Quantyfing the spatial and temporal variability in erosion across the central Andean fold-thrust belt and plateau margin, Bolivia.
The Bolivian Andes
Thesis: Variable denudation in the evolution of the Bolivian Andes
GOALS:
1. To test the hypothesis (by Horton,'99) that the latitudinal erosion gradient has influenced the evolution of the Bolivian thrust belt.
APPROACH: (A) Synthesize and quantify erosion-rate estimates over multiple spatial and temporal scales within the thrust belt (B) Quantify the magnitude of the latitudinal gradient in erosion with time within the context of the kinematic evolution of the orogenic wedge
2. To evaluate the various methods, and their potential biases, for estimating denudation rates by bringing them all to bare in one study area.
METHODS: (A) 1-100 yr timescales: sediment gauging and landslide mapping.
(B) 1-10 kyr timescales: cosmogenic radionuclide concentrations in river sediments, river profiles and stream power.
(C) 1-10 Ma timescales: foreland basin sediment volumes, erosion surface dissection using DEM analysis, thermochronology,
and structural cross sections and their restorations.
DATABASES:
Denudation-rate estimates
Rates from a variety of methods such as thermochronology, cosmogenics, basin fill volumes and more.
Sediment gauging stations
Suspended sediment flux data compiled from Guyot et al., '88, '90, '93,'94.
Watersheds and longitudinal river profiles.
DATA COLLECTION:
(A) Longitudinal River Profile Data 1. Elevation and slope data from 1:50,000 topographic maps (most elevation data from B. Isacks).
2. Channel width calculated as valley width from Landsat TM images using PCI/Geomatica 8.2.1 (TM images from the Cornell Andes Project).
3. Upstream drainage area calculated from the 1 KM USGS GTOPO30 DEM using RiverTools 2.4.
4. Lithologies, faults and geologic structures from 1;100,000 geologic maps.
5. Contoured mean annual precipitation (1961-1990) from the Instituto Geographico Militar (IGM). See Figure directly below.
(B) Basin-averaged denudation rates Cosmogenic 10Be concentrations from quartz in river alluvium in the northern Eastern Cordillera.
Safran et al., '05
(C) Exhumation rates from thermochronology Apatite & zircon fission track data.
Benjamin et al.,'87, Safran,'98, Ege et al.,'03, (reinterp) Anders et al.,'02 uplift history constraints; Gregory-Wodzicki,'00
(D) Rock material area removed by erosion Current regional structural restoration of the Bolivian Andes north and south of the orocline.
structure from McQuarrie,'01, McQuarrie & DeCelles,'01, McQuarrie,'02
Diagram illustrating methodology for material removed by erosion from above the present-day topography of a balanced section.
(1) Measure line length of Cretaceous-Carboniferous contact above the topography (dashed line).
(2) Add average thicknesses of units above the Carboniferous (in this case: 1 km K strata).
(3) Measure area above surface, but below K-C boundary (grid pattern).
(4) Add steps 2 & 3 results for total estimate of material removed by erosion.
ANALYSIS:
1. Comparing denudation rate estimates for the Bolivian Andes compiled from previous work and current analyses (some described below).
2. Using suspended sediment data of the various rivers to calculate sediment rating curves, and for mapping & calculating modern time-scale denudation rates
throughout the Beni, Grande, and Pilcomayo watersheds.
(Knighton,'98, Asselman,'00)
3. Using the stream power model and the longitudinal river profile datasets to calculate downstream changes in erosion adjusted for channel width
and winter precipitation. The longitudinal river profiles are also being interpreted in terms of lithologic, tectonic, and climatic controls.
(Lecce,'97, Knighton,'99)
4. Regional erosion mapping of the Bolivian Andes by applying previous calibrations of the Stream-power Law [E = K*(A)^m*(S)^n] to the GTOPO30 DEM
of the Bolivian Andes. (see poster below)
(stream-power calibrations: Stock & Montgomery,'99, Snyder et al.,'00, Whipple et al.,'00, Kirby & Whipple,'01)
5. Using the DEM analysis software Rivertools to extract and compare basin indices that are thought to be controls on denudation and sediment supply
such as basin relief ratio, mean trunk river channel gradient, and mean local relief.
(Anhert,'70, Summerfield & Hulton,'94, Ritter et al.,'95, Rodriguez-Iturbe & Rinaldo,'97, Hovius,'98)
6. Using balanced cross-sections to estimate the amount of material removed by erosion (as shown above).