Bailey, Ronald, "The Secrets of Intangible Wealth," Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2007. Online (Proquest)
	What is "intangible capital"? What do immigrants to a country have to do in order to benefit from its intangible capital? Which has been measured to be the larger contributor to intangible capital, education or rule of law?

Baker, Dean, "The WTO and the World's Poor," truthout, July 12, 2006. Online
	By how much does the average poor person in the world stand to gain from a WTO trade agreement, according to the author? Why would some of the world's poor be hurt if rich countries stop subsidizing agricultural production? What change in economic policy does the author suggest for helping the world's poor?

Baldwin, Richard et al., "Rebooting the Eurozone: Step I -- Agreeing a Crisis Narrative," Policy Insight no. 85, Centre for Economic Policy Research, November 2015. Online

What do these authors view as the main difference between the crisis countries and those not in crisis that accounts for the crisis? What do they mean there being both a "good equilibrium" and a "bad equilibrium," and what determined which of these prevails? What was a "trigger" that tipped the Eurozone into the bad equilibrium? What institutions played a role in trying to solve the Eurozone crisis, and how successful were they?

Barfield, Claude, "The weekly trade merry-go-round: Trump wants to withdraw from the WTO," AEIdeas, American Enterprise Institute, July 2, 2018. [3p] Online
	Does President Trump plan to pull out of the WTO? What is the US supposed to do, according to the MFN principle of the WTO? How has Peter Navarro suggested violating that? What has Trump done to "undermine the legitimacy" of the WTO?

Bernhofen, Daniel M. and John C. Brown, "Gains from trade: evidence from nineteenth century Japan" Microeconomic Insights August 31, 2017. [4p] Canvas
	Why is it usually hard to observe the effects of trade? Why did the case of Japan provide a natural experiment for observing the effects of trade? What did the researchers observe about trade in Japan that confirmed theory of comparative advantage? How large were the gains from trade?

Bhagwati, Jagdish, "Don't blame the brands," Prospect, April 2, 2013. Canvas
	Whom does the author blame for tragedies in factories in Bangladesh and Pakistan? Why is blaming the companies that market or distribute products produced in these countries harmful?

Bivens, L. Josh, "Globalization and American Wages: Today and Tomorrow," Briefing Paper #196, Economic Policy Institute, October 10, 2007. Online

What "theorem" of standard international trade theory does the author explain and use? And why does this predict that a large number of US workers lose from trade? The paper's Table 1 shows calculated effects, from a simple model, of globalization on incomes of US middle-income households in 1995 and 2006. Why is the effect in 2006 so much larger than in 1995? What policies does the author espouse (near the end of the paper) to deal with this problem?

Bivens, L. Josh, "Marketing the Gains from Trade," Issue Brief #233, Economic Policy Institute, June 19, 2007. Online

Several estimates are reported here for the size of the gains from trade for the United States. What is the lowest estimate, what is the highest, and what does the author think is correct? (Check these both in terms of dollars and as a percentage of US GDP.) The largest of these estimates is based on a particular academic study. Who wrote that study? What feature of that study led to such a large estimate? The author agrees that cutting trade barriers would raise US national income. Why, then, does he seem to be skeptical that doing so is a good idea?

Black, Thomas, Jeremy Scott Diamond, and Dave Merrill, "One Tiny Widget's Dizzying Journey Shows Just How Critical Nafta Has Become," Bloomberg, February 2, 2017. Canvas
	Where is the company Firstronic based? What production takes place there, according to this story? How many times does the capacitor cross one of the within-NAFTA international borders? What effects, according to this, would backing out of NAFTA have?

Blinder, Alan S., "Free Trade's Great, but Offshoring Rattles Me," Washington Post, May 6, 2007. Canvas
	What are the two big changes in the world that are making a vast increase in offshoring possible? Of the following, which does the author argue may be made worse off by offshoring: the world as a whole; the US as a whole; workers in particular occupations in the US? How many US jobs has he classified, in his research, as "offshorable"? Does he expect these all to be offshored?

Borjas, George, "Economic Progress of Immigrants," digest by David R. Francis, July 28, 2006, of "Making it in America: Social Mobility in the Immigrant Population" (NBER Working Paper No. 12088) NBER Website. Online
	How does the quantity of immigration into the US today compare to with 1970? What are the reasons that Borjas gives for expecting today's immigrants to assimilate more slowly than those of a century ago? Were earlier groups of immigrants to the United States permitted instruction in their native language?

Bown, Chad P. and Melina Kolb, "Trump's Trade War Timeline: An Up-to-Date Guide," Trade and Investment Policy Watch, Peterson Institute of International Economics, August 13, 2019 (but watch for updates). [14p] Online
	With what countries is the US engaged in a trade war, in the sense that we've used tariffs against them, and they've responded with tariffs against us? What have been the legal bases (within the US) for tariffs on solar panels, washing machines, steel, aluminum, Chinese exports, and cars? To what extent have the US and other countries used the World Trade Organization in these disputes?

Brainard, Lael and Robert E. Litan, " 'Offshoring' Service Jobs: Bane or Boon and What to Do?" Policy Brief #132, Brookings Institution, 2004. Online
	What percentage of those in the U.S. who involuntarily lose their jobs each year do the authors estimate are due to offshoring? What are the two major effects of offshoring, according to economic theory? What policies do the authors recommend for responding to increase in offshoring?

Broekhuizen, Kim, "U-M says apparel licensees must follow Bangladesh safety accord," The University Record, University of Michigan, April 2, 2014. Online
	What action did UM's President Coleman announce, and what event prompted this action? Who was it that asked UM to take this action, and what group within UM considered and then recommended it to President Coleman? What does the Accord call for? Which, if any, of UM's licensees had as of this writing signed the Accord?

Brooks, Arthur C., "Don't Live Simply" Forbes.com, September 15, 2008. Online
	What parts of the world have risen from poverty through international trade? What part of the world has "languished," and why, according to the author. What indicators, besides per capita income, does the author use to show progress?

