Rahimian, Sa'id, "Ravesh-e fahm-e ahadis-e E'teghadi dar asar-e allameh sha'rani," Kayhan-e Andisheh, Qum, 1372 A.H.S. (months Farvardin and Ordibehesht), no. 47, pp. 135-143 and 157.

Rahmani, Aftab Ahmad, "The Life and Works of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani," Islamic Culture (Hyderabad) 45 (1971): 203-212, 275-293; 46 (1972): 75-81, 171-178, 265-272, 353-362; 47 (1973): 57-74, 159-174, 257-273.

Originally a Cambridge University Ph.D. dissertation. The first two sections of 1973 are particularly relevant to Ibn Hajar's work in hadith. -CM

Raisuddin, A.N.M., "Baqi ibn Makhlad al-Qurtubi (201-276/816-889) and his Contribution to the Study of Hadith Literature in Muslim Spain, Islamic Studies, Sprg 1991, v. 30, n. 1/2, Page: 263.

Rippin, Andrew, The Qur'anic Asbab al-Nuzul Material: An Analysis of its Use and Development in Exegesis, Ph.D. thesis, McGill, 1981

---, "The present status of tafsir studies," The Muslim World, 72 (1982): 224-38.

---,"Al-Zuhri, Naskh al-Qur'an and the problem of the early tafsir texts," BSOAS, 48 (1985): 1-15.

---, "The exegetical genre asbab al-nuzul: a bibliographical and terminological survey," BSOAS, 48 (1985): pp. 1-15.

---, "Al-Zarakhshi and al-Suyuti on the function of the occasion of revelation material," Islamic Culture, LIX, 1985, 1-15.

---, "The function of Asbab al-Nuzul in Qur'anic Exegesis," BSOAS, Vol. LI, Part 1, 1988, pp. 1-20.

---, "Ibn Abbas's Gharib al-Qur'an," BSOAS 46, 1983, pp. 332-333.

---, review of Norman Calder's Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 39, no. 2, 1994, pp. 346-47 (E).

Robinson, Chase F., "Ibn al-Azraq, his Ta'rîkh Mayyâfâriqîn, and early Islam," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 6, no. 1, 1996, pp. 7-27.

Robinson, Neal, "Varieties of pronouncement stories in Sahih Muslim: a Gospel genre in the Hadîth literature," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, vol. 5, no. 2, 1994, pp. 123-146.

Robson, James, "Hadith," In The Encyclopedia of Islam, New ed. Leiden, Vol. 3, E. J. Brill, 1971, pp. 23-9.

---, "al-Djarh wa'l-Ta'dil," EI2, ii, 462.

---, "Tradition--The Second Foundation of Islam," Muslim World, 1951, Vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 22-33.

---, "The Material of Tradition," Muslim World, XLI (1951), 166-180, 257-270.

---, "Tradition: Investigation and Classification," Muslim World, XLI (1951), 98-112.

The above articles in Muslim World along with the ones in the Bulletin of the John Rylands library collectively form an excellent introduction to the subject. On some points he is more detailed and precise than other secondary sources in English. -BS

---, An Introduction to the Science of Tradition, being Al-Madkhal ila ma'rifat al-Iklil by Al Hakim Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad b. Abdallah al Naisaburi , London, 1953.

---, Mishkat al-masabih, English translation with explanatory notes, (Author: Khatib al-Tibrizi, Muhammad ibn `Abd Allah, fl. 1337), Lahore, M. Ashraf.

The author's introduction to the translation gives an account of the hadith literature.

---, "Ibn Ishaq's use of Isnad," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, volume 38, number 2, March 1956, pp. 449-65.

---, "Standards Applied by Muslim Traditionists," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, volume 43, number 2, pp. 459-79.

---, "Muslim Tradition: The Question of Authenticity," Memoires and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, XCIII (1951-52), 84-102.

---, "Tradition from Individuals," Journal of Semitic Studies, 1964, 9:327-40.

---, "Varieties of the Hassan Tradition," Journal of Semitic Studies, 6(1), 1961, pp. 47-61.

---, "The Form of Muslim Tradition," Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society, XVI (1955-56), 38-50.

---, "The Isnad in Muslim Tradition," Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society, XV (1965), pp. 15-26.

---, "A Shia Collection of Divine Traditions," Glasgow University Oriental Society Transactions, 22, 1970, pp. 1-13.

---, "The Transmission of Muslim's Sahih," JRAS, 1949, 49-60.

---, "The Transmission of Abu Dawud's Sunan," BSOAS 14 (1952): 579-588.

---, "The Transmission of Tirmidhi's Jami`," BSOAS 16 (1954): 258-270.

---, "The Transmission of Nasa'i's 'Sunan,'" JSS 1 (1956): 38-59.

---, "The Transmission of Ibn Maga's 'Sunan,'" JSS 3 (1958): 129-141.

