Modern Speculation

Nuclear meltdown
"Nerves," Lester del Rey (1942, 1956)
Atomic bomb
"Deadline," Cleve Cartmill (1944)
Artificial intelligence
I, Robot, Isaac Asimov (1940-1950)
He, She and It, Marge Piercy (1991)
Terraforming
Mars trilogy, Kim Stanley Robinson (1992, 1994, 1996)