Brown, Drusilla, "Review of Hufbauer and Schott, NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges" Journal of Economic Literature 45(1), March, 2007, pp. 187-190. Online (J)
	In addition to the textbook gains from trade, what other benefits did proponents of NAFTA expect? What effects on US labor were expected? Does this reviewer agree with the book's authors that NAFTA was largely beneficial? Does the article say what NAFTA did in fact to the US labor market?

Buffett, Warren E., "America's Growing Trade Deficit Is Selling the Nation Out From Under Us. Here's a Way to Fix the Problem--And We Need to Do It Now," Fortune, November 10, 2003. Online
	Why wouldn't the citizens of Thriftville be willing simply to hold the IOUs of Squanderville? Is the U.S. trade deficit quantitatively important? What policy solution does Buffett propose for ending the trade deficit?

Copenhagen Consensus, "Copenhagen Consensus 2008 - Results," Copenhagen Consensus Center, Copenhagen Business School. Online
	What was the Copenhagen Consensus Project? Of the following issues, which made it high onto their list of things to do something about, and which were placed toward the bottom of the list: air pollution, diseases, conflict, and malnutrition and hunger? Why is the Doha Development Agenda listed with zero cost?

Costinot, Arnaud and Andrés Rodríguez-Clare, "How Large Are the U.S. Economy's Gains from Trade?," digest by Steve Maas, May 7, 2018, of "The U.S. Gains from Trade: Valuation Using the Demand for Foreign Factor Services," NBER Working Paper No. 24407. Online
	What is the range of estimates reported here for the US gains from trade? What is the thought experiment that this is to represent? What was the Embargo Act of 1807? Why do these estimates depend so much on the elasticity of demand for imports?

Crook, Clive, "A cruel sea of capital," Surveys, The Economist, May 1, 2003. Online (Proquest)
	Why are capital market decisions more prone to mistakes than goods market decisions? Why does leverage increase the riskiness of capital market transactions? What market makes international financial transactions inherently more risky than domestic ones?

Darrah, Kim, "EU and Canada agree on interim alternative to WTO appeal court," Financial Times, July 25, 2019. Canvas
	How many judges are there supposed to be on the WTO's Appellate Body? How many are there now? When will that number fall below the number required to hear a case? Why can a single country (in this case the US under Trump, but previously Obama in two re-appointment cases) block a judge? How will Canada and the EU get around this problem? Will that solve the problem for other countries?

Deardorff, Alan V., "An Economist's Overview of the World Trade Organization," in Korea Economic Institute, The Emerging WTO System and Perspectives from East Asia, Joint U.S.-Korea Academic Studies Vol 7, 1997. Online (Working Paper Version)
	What are the major constraints that the WTO imposes upon member country trade policies? What exceptions does the WTO permit in its most-favored-nation requirement? What power does the WTO have to enforce its rules?

Deardorff, "Introduction to Comparative Advantage," August 27, 2003. Online
	Why is comparative advantage a relative concept in two senses simultaneously? With two goods and two countries, how do you identify the good in which a country has a comparative advantage? It the wage rate in a country falls due to trade, do workers lose from trade?

Deardorff, Alan "Migration," undated. Online

Why do workers who remain in Mexico benefit from the migration? Why do owners of other factors in Mexico lose? The size of the countries matters as follows: the larger is the labor force in a country, the flatter will be the demand curve for labor (because a given change in quantity demanded will be a smaller fraction of the total). Based on that, how would the size of the loss to US workers depend on the size of the US labor force? If one considers only the people who remain in Mexico -- both workers and owners of others factors -- does Mexico gain or lose from the migration? What fraction of their incomes would migrants have to remit to their families in Mexico for that conclusion to be reversed?

Deardorff, Alan V. and Robert M. Stern, "What You Should Know about Globalization and the World Trade Organization," Review of International Economics, August 2002, pp. 404-423, (pp. 413-419 only). Canvas
	In what ways does the WTO have powers that are broader and/or more effective than those of the GATT? What are some of the objections to the WTO? Who, according to these authors, benefits most from the WTO and why?

DeLong, J. Bradford, "NAFTA and other trade deals have not gutted American manufacturing -- period," The Big Idea, Vox, January 24, 2017, [28p] Online

Is it true that US manufacturing employment declined after NAFTA? To what extent was that due to NAFTA? How do we know? Is the shift out of employment in a major economic sector (in this case manufacturing) a new phenomenon? When has it happened before? Is the author critical of the US trade deficit, and if so, why? How much do trade-displaced workers lose? Is this a problem, and what should we do about it?

Dizikes, Peter, "Economists Find Evidence for Famous Hypothesis of 'Comparative Advantage'," MIT News Office, June 20, 2012. [2p] Online
	Why is comparative advantage hardest to measure if the theory is correct? How does this paper get around that problem? The authors calculate a correlation that would be 1 if the theory worked perfectly. What do they find, and why is it considered as providing support for the theory?

Donnan, Shawn, "The migration numbers game," Financial Times, December 1, 2014. [7p] Canvas
	Has migration been increasing in recent years? Where are the largest migrations? How large is the net budgetary cost of migrants?

Eberstadt, Nicholas N. and Carol C. Adelman, "Foreign Aid: What Works and What Doesn't," AEI Online, American Enterprise Institute, October 28, 2008. Online

In what ways have developing countries changed that call for new approaches to aid? Where in the world have these changes not occurred? Has foreign aid in the past contributed positively to macroeconomic growth? Suppose that USAID (the United States Agency for International Development) in Washington were to fund an infrastructure project in, say, Ghana, paying a US construction firm to build a road there. Which of the authors' "characteristics for success" does this violate?

Economics Focus, "Drain or gain? Poor countries can end up benefiting when their brightest citizens emigrate," The Economist, May 26, 2011. Canvas
	What are remittances, and how big are they for some countries? If countries were to succeed in preventing their educated people from emigrating, would that increase the average level of education at home? How do educated people who don't emigrate compare to those who do emigrate and then later return?