Roded, Ruth, Women in Islamic Bibliographical Collections; From Ibn Sa'd to Who's Who, Lynnne Reinner Publishers, Boulder & London, 1994.

Analysis of the coverage of women in biographical dictionaries, including the "rijal" works that are so indispensable for the study of hadith. We learn that 15% of the entries in Ibn Sa'd's dictionary, 2% of the entries in Ibn 'Asakir's giant book, and 11% of those in Ibn Hajar 'Asqalani's Tahdhib belong to women. In Ibn Ishaq's biography of the Prophet, 6% of all people named were women. Chapter headings include: Companions of the Prophet; The Next Generation; Transmitters of Knowledge, Learned Women, and Scholars; Mystic Women, and Women's Roles in Historical and Contemporary Collections. -BS

Rosenblatt, Samuel, "Rabbinic Legends in Hadith," Muslim World, 35 (1945), pp. 237-52.

Rosenthal, Franz, A History of Muslim Historiography, Leiden, 1952.

---, "The Influence of the Biblical Tradition on Muslim Historiography," in B. Lewis and P. M. Holt, eds., Historians of the Middle East, London, Oxford University Press, 1962, pp. 35-45.

---, "On Medieval Authorial Bibliographies: al-Ya'qubi and Ibn Hajar," in Literary Heritage of Classical Islam, edited by Muntasir Mir, The Darwin Press, Princeton, 1993, pp. 255-274.

---, "Muslim social values and literary criticism: reflections on the Hadîth of Umm Zar'," Oriens, vol. 34, 1994, pp. 31-56.

Rubin, Uri, "Muhammad's Curse of Mudar and the Blockade of Mecca," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 31 (1988), pp. 249-264.

In earlier publications in JESHO, Donner and Kister discussed and speculated about the date of a blockade on Mecca during the Prophet's stay in Medina. Through the examination of "formerly unnoticed" traditions in Ibn Hajar's commentary on Bukhari and other sources, Rubin attempts to date the blockade and identify its nature and causes. His observations link together and make sense of seemingly unrelated and sometimes contradictory traditions dispersed in a variety of sources ranging from commentaries on the Qur'an and Hadith to reports from early history texts and hadith compilations. -BS

---, The Eye of the Beholder; The Life of Muhammad as viewed by the early Muslims; a textual analysis, The Darwin Press, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1995.

Examines the portrayal of the Prophet in the Hadith Literature. The themes considered include: "Attestation, Preparation, Revelation, Salvation." The first chapter gives an account of the sources of hadith. Chapter 15, entitled "the Evidence of the Isnads," attempts a refutation of Golziher and Schacht's theories on backward growth of isnads. Chapter 14 on the asbab al-nuzul genre attempts a refutation of the view held by some Western Islamicists that the asbab al-nuzul [hadiths regarding occasions of revelation of specific Qur'anic verses] in the Sira literature were created to explain Qur'anic verses: "A scrutiny of the evidence in each and every one of the foregoing chapters will confirm the non-Quranic origin of the early sira material, and clarify that the conventional [Western] view about the constitution of the asbab al-nuzul traditions should be be abandoned once and for all." -BS

---, "Abu Lahab and Sura CXI", BSOAS, 48, 1985, pp. 1-15.

---, "The Assassination of Ka'b b. al-Ashraf," Oriens, 32, 1990, pp. 65-71.

---, "Exegesis and Hadith: the Case of the Seven Mathani," in G.R. Hawting and Abdul-Kader A. Shareef, eds., Approaches to the Qur'an, London and New York, 1993, pp. 141-56.

---, "Hanifiyya and Ka'ba: an Inquiry into the Arabian Pre-Islamic Background of Din Ibrahim," Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 1 3, 1990, pp. 85-112.

---, "The Ilaf of Quraysh: a Study of Sura CVI," Arabica, 31, 1984, pp. 165-88.

---, "Iqra' bi-smi rabbika ...! Some notes on the interpretation of Sûrat al-'Alaq," Israel Oriental Studies, vol. 13, 1993, pp. 213-230.

---, "The Ka'ba: Aspects of its Ritual Functions," Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 8, 1986, 97-131.

---, "Pre-Existence and Light: Aspects of the Concept of Nur Muhammad," Israel Oriental Studies, 5, 1975, pp. 62-119.

---, "Prophets and Progenitors in the Early Shi'a Tradition," Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 1, 1979, pp. 41-65.

---, "The Shrounded Messenger: On the Interpretation of al-Muzzammil and al-Muddaththir," Jersusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 16, 1993, pp. 96-107.

---, "'Al-walad li-l-firash': on the Islmaic campaign against 'zina'," Studia Islamica, vol. 78, 1993, pp. 5-26.

---, "Quran and tafsîr: the case of "an yadin'," Der Islam, vol. 70, no. 1, 1993, pp. 133-144.