Swope, Christopher. 2003. "Section 8 is broken," ShelterForce, 123 (Jan./Feb.).

* Uchitelle, Louis. 2001. "By listening, 3 economists show slums hurt the poor," New York Times, Feb. 18. (A full report of the study by Lawrence Katz et al. that is featured in this news story is available from the NBER Website.)

* Kennedy, Maureen, and Paul Leonard. 2001. "Dealing with neighborhood change: a primer on gentrification and policy choices." Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Seliga, Joseph. 2000. "Gautreaux a generation later: The second ghetto or creating the third?" Northwestern University Law Review, 94 (3): 1049-1098.

Dewan, Shaila. 2006. "Gentrification changing face of new Atlanta," New York Times (March 11).

Freeman, Lance. 2005. "Displacement or succession? Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods," Urban Affairs Review, 40 (4): 463-491.

Bajaj, Vikas, and Ford Fessenden. 2007. "What's behind the race gap?" New York Times (Nov. 4).

Wilgoren, Jodi. 2002. "Detroit urban renewal without the renewal," New York Times (July 7).

Stoecker, Randy. 1997. "The CDC Model of urban redevelopment: A critique and an alternative," Journal of Urban Affairs, 19 (1): 1-22.

Venkatesh, Sudhir. 2000, American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Von Hoffman, Alexander. 2003. House by House, Block by Block: The Rebirth of America's Urban Neighborhoods. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter 1 is available online.

Shelterforce Magazine articles about CDCs

Housing Policy Debate, quarterly journal of the Fannie Mae Foundation

April 15. Providing Public Services: Public Safety and Health

A. Public Safety

* Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Introduction.

* Butterfield, Fox. 2004. "Despite drop in crime, an increase in inmates," New York Times (Nov. 8).

* Currie, Elliott. 1998. Crime and Punishment in America. New York: Metropolitan Books. Chapter 1.

* Anonymous. 2002. "A stigma that never fades," Economist (Aug. 10).

* Wilson, James Q., and George L. Kelling. 1989. "Making neighborhoods safe," Atlantic Monthly, 263 (2), pp. 46-52.

* Hurley, Dan. 2004. "On crime as science (a neighbor at a time)," New York Times (Jan. 6).

Sampson, Robert J., Stephen Raudenbush, and Felton Earls. 1997. "Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multi-level study of collective efficacy," Science, 277: 918-924.

Harcourt, Bernard E. 2002. "Policing disorder," Boston Review (April/May).

Butterfield, Fox. 2003. "With cash tight, states reassess long jail terms," New York Times (Nov. 10).

von Zielbauer, Paul. 2003. "Rethinking the key thrown away," New York Times (Sept. 28).

DiIulio, John J. 1999. "Two million prisoners are enough," Wall Street Journal, March 12.

Traub, James. 2001. "Giuliani internalized," New York Times Magazine, Feb. 11, pp. 62+.

Harcourt, Bernard E. 2001. Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Skogan, Wesley, ed. 2003. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Tonry, Michael. 1995. Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter 1.

U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics

B. Urban Public Health

* Epstein, Helen. 2003. "Enough to make you sick?" New York Times Magazine (Oct. 12).

* McKnight, John. 1995. "Politicizing health care." In John McKnight, The Careless Society. New York: Basic Books.

* Little, Amanda Griscom. 2007. "Not in whose backyard?" New York Times (Sept. 2).

Perez-Pena, Richard. 2003. "An everyday struggle for breath; Childhood asthma project reaches out in Harlem," New York Times (May 1), p. B1.

Shine, Dan. 1999. "As some municipalities and corporations work together to redevelop brownfield sites, more benefit is seen," Free Press (May 4).

Corburn, Jason. 2004. "Confronting the challenges in reconnecting urban planning and public health," American Journal of Public Health, 94 (4): 541-546.

Bullard, Robert D., Glenn S. Johnson, and Angel O. Torres. 2000. Race, Equity, and Smart Growth. Atlanta: Environmental Justice Resource Center.

Bryant, Bunyan, ed. 1995. Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solution. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.