Economics Focus, "Gauging generosity," The Economist, May 1, 2003. Canvas
	What is "tied aid"? What country gives the most aid, in absolute amount? What country gives the least, as percent of GDP? How can a trade policy be regarded as helping economic development?

Economics Focus, "Why the tail wags the dog: Emerging economies now have greater heft on many measures than developed ones," The Economist, August 6, 2011. Canvas
	Why is the definition of "emerging economies" difficult? What definition does this article use? In terms of real GDP, which is larger: the developed group or the emerging group? On what measures is the emerging group more than 75% of the world total? On what measures is it less than 25%?

Economist, "Aid to the rescue," The Economist, August 16, 2014. Canvas

Has official development assistant risen, fallen, or stayed the same since 1960? Has the per capita incomes of highly indebted poor countries risen, fallen, or stayed the same over that period? What reasons are given why aid may be harmful? Why is it hard to discern statistically whether aid increases economic growth? What was the "instrumental variable" that the cited study used to capture the effects of aid? What did they find?

Economist, "The Big Mac Index," The Economist, July 10, 2019. [3p] Canvas

If a currency is "overvalued" by, say, 10% by this burgernomics measure, what does that mean? The data report that the US dollar is neither overvalued nor undervalued. Does that mean that the US is performing better than other countries? From the data more broadly, would you say that the dollar is overvalued, undervalued, or neither? Why should one expect that the currencies of poor countries will be more undervalued than the currencies of rich countries by this measure?

Economist, "Buying local is more expensive than it looks," The Economist, November 23, 2017. [4p] Canvas
	Why is buying local seen as "sensible -- wholesome even"? And why does this article disagree? Is the use of buy-local rules becoming more common? What are some examples of these rules that have been used?

Economist, "China and currency manipulation," The Economist, March 2, 2017. [3p] Canvas
	On what basis does the US Treasury Department evaluate whether a currency is being manipulated? On that basis, was the Chinese currency being manipulated to hold down its value, as of this writing? Why does the Economist not use the bilateral trade imbalance as an indicator of manipulation? What do they find for the Swiss currency, and why does this indicate how "flawed" these measures are?

Economist, "Company headquarters: Here, there and everywhere," The Economist, February 22, 2014. [3p] Canvas
	Into what countries did Fiat, the Italian car maker, put various aspects of its corporate identity after taking full control of Chrysler? What role does "national pride" play in the choices of merging companies to locate the resulting firm? When a company moves its tax residence to a low-tax jurisdiction such as the UK or Ireland, on what portion of its earnings does it pay less taxes?

Economist, "Currency Envy: My Money Is Bigger than Yours," The Economist, June 23, 2012. Canvas

How do economists view the importance of the absolute value (as opposed to changes over time) of a country's currency relative to others? Would non-economists in countries prefer that a unit of their currency be worth more, or worth less, of other currencies? Why? The Hong Kong dollar is pegged to the US dollar. And yet it is much further down the list of currency values than the US dollar. How is this possible?

Economist, "Fixed Rates," The Economist, August 23, 2014. Canvas
	How do we see that exchange rates are not moving much? And what reason is given for this quiet in the exchange markets? What usual exchange market participants are not as active in the market as they used to be? How did bankers rig the market in their favor?

Economist, "From south to south: The other kind of immigration," The Economist, December 24, 2016. [5p] Canvas
	Which is larger, migration among developed countries or migration from developing countries to developed? Based on available data, what appears to be the largest migration corridor (from one country to another) in the world? What motivates people to migrate from one developing country to another? Why do migrants from the poorest countries not migrate to the richest countries?

Economist, "Immigration Economics: The Wages of Mariel," The Economist, July 23, 2016. Canvas
	What is a "natural experiment," and what event here was used as one? What effect did the event have on wages in Miami, first according to the study by Card in 1990 and now according to the new study by Borjas? What seems to account for the difference in findings?

Economist, "More Spend, Less Thrift," The Economist, September 3, 2016. Canvas
	Are government budget balances and country current account balances related? From the chart in the article, what country in Europe has run the biggest current account surpluses? Has it also run budget surpluses? Was this unusual? Why is a surplus on either of these accounts considered undesirable, according to this article? How does the current state of monetary policy make this problem worse?

Economist, "The Progressive Case for Immigration," The Economist, March 18, 2017. Canvas
	Why does this say that proponents of migration should not focus on wage effects? What are some of the benefits from migration that should be stressed instead? How big are the wage gains to migrants?

Economist, "Trading Up: Picking the world champion of trade," The Economist, January 18, 2014. Canvas
	What country, as of the data reported in this article, led the world in total exports plus imports? Does it look like that country's lead it rising or falling over time? How does China's trade as a percentage of its GDP compare to the average for the world? How does it compare to the US? What does it mean that China's value added as a percent of its exports is smaller than that of the US?

Economist, "Welcome home: Offshoring," The Economist, January 19, 2013. Canvas
	Why is it that China's cost advantage is becoming smaller and may soon disappear? Why does increasing automation contribute to reshoring? What is the main reason why companies today want to expand their presence overseas?

Economist, "Where does the aid go? Size matters," The Economist, June 11, 2016. Canvas
	Does more aid per person go to countries that are well-governed? Does more aid per person go to countries that are poor? Does more aid per person go to countries that are large?

Eldredge, Dirk Chase, "YES: Immigration will double the population of the United States within the next 60 years," Insight on the News, Feb 18, 2002. Online
	How much of the US population growth since 1970 has consisted of people who were born outside the US? What are some of the shortages that the author attributes to immigration? What does the author mean when he says that "balkanization has replaced assimilation"?

Faux, Jeff, "Overhauling NAFTA," Viewpoints, Economic Policy Institute, February 29, 2008. Online
	What were the adverse effects that the author attributes to NAFTA? Who has spoken in favor of renegotiating NAFTA? What is the deal that the author would like the US to negotiate with Mexico as part of renegotiating NAFTA?

