Bio 230 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT BIOLOGY
LECTURE OUTLINE - FALL TERM, 2001
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INTRODUCTION |
- Figures/Tables in Course Pack
- The figures listed are from Biology of Plants, 6th edn. by
Raven et al. (1999) unless otherwise indicated.
|
General Information |
Importance of plants |
Helpful advice / Procedures |
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PROKARYOTES (Bacteria)
What are the Prokaryotes?-------------------------Fig. 13.8,
Fig. 3.3, Table 3.2
Types
- diversity/classification/forms
- heterotrophs
- autotrophs
- cyanobacteria
- Archaea
Reproduction
- asexual
- sexual
Global impact
VIRUSES
Discovery of the viruses
Structure
Reproduction
Are viruses alive?
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Plant cell structure ---------------------------------Fig. 3.5,
- vacuole -----------------------------------------Fig.
3.30b, Fig 3.32a-e,
- Fig.
3.35
- cell wall
- plastids -----------------------------------------Fig
3.10a, Fig. 3.14
Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells----Table 3.2,
Fig. 3.10, Fig. 3.14
The origins of plastids and mitochondria ------------Fig. 13.11,
Fig. 3.2
FUNGI: LIFESTYLES AND DEVELOPMENT
Introduction ----------------------------------------Table 15.1
Characteristics
- the fungal body
- nutrition
- mycorrhizae
Chytridiomycota - the chytrids----------------------Fig. 15.10
(Allomyces)
Zygomycota - the conjugating fungi -----------------Fig. 15.11
(Rhizopus)
Ascomycota - the sac fungi -------------------------Fig. 15.14
Basidiomycota - the club fungi ----------------------Fig. 15.18,
Fig. 15.21
- multiple hosts/alternation of hosts
Deuteromycetes - a taxonomic waste basket
Summary
Mycotoxins
LICHENS: COMPOSITE ORGANISMS
Body structure -------------------------------------Fig. 15.38a
Physiology
Reproduction
Ecology
PROTISTA: LIFESTYLES AND DEVELOPMENT
Protista I -------------------------------------------Table 16.1
- general characteristics
- Myxomyota - the acellular slime molds ----------Fig.
16.6
- Dictyosteliomycota - the cellular slime molds
- Dinophyta - dinoflagellates
- Rhodophyta - red algae
- Cryptophyta - cryptomonads -------------------Fig.
16.11
- Plantimals
Protista II ------------------------------------------Table 17.1
- general - the heterokonts & green algae ---------Fig
3.28
- Oomycota -water molds-------------------------Fig.
17.4 (Saprolegnia)
- Bacillariophyta - diatoms ------------------------Fig.
17.7
- Phaeophyta - brown algae -----------------------Fig.
17.14
- Chlorophyta - green algae)-----------------------Fig.
17.20
- (Chlamydomonas),
Fig.
17.31 (Ulva)
EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS
Alternation of generations --------------------------Fig. 9.3
Multicellularity
What are the Protista? -----------------------------Fig. 13.8,
Table 13.4
Accessory pigments
- what are they?
- - evolution
- functions ----------------------------------------Fig.
8.9 (from Purves et al.
- (1995,
1993), Fig. 22.23
SYSTEMATICS, DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION
Taxonomy -----------------------------------------Table 13.1
Phylogeny ------------------------------------------Fig. 13.6
Molecular evolution --------------------------------Fig. 13.7
LAND PLANTS: DIVERSITY AND LIFE STYLES
Overview
- classification ------------------------------------Fig.
20.10, Fig. 18.4
- alternation of generations
The invasion of land
- evolution
- challenges
Nonvascular plants - Bryophytes
- evolution
- life forms - classification-------------------------Table
fr. p. 422, Fig. 18.27
- liverworts
- hornworts
- mosses
Vascular plants
- evolution - a giant leap forward------------------Fig.
19.9, Fig. 19.7,
- Fig
19.8, Table fr. p. 463
- Rhyniophyta - the most primitive
- Psilophyta - what are they?
- Lycophyta - the club mosses---------------------Fig.
19.14
- Sphenophyta - the horsetails
- Pterophyta - the ferns----------------------------Fig.
19.38
- Gymnosperms
Introduction
Cycadophyta
Ginkophyta
Coniferophyta--------------------------------------Fig. 20.22
Gnetophyta
- Anthophyta (Angiosperms)------------------------Fig. 20.10,
Table 21.1,
- diagram
fr. p. 526
Overview - life cycle --------------------------------Fig. 21.23
Flower structure ------------------------------------Fig. 21.12b,
Fig. 21.13b, Fig.
21.14, Fig. 21.16,
- Fig.
21.18b-c, Fig. 21.20
Eudicots vs. monocots - a comparison
- Summary - evolutionary trends ----------------------Fig.
20.10
PLANT REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT
Sexual reproduction
- pollination
- embryo and seed development-------------------Fig.
