Word

Word Family

Collocations

Example sentence

Synonyms

Antonyms

Other

abundant (adj)

an abundant supply of water ثروة مائية

In areas near the coast, an obvious solution to this problem is to find ways of utilizing the abundant supply of water from the sea. p.29

جزيل

كثير. متوافر . وفير

adequate (adj)

As the population of the world increases, and with it the demand for water, there is growing concern that our water supplies will not prove adequate. p.29

كافٍ

annually (adv)

One of the largest plants in the world has been constructed there, producing 300 billion litres annually. p.29

سنويأً

break down (v)

Some living things use anaerobic respiration, that is, they do not use oxygen to break down the organic compound. p.35

يحَلَّل الى

combination (n)

Unfortunately, desalination is an expensive process using large amounts of energy, but research is currently being carried out into the development of more efficient technology using a combination of different methods. p.29

مجموعة . مزيج من

compensate (v)

In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), desalination has also helped compensate for the lack of natural fresh water. p.29

يعوَّض (على)

concern (n)

an increasing concern, a growing concern

As the population of the world increases, and with it the demand for water, there is growing concern that our water supplies will not prove adequate. p.29

worry

إهتمام . قلق

conserve (v)

As a result, many countries are developing ways to increase and conserve their supplies of fresh water. p.29

حماية . حثظ

construct (v)

One of the largest plants in the world has been constructed there, producing 300 billion litres annually. p.29

يبني

contaminants (n)

However, for centuries man has experimented with different methods of converting salt water into fresh water in a process called desalination, whereby salt and contaminants are removed from the water. p.29

تدنيس ج تدانس؟

تلوث ج نلوثات؟

convert (v)

However, for centuries man has experimented with different methods of converting salt water into fresh water in a process called desalination, whereby salt and contaminants are removed from the water. p.29

يتحول الى . يحوِّل

examine (v)

In this paper the problems will be examined in detail and some solutions will be proposed. p.31

يفحص

Word

Word Family

Collocations

Example sentence

Synonyms

Antonyms

Other

exploit (v)

Since 1958, China, one of the driest countries in the world, has used these two methods to exploit its 32,000-kilometre coastline and convert sea water into fresh water. p.29

use

يستثمر .

يستخدم

expect (v)

To supply water to 25% of the world's population living within 25 kilometres of the sea, more desalination plants are expected to be built in the future. p.29

يتوقع

express (v)

Introductions often contain a thesis statement which expresses in one or two sentences the main idea(s) in the essay. p.32

يعبر

generate (v)

To maximize efficiency, the Chinese have successfully combined a desalination plant with a power station in Zhejiang Province, using water from the Pacific Ocean to produce fresh water to generate electricity. p.29

يولَّد

indicate (v)

Underline the words and phrases which indicate an introduction or  conclusion in sentences 1-6. p.31

show, point out

hide

يدل او يشير إلى

obliged (adj)

Governments will be obliged to ensure that water companies operate efficiently and the public will learn that water is a precious resource to be used economically. p.29

مضطر (إلى) .

مُكَلَّف بِ

participation (n)

Active participation, full participation

The research scientist encouraged active participation in the decision-making process. (make decisions) p.35

presence, joining collaboration

مشاركة . اشتراك (في) .

حضور

precious (adj)

Even in countries where the water supply is adequate, people are beginning to realize how precious it is. p.29

ثمين

propose (v)

In this paper the problems will be examined in detail and some solutions will be proposed. p.31

يفترح

prove (v)

While I would agree that  using fewer chemicals is probably better for the environment, it is not proven scientifically p.43

يبرهم على .

 يثبت صحة شيء

purify (v)

To purify means to remove dirty or harmful substances from something. p.619 Oxford Word Power

يصفي

relatively (adv)

The water crisis is not a problem unique to dry countries. In countries with relatively high rainfall, water shortages can still occur because of leakages and the subsequent loss of billions of litres of water. p.29

نسبياً .

الى حدٍ ما

Word

Word Family

Collocations

Example sentence

Synonyms

Antonyms

Other

release (v)

Organic compounds, such as  glucose are broken down with the oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, and energy is released. p.35

يطلق

remove (v)

What is removed during desalination? p.28

يزيل . ينزع

renewable (adj)

renewable energy

This essay examines three renewable sources of energy and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each one. p.32

قادر بالتجديد .

طاقة متوفرة

renewable energy

repair (v)

To overcome these problems, the public are encouraged to limit their consumption, and the water companies are being forced to repair pipes. p.29

يصلح . يرمَّم

reproduce (v) produce (v)

Another example is Saudi Arabia, whose desalination plants produce almost 25% of the world's desalinated water. p.29

ينتج

resource (n)

natural resources, HR(human resources)

Governments will be obliged to ensure that water companies operate efficiently and the public will learn that water is a precious resource to be used economically. p.29

supply

مورد . ثروة

sequence (n)

The introduction to an essay may have several purposes…to give an overview of the content

and sequence. p.32

تسلسل

shortage (n)

Why is there a water shortage in some countries with adequate rainfall? p.28

نقص

succeed (v)

There are several tips for succeeding in your studies. p.34

ينجح

utilize (v)

ways of utilizing

In areas near the coast, an obvious solution to this problem is to find ways of utilizing the abundant supply of water from the sea. p.29

use

not use

يستعمل

valuable (adj)

Water is more valuable than oil. p.28

ثمين . نفيس

widespread (adj)

However, as water shortages become more widespread due to global warming, this alone will not be enough to solve the problem. p.29

wide ranging

شائع . مُتّسع .

منبشر