Feenstra, Robert C., "How Costly Is Protectionism," Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, Summer 1992, pp. 159-171,175-178. Online-JSTOR
	How much more do consumers lose from protection than the country loses? Who gets the difference? What determines who gets the quota rents? If foreign firms respond to a quota by "upgrading" their product, how can that be bad? Why might foreign firms respond to protection by investing in the U.S., and what are the welfare effects if they do?

Fefer, Rachel F., Keigh E. Hammond, Vivian C. Jones, Brandon J. Murrill, Michaela D. Platzer, and Brock R. Williams, "Section 232 Investigations: Overview and Issues for Congress," Congressional Research Service, updated April 2, 2019, Summary only. [2p] Canvas
	Under what circumstances does Section 232 of the 1962 Trade Act permit the President to levy tariffs? Who conducts the investigation to determine if this is the case? If the answer is yes, must the President levy tariffs? Must the tariffs then apply to all imports of the product? If not, do we know why not? Is the use of Section 232 legal under the rules of the WTO?

Ferguson, Niall, "Our Currency, Your Problem" New York Times, March 13, 2005. Canvas
	Who is financing most of the US external borrowing? How does this help us? How does it help them? Why, according to this author, might the US be able to continue in this way for a long time?

Fergusson, Ian F., "Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)" In Focus, Congressional Research Service, updated June 21, 2019. Online
	Congress in 1934 gave the President the authority to reduce tariffs. Why did TPA begin to be needed in the 1970s? While much of TPA is about a schedule of notifications and actions, one crucial element is that agreements are then subject to an "up or down" simple majority vote without amendment. Why is this necessary? TPA was agreed under President Obama. Why is it still important today?

Food and Agriculture Organization, "Cotton Subsidies in Rich Countries Mean Lower Prices Worldwide," FAONewsroom, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005. Online
	Why do US cotton subsidies hurt people in Africa? Who is hurt? Who can produce cotton more cheaply, Africans or Americans? Are African cotton farmers problems due solely to US subsidies?

Forbes, Kristin, "The Costs of International Capital Controls," digest by Matthew Davis, July 28, 2006, of "The Microeconomic Evidence on Capital Controls: No Free Lunch," NBER working paper No. 11372. Online
	What are capital controls, as considered here? Who seems to suffer the most from capital controls, in the evidence reported here, and why? Who is hurt when capital controls are removed?

Foy, Morgan, "U.S. Consumers Have Borne the Brunt of the Current Trade War," NBER Digest, May, 2019. [3p] Online
	Trade theory says that a tariff by a large country will raise the price of imports by less than the tariff, so that foreign exporters get a lower price. Is that what these researchers found? How have global supply chains responded to the tariffs? How have the US and foreign tariffs been related to the political positions of different parts of the US?

Fraser Institute, "When Foreign Aid Doesn't," Fraser Forum Editorial, February 1999. Canvas
	What seems to be the direct cause of the reversal of growth in Côte d'Ivoire? What is the connection between foreign aid and this episode?

Friedman, Thomas L., "Made in the World," New York Times, January 28, 2012. Online (Proquest)
	How, according to Friedman, do US politicians and CEOs differ in their view of the world? Why don't CEOs talk about "outsourcing" these days? What are some of the advantages that Friedman thinks that the US has that should let it prosper in this new world?

FT Editors, "Bretton Woods twins need to keep adapting," Financial Timess, July 17, 2019. [2p] Canvas
	What was the "troika" that the IMF was junior partner in? (The article doesn't say. Look it up.) Why does the World Bank risk becoming dispensable? How are the heads of the IMF and World Bank selected? How does this editorial feel about that?

Giles, Chris, "Economists must work harder to justify liberal trade order," Financial Times, November 16. 2017. Canvas
	How are growth of trade and growth of GDP related? Do economists argue that freer trade benefits everyone? Do they agree that freer trade is beneficial overall? Do the losers from trade recover quickly? If trade liberalization has been too costly, should we now reverse it?

Glassman, James K., "Illogical Special Trade Deals," Washington Times, July 24, 2006. Online
	What does GSP stand for, and what does the program do? What have countries done that makes the author wish to deny them GSP status? What change in policy does the author recommend?

Griswold, Daniel T., "Are Trade Deficits Good for the U.S. Economy?" The Globalist, Feb. 15, 2005. Online
	Does the US economy do better (in terms of GDP growth or employment) when the trade deficit is getting larger or when it is getting smaller? What does this imply about the desirability of policies that would change the trade balance? Do we know any reason for a causal link between the trade balance and income? What seems to be the author's purpose in making these points?

Griswold, Daniel T., "Higher Immigration, Lower Crime," Commentary, Cato Institute, December, 2009. Online
	Why are immigrants, both legal and illegal, less prone to crime than native-born Americans? Why does the author say that immigrants reduce poverty? What is the main basis for the author's conclusion that higher immigration lowers crime?

Hillman, Jennifer, "How to Stop Trump's Trade War Madness," New York Times, August 11 2019. [3p] Canvas
	To whom does the US Constitution give the power to set tariffs? On what basis has President Trump levied tariffs on China and others? What are some of the reasons that the author thinks Trump may be using tariffs? What should Congress due to stop the trade war?

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde and Jeffrey J. Schott, "Buy American: Bad for Jobs, Worse for Reputation," PIIE Policy Brief No. PB09-2, February 2009. Online
	Is the direct effect of "Buy American" to increase or decrease employment in the US, and how? What do the authors say would be the total effect on US employment, and why? What are the GPA and NAFTA, and what does they have to do with this issue? What, say the authors, would Buy American do to US foreign relations?

IMF, "The IMF at a Glance," International Monetary Fund Fact Sheet, March 22, 2019. Online
	When was the IMF formed, where is it located, and who and how many are its members? For what purpose does the IMF make loans? What does SDR stand for, and what purpose does it serves?

Irwin, Neil, "What's at Risk if the U.S. Stumbles into a Currency War" New York Times, August 7, 2019 1999. Canvas
	What did the US do that may cause a "currency war""? What had China done that prompted this? Why is there a "paradox for President Trump"?