23.3 c-e, Fig. 23.2,
- Fig.
23.7
- fruit and seed dispersal---------------------------Fig.
22.37b
- stored nutrients-----------------------------------Table
with amino acid
- deficiencies,
Fig. 2.9
Dormancy
- - General features
- Causes of dormancy
- Breaking dormancy
- Asexual reproduction
- In nature
- In agriculture
PLANT DEVELOPMENT & BODY ORGANIZATION
Plant body organization
-development (general)
- plant tissue systems ------------------------------Fig.
23.1, Fig. 24.4,
- table
fr. pgs. 586 - 587
Growth
- cell enlargement
- the cell wall
Primary vs. secondary growth ----------------------Fig. 24.2,
Fig. 24.3
Meristems and their products
- root development -------------------------------Fig.
25.3, Fig. 25.8, Fig. 25.12, Fig. 25.16
- shoot development ------------------------------Fig.
26.4, Fig. 26.3, Fig. 27.6, Fig. 27.5, Fig. 27.20
- leaf development ---------------------------------Fig.
26.20a-c, Fig. 26.29
- leaf adaptations
Organogenesis- flowers and homeotic genes -------Fig. 26.37b,
Fig. 26.38
Senescence
TRANSPORT AND SUPPORT
Challenges of the terrestrial environment
Water and mineral uptake
- osmosis -----------------------------------------Diagrams
of osmosis
- overview of xylem transport ---------------------Fig.
24.13, Fig. 31.20,
- Fig.
31.6,
- transpiration and stomata ------------------------Fig.
31.3
- xylem transport - mechanism
- movement from soil into roots -------------------Fig.
31.13
Translocation in the phloem
- phloem structure
- the pressure-flow model -------------------------Fig.
31.25, Fig. 31.26,
- Fig.
31.19
Summary
PLANT NUTRITION
Nutrient accumulation
Mineral nutrients -----------------------------------Table 30.1
Deficiency patterns
Soils -----------------------------------------------Particle
sizes (p. 732),
- Fig.
30.7
Limiting nutrients in the soil
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrification/nitrate reduction/ denitrification ---------Diagram
of N metabolism
Heterotrophic and carnivorous plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
General overview-----------------------------------Fig. 7.11
Light absorption -----------------------------------Fig. 7.6,
Fig. 7.9, Fig. 7.10
Light reactions -------------------------------------Fig. 7.13,
Fig. 7.14
Dark reactions -------------------------------------Fig. 7.20,
Fig. 7.21, Fig. 7.23
CAM photosynthesis -------------------------------Fig. 7.28a-b,
Fig. 7.29
REGULATION OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT
An overview of development
Plant hormones ------------------------------------Table 28.1
- auxin --------------------------------------------Fig.
28.2, Fig. 28.1, Fig. 28.5,
- Fig.
29.1, Fig. 29.2 Fig. 28.3
- cytokinins ---------------------------------------Fig.
28.8
- ethylene -----------------------------------------Fig.
28.10
- abscisic acid ------------------------------------Fig.
28.12
- gibberellins --------------------------------------Fig.
28.14, Fig. 28.16a
- other hormones ----------------------------------Table
28.2
- - molecular mechanisms---------------------------Fig. 28.23,
Fig. 28.24
- summary ----------------------------------------Table
28.3, Fig. 28.25
Herbicides
Environmental signals
- introduction
- plant movements
- phytochrome ------------------------------------Fig.
29.15, Fig. 29.16,
- Fig.
29.17
- cryptochrome
- photoperiod control -----------------------------Fig.
29.12, Fig 29.23
- flowering hormone florigen
- vernalization
ORIGIN OF NEW VARIETIES
Exploration
Traditional breeding- Selection and hybridization----Fig. 12.5
Genetic engineering - Techniques and problems ----Fig. 28.28,
Fig. 28.29
ADAPTATION AND DEFENSE
Environmental Adaptations
- dry
- wet
- cold
- fire
Defenses against herbivores
- healing/regeneration
- structural
- chemical
ETHNOBOTANY
BIOMES AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
Biomes
- introduction -------------------------------------Fig.
33.6, Fig. 33.7
- hot desert
- tropical evergreen forest
- temperate deciduous forest
- grasslands
- tundra
Biogeography
- biogeographic regions
- geographic isolation
- disruptions
GLOBAL CYCLES
Introduction
- N cycle --------------------------------------------Fig.
30.8
S cycle ---------------------------------------------Fig fr.
p. 151
C cycle
Human interference
- alteration of the C cycle--------------------------Greenhouse
effect diagrams
- eutrophication
- acid precipitation
GLOBAL CHANGES
Past
- slow
- sudden
Present
Extinctions
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Habitat destruction
Genetic resources
Ecological balance
Ecosystem management
Sustainable agriculture, industry and population ------Fig. 1.13,
Fig. (a) fr. p. 781
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