Jones, Jeffrey, "Slim Majority in U.S. See Trade as Benefiting American Workers" Gallup, March 21, 2019. [8p] Online
	Have the opinions of Americans about the benefits and costs of international trade become more positive or less positive in recent year, according to Gallup's polls? Of the groups identified here, who has the most negative view of international trade? How negative? In addition to the economic effects of trade in the US, what do Americans care about in setting trade policy?

Jones, Laura, "Should Environmentalists Support Free Trade?" Fraser Forum, The Fraser Institute, December 1999. Canvas
	What evidence supports or contradicts the "produce-more-pollute-more" model? What is a "pollution haven" and why is, or is not, this a cause for concern? Why shouldn't all countries have the same environmental standards? Does the WTO permit, or prevent, a "race to the bottom"?

Kain, E.D., "Protectionism and National Security," The League of Ordinary Gentlemen, March 2, 2009. [2p] Online
	What are some of the things that the author hopes to keep in the US through protectionism? What "strings" would he attach to protectionism? Which of the following does he think will be improved by protectionism: morality, economic growth, national security?

Karabell, Zachary, "The 'Global Imbalances' Myth," Wall Street Journal, December 21, 2009. [3p] Online (Proquest)
	On what basis does the author dismiss "global imbalances" as "myth"? On what does he place the blame for the recent crisis, if not global imbalances? Why does he think that belief in global imbalances is dangerous?

Kharas, Homi, "Ten Years After the East Asian Crisis: A Resurgent and Restructured Region," The Brookings Institution, June 27, 2007. Online
	How has the speed of recovery from the East Asian crisis compared to that from the Debt Crisis of Latin America earlier? Have the countries retreated from globalization or embraced it after the crisis? What is distinctive about the internal migration of people that as been occurring in these countries, and what stresses is it causing?

Kirby, Jen, "USMCA, Trumps New NAFTA Deal, Explained in 500 Words," <Vox>>, June 27, 2019. [2p] Online
	How big a change is USMCA compared to NAFTA? What industry or product seems to have gotten the most attention in the changes made to USMCA? What still has to happen for USMCA to go into effect? Who seems most likely to block it?

Krueger, Anne and T.N. Srinivasan, "The Harsh Consequences of Forgiveness," Financial Times, August 8, 2000. Online (P)
	What policy do the authors prefer to debt forgiveness? What reasons do they give for this preference?

Krugman, Paul, "Climate, Trade, Obama," The Conscience of a Liberal, NY Times blog, June 29, 2009. Online
	What, in this case, is a "border adjustment"? Why would the absence of a carbon tax be bad for the environment? According to Krugman, would a carbon tariff be legal under the WTO? Why?

Krugman, Paul, "In Praise of Cheap Labor: Bad jobs at bad wages are better than no jobs at all," Slate, Mar 20, 1997. Online
	Have wages and incomes in the developing world risen during the last 20 years? Why are wages so low in the developing world? What would happen to foreign workers if U.S. multinationals were required to pay them American wages?

Krugman, Paul R., "Is Free Trade Passé?", Journal of Economic Perspectives 1, Fall 1987, pp. 131-144. Online-JSTOR

What is Strategic Trade Policy? Why was traditional trade theory unable to address the issues of the new trade theory? In the Boeing-Airbus game of the paper, what happens if Europe provides the subsidy only after Boeing has made an irreversible commitment to produce? What is the difference between the external economies of the new trade theory and those of previous trade theory? Give three reasons why, in practice, the gains from strategic trade policy are likely to be smaller than the simple arguments for them might suggest. If the gains from a policy are small, is that reason enough not to use it? Give two reasons why political economy considerations suggest that the effects of policy intervention may well be negative.

Kulish, Nicholas, "No Fireworks for Euro as It Reaches the 10-Year Mark," New York Times, December 31, 2011. Canvas
	What is it about the design of the euro currency that lessens its appeal compared to the prior national currencies? What effect did adoption of the euro have on prices, in fact and as perceived by the public? Why? How doe the value of the euro, compared to other currencies, compare today to when it was introduced? How does it compare to a year or so ago?

Lakatos, Csilla, "Back to the 1930s: Do US tariffs signal a shift to Smoot-Hawley-type protectionism?," Future Development, Brookings Institution, July 26, 2018. [4p] Online
	What are the US column 1 and column 2 tariffs, and why are they so different? What is NTR, and who is entitled to it? Which countries do not get MFN tariffs on their exports to the US?

Legrain, Philippe, "Why China Will Win the Trade War," Foreign Policy, April 13, 2018. [4p] Online
	Why would a greater loss of exports by China than the US hurt them less? Does the US have a bilateral trade surplus with China in anything? What is "Made in China 2025"?

Lerrick, Adam, "Why Is the World Bank Still Lending?," On the Issues, American Enterprise Institute, November 9, 2005. Online

Why was lending by the World Bank to developing countries a useful form of development assistance in the first decades after the Bank was created. Why is it no longer useful? What is meant by the Bank's "technical assistance," and why does it make developing countries less, rather than more, likely to borrow from the Bank? How is the Bank able to continue to lend to countries like China when it now has such good access to world capital markets itself?

Levin, Jay H., A Guide to the Euro, 2002, pp. 41-51. Canvas
	What are the benefits and costs to a country of joining the eurozone? What is an optimal currency area, and what are the criteria for a group of countries being one? What is the main requirement of the Stability and Growth Pact, and how is it to be enforced?

Levinsohn, James and Margaret McMillan, "Does Food Aid Harm the Poor?" NBER Working Paper No. 11048, January 2005, as summarized by Carlos Lozada on the NBER Website. Online
	Why is food aid not necessarily beneficial to everyone in a poor country? How do the authors of the study determine who gains and loses from food aid, and what do they conclude?

Levy, Phillip, "How to Let China Know We're Serious" TCS Daily, July 19, 2007. Canvas
	What is Section 421, and how has it been used? What will happen to US imports and the US trade deficit if we put tariffs on goods imported from China? What does Levy say the US should threaten to do, if it is serious? Why?

Lindsey, Brink and Daniel J. Ikenson, "Coming Home to Roost: Proliferating Anti-Dumping Laws and the Threat to U.S. Exports," Cato Trade Policy Analysis No. 14, Executive Summary only, July 30, 2001. Online
	By how much has anti-dumping use increased since the 1980s, overall and by developing countries? Has the U.S. been common or uncommon target of these cases, and how has it fared in the cases where it was the target? Who supports continuing anti-dumping laws in their current form?

Lipsey, Robert, "Direct Investment Is a Steady Source of Foreign Capital," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7094, June 2000, digest by Justin Fox. Online
	How does the author define direct investment? Which is more volatile, direct investment or portfolio investment? Who gets the most, and who gives the most, direct investment?

Magee, Christopher S. P., "Why Are Trade Barriers So Low?" Economic Affairs 31(3), October 2011, pp. 12-17. Canvas
	Does the main "political economy" model for explaining tariffs say that politicians care only about campaign contributions? Why does the author give only partial credit to GATT negotiations in explaining the fall of tariffs since the 1930s? How do the following terms or concepts figure in explanations for why trade barriers are low: free riding; peace; imported inputs; non-tariff barriers?

Malkin, Elisabeth and Ana Swanson, "Mexico Ratifies Trade Deal with the U.S. and Canada," New York Times, June 19, 2019. Canvas
	Which countries have signed the USMCA? Which have ratified it? Which political party in the US is most opposed to the USMCA, and why? Is that party needed for ratification? Does Trump want the agreement approved? How has he treated Mexico and Canada recently?

Mankiw, N. Gregory, "Want to Rev Up the Economy? Don't Worry About the Trade Deficit," New York Times, December 2, 2016. Canvas
	Why does Mankiw view the trade deficit as a "sign of success"? How will deregulation, tax cuts, and increased government spending affect the US trade deficit? How would an increase in import tariffs affect exports?

Mann, Catherine L. and Katharina Plück, "When the Dollar Bill Comes Due," Op-ed, Institute for International Economics, April 27, 2005. Online
	What happened to the US trade deficit when the US dollar depreciated by 25% over the last two years? Why did the depreciation not reduce our imports from China and Mexico? Based on estimates of "pass-through," by how much would prices of imports have risen, after several quarters, from those countries whose currencies' dollar values rose by 25%? Why is pass-through less than complete?

Mastel, Greg, "Keep Anti-Dumping Laws Intact," Journal of Commerce, September 10, 1999. Canvas
	What is it that the author says makes anti-dumping laws a "practical necessity"? In what countries and products does the author see these problems as being most severe? According to the author, did the Uruguay Round agreements make anti-dumping laws harder or easier to use?

Mihm, Stephen, "Trump's Currency War Smacks of the 1930s," Bloomberg, August 12, 2019. [3p] Canvas
	The author mentions that the world economy was already slowing down before the events recounted here, but what was the institutional failure that seems to have precipitated the currency and tariff wars of the 1930s? Why does a currency devaluation do greater harm in the world than retaliatory tariffs? Was the currency war of the 1930s initiated by US President Roosevelt?

Newmyer, Tory, "Trump team ramps up China trade fight on currency claims," Washington Post, August 3, 2018. [2p (of 9)] Canvas
	As of this writing, what had happened to the dollar value of the Chinese currency? How does this affect trade? Is China deliberately pushing down the value of its currency?

Obstfeld, Maurice, "Targeting deficits is a game of whack-a-mole," Financial Times, Apr 22, 2018. Canvas
	Is a country with a trade deficit losing from trade? What does a country's overall trade balance reflact? What determines a country's bilateral deficits and surpluses? Why does the fact that the US is at full employment matter for this discussion?

Pérez-Peña, Richard, "Brexit Under Boris Johnson: Deal or No Deal?," New York Times, July 23, 2019. [5p] Canvas
	What does membership in the EU provide that the UK will lose when it leaves? How long has the Brexit process been going on? Why hasn't Brexit already happened? Has any alternative to a "no-deal Brexit" been considered?

Perry, Mark J., "How important is international trade to each US state's economy? Pretty important for a lot of our states," American Enterprise Institute, October 22, 2017. Online

What is the average and range of trade share for US states? How is this defined? What state has the highest share? What industry accounts for that? Of the automakers mentioned, which has the highest foreign content and which the lowest, for vehicles sold in the US? According to the Ann Arbor-based Center for Automotive Research, how would withdrawal of the US from the NAFTA affect jobs in the auto sector?

Porter, Eduardo, "Can Immigration Hurt the Economy? An Old Prejudice Returns," New York Times, February 14, 2017. Canvas
	What were some of the groups that US immigration law used to limit or ban? What are some of the arguments recent scholars have made against immigration? Does this author agree with these arguments? Why or why not? What negative consequence from immigration does he cite himself?

Porter, Eduardo, "Globalization That Works for Workers at Home," New York Times, February 25, 2015. Online (P)
	Have trade agreements ever promised to improve labor standards? Does this author believe they help much. Is it true that US labor standards are higher than most countries? How does this author think a trade agreement might improve conditions for US labor?

Porter, Eduardo, "Why the Trade Deficit Matters, and What Trump Can Do About It," New York Times, October 17, 2017. [4p] Canvas
	What does a trade deficit represent? Is the trade deficit harmful to the US? What must be done to reduce the US deficit? Has such a thing ever been done?

Posen, Adam, "The errors of conservatives obscure the case for trade," Financial Times, July 22, 2014. Canvas
	When a US factory moves to Mexico and employs 100 workers there, what -- according to the article -- happens to employment in the US? How did the unemployment rate in the US compare in the decade following NAFTA to the decade before it? The article accepts the estimates of critics that NAFTA imports cost 45,000 jobs a year for two decades. Why doesn't he view that as serious?

Prasad, Eswar, "There will be no winners in a currency war," Financial Times, August 9, 2019.[3p] Canvas
	Has China ever, in this century, intervened to make the value of its currency fall over time? Are there signs of a currency war spreading beyond just China and the US? What will probably happen to the value of the US dollar if there is a currency war?

Prestowitz, Clyde, "The Losses of Trade," Huffington Post, September 29, 2011. Online

The author cites a study that measures hitherto unmeasured costs due to the increased US trade with China. How, according first to the authors of that study and second to Prestowitz, do those costs compare to the conventional gains from trade? Why the difference? What are some of the assumptions that Prestowitz says are needed for the traditional gains from trade? What are some of the costs of trade that the new study measures?

Prusa, Thomas, "On the Spread and Impact of Antidumping," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7404, October 1999, digest by Matt Nesvisky. Online
	What is the evidence that developing countries are becoming increasing users of anti-dumping duties? Why are developing countries doing this? Which would the author prefer, that all countries start to use anti-dumping laws, or that all countries stop using them?

Reuters, "China denounces carbon tariff idea ahead of Copenhagen," December 4, 2009. Canvas
	What does the Chinese news agency say is motivating the developed countries who are considering the use of carbon tariffs? What will happen, say the Chinese, if rich countries use carbon tariffs? Are carbon tariffs legal under the WTO, according to the Chinese?

Rice, Susan E., "We Must Put More on the Plate to Fight Global Poverty," Washington Post, July 5, 2005. Online
	How much money did the organizers of Live 8 want countries to devote to economic development in poor countries? Is the US meeting that goal? Is there any connection between poverty and terrorism? How is health in rich countries related to poverty in poor countries?

Roberts, James, "Foreign Aid: Congress Should Shift USAID Funds to the Millennium Challenge Account," Web Memo #2574, Heritage Foundation, Auguest 4, 2009. Online
	What do MCA, MCC, ODA, and USAID stand for? How does the MCA differ from traditional foreign aid, and why? How does MCA aid compare with ODA by USAID, in terms of amount of aid given and in terms of "aid per employee"? What country is "most efficient" in terms of its aid per employee?

Roberts, Paul Craig, "The Offshore Outsourcing of American Jobs: A Greater Threat Than Terrorism," Global Research, Center for Research on Globalization, March 13, 2016. [2p] Online
	According to this author (and the book being reviewed), how easy is it for workers whose jobs have been lost to outsourcing to find new jobs at the same pay? In what ways are corporations hurting themselves by offshoring? What jobs will remain in America if offshoring continues? Are these good jobs?

Rodrik, Dani, "The WTO has become dysfunctional," Financial Times, August 5, 2018, [3p] Canvas
	What did the WTO do that the GATT before it had not, and that Rodrik objects to? Would the US have been able to develop, earlier in its history, if it had been constrained by WTO rules? Why does he say that trade agreements, including the WTO, are "political"?

Roth, Mark, "Wage Insurance: A Way to Ease Outsourcing Angst?," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 24, 2004. Canvas
	If a worker loses their job, what does wage insurance pay them, and when? Does the United States have a wage insurance program? What are some of the reasons why wage insurance might be politically attractive?

Schaefer, Brett D., "American Generosity Is Underappreciated," Web Memo, Heritage Foundation, December 30, 2004. Online
	How does the US compare to other rich countries in the amount of foreign aid that the government gives, both in dollars and as a percent of income? From the numbers given, how would you guess we would compare, as a percent of income, if private aid were included as well as government aid? What does it mean to "focus on inputs rather than outputs"?

Schavey, Aaron, "The Catch-22 of U.S. Trade," Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Wire, March 9, 2001. Online
	What was the average U.S. tariff in 1999, and what were the average tariffs faced by exports from Nepal and Bangladesh? Why are these different? Who gains and loses from U.S. textile and apparel tariffs and their removal? What, if anything, protects the losers? What does the WTO's Agreement on Textiles and Clothing promise, and how well has the U.S. delivered on that promise?

Schlesinger, Jacob M., "How China Swallowed the WTO," Wall Street Journal, November 2, 2017. [12p] Canvas

What are some signs of the success of the GATT/WTO since the GATT was formed? Why and in what ways has the WTO fallen behind in keeping its rules up to date? Since joining the WTO, to what extent has China made use of its dispute settlement mechanism? Has it been able to win most cases over the US? Why does China want market-economy status, and why does it feel it deserves it? How and when has the US interfered with the functioning of the WTO's Appellate Body?

Schultz, George P. and Pedro Aspe, "Nafta Needs an Update, Not Repeal" New York Times, October 15, 2017. [3p] Canvas
	What are the authors' suggestions for updating NAFTA? Why did NAFTA not include free trade in energy? Why do they not expect NAFTA renegotiation to reduce the US trade deficit?

Schuman, Michael, "Is China Stealing Jobs?" New York Times, July 22, 2016. Online (P)
	Have we lost jobs to China? Do we now? What has changed in recent years? What is "reshoring," and why is it happening?

Scott, Robert E., " Trade deficit with Mexico has resulted in 682,900 U.S. jobs lost or displaced," Economic Snapshot, Economic Policy Institute, October 12, 2011. Online

In 2010, how many jobs were supported by US exports to Mexico? How many were "lost or displaced" by US imports from Mexico? The author compares to 1993, when the US had a small trade surplus with Mexico. Why does he choose that year for comparison, and what does that allow him to conclude? By about what percentage was employment in Michigan reduced by the trade deficit with Mexico, according to the author's calculations?

Sevastopulo, Demetri and Colby Smith, "US Treasury officially labels China a currency manipulator" Financial Times, August 6, 2019. [3p] Canvas

China's currency fell through the "key threshold" of 7 rmb/$. Which of the following exchange rates was therefore presumably observed after this happened: 6.98 rmb/$ or 7.02 rmb/$? Why might a depreciation of China's currency be interpreted as an act of economic aggression in the trade war? President Trump announce additional tariffs on an additional $300 bn of China's exports. Was this in response to the fall in China's currency or a cause of it?

Skerry, Peter and Stephen J. Rockwell, "The Cost of a Tighter Border: People-Smuggling Networks" The Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1998. Online
	What effect has tighter border control had on
	How migrants enter the country? The cost of illegal entry? The lives of migrants once they are in?

Smaghi, Lorenzo Bini, "The perverse loop that is the euro's key weakness" Financial Times, March 2, 2018. [3p] Canvas
	What was the "doom loop" that played a role in the eurozone crisis? What is the "perverse loop" that this author perceives? What change in the rules of the EU does the author suggest?

Smialek, Jeanna and Jack Ewing, "Trump Accuses Europe of Bolstering Its Economy at America's Expense" New York Times, June 18, 2019. [7p] Canvas
	What did the leader of the European Central Bank say that prompted such criticism from Trump? Why does Trump object to that? As of this date, Trump had also criticized the Chair of the US Federal Reserve. Why, and why was this related to his criticism of ECB?

Stern, Robert M., "Labor Standards and Trade Agreements," Research Seminar in International Economics Discussion Paper No. 496, August 18, 2003, University of Michigan, pp. 1-14, 20-21. Online

Of the following, which are generally regarded as "core" labor standards: freedom from forced labor; minimum wage; elimination of child labor exploitation; freedom of association; maximum hours of work? Why do labor standards differ between nations? Do multinational corporations prefer to locate in countries with low levels of labor standards? Which of the following international institutions include provisions to encourage the right of collective bargaining: ILO, WTO, NAFTA?

Stiglitz, Joseph, "America Has Little to Teach China about a Steady Economy," Financial Times, July 27, 2005. Online (Proquest)
	Will appreciation of the Chinese currency reduce China's surplus or the US deficit? China's exports have a large import content. How large? And how does this matter for the effect of an exchange rate change on trade? How has China compared to the US in rate of economic growth, savings, and fiscal balance?

Swanson, Ana, "Trump Presses World Trade Organization on China," New York Times, July 26, 2019. [4p] Canvas
	How does the WTO currently determine whether a country has "developing country" status? What benefits do countries get from this? If the WTO does not change its practices, what does Trump threaten to do?

Swanson, Ana, "Why a weird legal dispute about whether the Snuggie is a blanket actually matters a lot," Washington Post, March 6, 2017. [3p] Canvas
	Why did the US government want Snuggies classified as clothing, while the company wanted them to be blankets? Why are tariffs on different products different? Aside from making consumers pay more, why are tariff differences costly to the economy?

Swanson, Ana, "The World Today Looks Ominously Like It Did Before World War I," Washington Post, December 29, 2016. Canvas
	When did the first globalization end? What were some of the improvements in technology that contributed to the first globalization? What happened, along with globalization, that may have contributed to unhappiness with it, both then and today?

USTR, "2019 Trade Policy Agenda," Introduction only, Office of the United States Trade Representative, March 2019. [3p] Canvas
	What trade policy actions are mentioned here as having been accomplished in 2018? What does this introduction say about the US use of tariffs for national security, including tariffs on steel and aluminum and those proposed on cars? Does it mention the US trade deficit?

United States Trade Representative, "Trade Agreements" & "Free Trade Agreements," Office of the United States Trade Representative, 2011. Online & Online
	What agency is responsible for administering United States trade agreements? How do FTAs differ from the multilateral agreement of the WTO? What are BITs, and what are their purposes? With what counties has the US signed FTA agreements that (according to this page as of late 2011) have yet to be approved and implemented by the US Congress? (They have actually now been approved.)

Varas, Jacqueline, "Is China Still a Currency Manipulator?," Insight, American Action Forum, April 7, 2016. Online
	Does a "currency manipulator" act to raise the value of its currency, or lower it? Why? Is China's currency undervalued now, and has it ever been, according to this? China's exchange rate changed abruptly in August 2015. What happened then, why, and what has happened to the exchange rate since then?

Verrill, Charles, Jr., "An Introduction to Trade Remedies Available under U.S. Law," memorandum to clients and friends, Weiey, Rein & Fielding, April 1, 1999. Canvas
	Who has "standing" under the antidumping law? Who determines whether there is dumping? How do the injury requirements differ for antidumping and for safeguards? Do either require that the domestic firms make losses? What can a U.S. producer do if it believes that its competitors in another country are engaging in anticompetitive conduct that is being tolerated by their government?

Villarreal, M. Angeles and Ian F. Fergusson, "The North American Free Trade Agreement," CRS Report R42965, Congressional Research Service, April 16, 2015, Summary only. Canvas
	When did NAFTA go into effect. Under what President (and party?) was it negotiated; under what President (and party?) was it approved? Why was NAFTA innovative? Did NAFTA hurt the US? Why?

Zumbrun, Josh, "Treasury Department Declines to Designate China a Currency Manipulator," Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2019. [3p] Canvas
	How often does the Treasury report on currency manipulation? How often has the Treasury named China as a currency manipulator under President Trump? What countries, in addition to China, are now on the Treasury's monitoring watch list, and which are said to be "particularly close" to meeting the criteria for manipulation?

Zupnick, Elliot, "U.S. Foreign Direct Investments Abroad," Chapter 6, and "Foreign Direct Investments in the United States," Chapter 7, in Visions and Revisions: The United States in the Global Economy, Westview Press, 1999, pp. 109-125. Canvas

Chap. 6: Why did international direct investment not thrive during the 1950s and 60s? What reasons do multinational corporations have for investing abroad? Of these reasons, which seem to be the most important? How could outward foreign direct investment cost jobs at home? How could it save jobs? Chap. 7: What reasons are mentioned in general for foreign manufacturing to invest in the US, and what two specific developments contributed in addition to the burst of inward investment in the late 1980s? What is a "screwdriver factory" and why might competitors in the US object to them? For what other reasons did US competitors sometimes object to inward FDI? What is "greenfield investment" and how does it differ from other types of FDI? Is most FDI into the US greenfield, or other? And what does this tell us about the effects of FDI on US output and employment?